西双版纳季节雨林与橡胶多层林凋落物动态的比较研究

本语文对西双版纳季节雨林及橡胶多层林的凋落物量动态、各组分的季节变化规律、林地残留物现存量及其分解进行了研究,分析比较了两个种群落的凋落节律,结果显示,“双凋落峰”及“叶分解速率较枝分解更快”为两类群落的共有特征;森林凋落物量及凋落物分解速率则因群落类型而异,橡胶多层林年凋落物总量为９．８５±０．７８ｔ·ｈｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１,大于季节雨林的年凋落物总量８．４２±０．１６ｔ·ｈｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１。     

西双版纳橡胶盔蚧与蚂蚁的相互关系

在云南省植胶区采用2种不同方法对橡胶盔蚧共生蚂蚁种类进行调查.共采集到蚂蚁22种,隶属4个亚科15个属.优势种为黄猄蚁(Oecophylla smaragdina).大田普查发现,有蚂蚁存在的橡胶树,受橡胶盔蚧危害的几率较高.为了解橡胶盔蚧与蚂蚁的相互关系,选择2棵有黄猄蚁和橡胶盔蚧的橡胶树进行调查.结果表明,橡胶盔蚧数量与蚂蚁数量呈正相关,蚂蚁数量越大,橡胶盔蚧危害越严重;同时,离蚁巢的距离也影响着橡胶盔蚧的数量,离蚁巢越近,橡胶盔蚧数量越大.蚂蚁隔离后,橡胶盔蚧第2代死亡率和寄生蜂的寄生率降低,从而增加了橡胶盔蚧的种群数量.结果验证,蚂蚁的存在确能保护橡胶盔蚧,它们之间为共生关系.     

基于野牛生境选择的生物多样性保护廊道设计:来自西双版纳的案例

景观破碎化阻碍了物种在生境斑块间的扩散,阻断了物种的基因交流,增加了物种局部灭绝的风险,是生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一。通过建立生物多样性保护廊道,将分离的自然保护区连接起来,形成一个自然保护区网络,有利于提高生物抵抗局部干扰的能力。同时,也为生物多样性的长期保存提供了重要保障。本文结合亚洲发展银行大湄公河次区域（Greater Mekong Subregion）生物多样性保护行动计划的实施,在西双版纳州境内,以野牛（Bos gaurus）为对象,在2个自然保护区之间进行生物多样性保护廊道的设计,对生物多样性保护廊道的设计方法进行了一些有益的探讨。     

西双版纳季节雨林的外貌与结构特点

本文采用群落样方法和剖面图解法对西双版纳季节雨林水平及垂直结构做了初步讨论。依立木高度、树冠形态、各层植物叶之解剖结构划分层次;用Raunkiaer的生活型谱统计生活型、叶级、叶质、叶型组成,并对其外貌特点做了讨论,最后跟龙脑香林外貌结构做了比较。通过比较表明:本区大面积混合季节雨林种类组成表现出一些种类分布普遍,另一些种类局限,随地势、地形、土壤和局部气候差异形成多样性组合,这种组合在同一林地也明显,构成嵌镶。在自然地段森林可分七层。组成各层的结构种,幼灌层D多于其他各层,说明D层在结构关系中具较大独立性。乔木、灌木、草本层片是基干层片和构成森林结构的骨架,外貌上以单叶、革质、全缘、中型叶、滴水尖叶为主的常绿阔叶大、中高位芽组成为特征,所有这些表现出与东南亚龙脑香林相似。外貌结构上与具显著干旱季节气候的中印半岛北部更接近。     

西双版纳植物区系的特点与亲缘

西双版纳植物区系经初步资料整理统计有种子植物 3336种 ,隶属于 1 1 4 0个属 ,大约 1 97个科。植物区系成分构成是热带分布的科和属分别占总科和属数的 60 .1 %和 83.5% ,在热带分布属中 ,又以热带亚洲成分占优势 (占 32 .8% )。通过植物区系组成和地理成分分析 ,认为该植物区系是热带性质的 ,属于热带亚洲区系的一部分 ,并带有明显热带边缘性质和几种地理成分交汇的特点。西双版纳植物区系与广西热带植物区系和海南热带植物区系在发生上同源 ,主要来自于古南大陆与古北大陆区系成分的融合 ,在发展上受热带亚洲植物区系的渗透和强烈影响。     

西双版纳季节雨林的外貌与结构特点

本文采用群落样方法和剖面图解法对西双版纳季节雨林水平及垂直结构做了初步讨论。依立木高度、树冠形态、．各层植物叶之解剖结构划分层次; 用Raunkiaer的生活型谱统计生活型、叶级、叶质、叶型组成,并对其外貌特点做了讨论,最后跟龙脑香林外貌结构做了比较。通过比较表明：本区大面积混合季节雨林种类组成表现出一些种类分布普遍,另一些种类局限,随地势、地形、土壤和局部气候差异形成多样性组合,这种组合在同一林地也明显,构成嵌镶。在自然地段森林可分七层。组成各层的结构种,幼灌层D多于其他各层,说明D层在结构关系中具较大独立性。乔木、灌木、草本层片是基干层片和构成森林结构的骨架,外貌上以单叶、革质、全缘、中型叶、滴水尖叶为主的常绿阔叶大、中高位芽组成为特征,所有这些表现出与东南亚龙脑香林相似。外貌结构上与具显著干旱季节气候的中印半岛北部更接近。     

西双版纳自然保护区地理信息系统的建立与保护区的管理

对在西双版纳自然保护区建立的地理信息系统的理论框架、目标和系统的基本功能作了介绍 .地理信息系统对保护区的有效管理提供了基础和可能 ,应用这一系统对保护区的资源利用现状、砂仁种植的现状和管理对策和亚洲象的种群及分布等进行了初步研究 .     

西双版纳野生花卉资源的利用与保护

西双版纳有着丰富的野生花卉资源,它们具有独特的观赏和生态特性,目前大部分尚未得到合理开发利用,同时还存在灭绝的危险。对当地野生花卉资源的分布、特点及受威胁状况进行了探讨,并提出对其合理利用与保护的建议。     

橡胶树在西双版纳引种区的种子捕食与散布

在纯橡胶林、胶-竹复合林、沟谷季节雨林、次生林及毗邻次生林的橡胶林共5种不同生境中释放标记的橡胶树种子,观测种子捕食者以及种子被捕食、埋藏和扩散情况。结果表明:纯橡胶林和沟谷季节雨林内的橡胶树种子大多数都原地存留(80%和98%),而胶-竹复合林内几乎100%的种子均被捕食;次生林内释放的橡胶树种子捕食率也几为100%,而毗邻次生林的橡胶林种子捕食率约50%;卡方检验表明,胶-竹复合林的种子捕食率显著高于沟谷季节雨林和纯橡胶林,次生林内显著高于毗邻的橡胶林(P0.001)。绝大多数橡胶树种子被捕食者原地或搬运后取食,仅有少量种子被埋藏。大多数种子(80%)被搬运距离在10 m以内。红外感应相机拍摄和饲喂实验发现,黄胸鼠(Rattus tanezumi)和红刺鼠(Rattus surifer)为主要的种子捕食者。可见,在西双版纳引种区橡胶树种子主要是被小型鼠类取食,但捕食强度较大,而被埋藏种子比例很低,散布距离较短(10 m)。     

水资源短缺的社会适应能力理论及实证--以黑河流域为例

水资源短缺已成为制约干旱-半干旱内陆河流域可持续发展的瓶颈,社会适应能力理论为解决水资源短缺问题提供了新的思路和方法。从人类生态系统角度分解社会适应能力,辨明了社会适应能力结构性成分,并利用网络层次分析(ANP)方法,构建了缓解水资源短缺的社会适应能力定量评价模型。然后以黑河流域中游甘州区为研究区,进行了水资源短缺的社会适应能力定量评价的案例研究。结果表明研究区缓解水资源短缺的社会适应能力综合指数为2.411,处于中等水平,有待进一步提高;在灌区尺度上,缓解水资源短缺的社会适应能力水平与受灌区水资源管理背景和意识的影响。在缓解水资源短缺的社会适应能力系统中,研究区有两个关键资源有所欠缺,同时人口自然增长率和人均综合用水量较低、社会公平和节水意识水平相对较高,但人们安全感和政策稳定性不强并缺乏信任,廉政水平、政府管理能力和社会经济资源水平需要进一步提高。旨在为水资源可持续利用研究提供一种新的分析角度,为决策者采取新的社会、经济、制度等对策提供科学依据支撑。     

Incidence of coliphage in potable water supplies

Samples of drinking water from different sources in greater Cairo, Egypt, and bottled drinking water were tested for total coliform, fecal coliform, and coliphage populations. Of the 147 samples tested, 4 samples were positive for both total coliforms and coliphage, 65 samples were negative for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and coliphage, and 78 samples were positive for coliphage and negative for total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The incidence of coliphage in these potable water supplies reflects the probability of human pathogenic virus survival in these waters also.     

Incidence of coliphage in potable water supplies

[This corrects the article on p. 1632 in vol. 54.].     

A hydraulic signal in root-to-shoot signalling of water shortage

Photosynthesis and biomass production of plants are controlled by the water status of the soil. Upon soil drying, plants can reduce water consumption by minimizing transpiration through stomata, the closable pores of the leaf. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates stomatal closure, and is the assigned signal for communicating water deficit from the root to the shoot. However, our study does not support ABA as the proposed long-distance signal. The shoot response to limited soil water supply is not affected by the capacity to generate ABA in the root; however, the response does require ABA biosynthesis and signalling in the shoot. Soil water stress elicits a hydraulic response in the shoot, which precedes ABA signalling and stomatal closure. Attenuation of the hydraulic response in various plants prevented long-distance signalling of water stress, consistent with root-to-shoot communication by a hydraulic signal.     

Incidence of coliphage in potable water supplies.

Samples of drinking water from different sources in greater Cairo, Egypt, and bottled drinking water were tested for total coliform, fecal coliform, and coliphage populations. Of the 147 samples tested, 4 samples were positive for both total coliforms and coliphage, 65 samples were negative for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and coliphage, and 78 samples were positive for coliphage and negative for total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The incidence of coliphage in these potable water supplies reflects the probability of human pathogenic virus survival in these waters also.     

Legionella incidence and density in potable drinking water supplies

The incidence and density of Legionella spp. in raw water, water at various stages of treatment, and in potable distribution water were determined by direct immunofluorescence. The number of cells reacting with Legionella-specific fluorescent antibody conjugates in raw waters ranged from about 10(4) to 10(5) cells/liter, whereas the concentrations of fluorescent antibody-positive cells in the distribution waters were generally 10- to 100-fold lower than in the raw source waters. No viable or virulent Legionella strains were isolated from either the source or distribution waters. However, Legionella spp. are infrequently isolated from water at temperatures below 15 degrees C as was the case in the system surveyed in this study.     

A pilot study of bacteriological population changes through potable water treatment and distribution

This pilot study compares the compositions of bacterial biofilms in pipe networks supplied with water containing either high levels of biodegradable organic matter (BOM) or low levels of BOM (conventionally or biologically treated, respectively). The Microbial Identification System for fatty acid analysis was utilized in this study to identify a large number of organisms (>1,400) to determine population changes in both conventionally and biologically treated water and biofilms. Data generated during this study indicated that suspended bacteria have little impact on biofilms, and despite treatment (conventional or biological), suspended microbial populations were similar following disinfection. Prechlorination with free chlorine resulted not only in reduced plate count values but also in a dramatic shift in the composition of the bacterial population to predominately gram-positive bacteria. Chlorination of biologically treated water produced the same shifts toward gram-positive bacteria. Removal of assimilable organic carbon by the biologically active filters slowed the rate of biofilm accumulation, but biofilm levels were similar to those found in conventionally treated water within several weeks. Iron pipes stimulated the rate of biofilm development, and bacterial levels on disinfected iron pipes exceeded those for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipes. The study showed that the iron pipe surface dramatically influenced the composition, activity, and disinfection resistance of biofilm bacteria.     

A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water

Plate count agar is presently the recommended medium for the standard bacterial plate count (35 degrees C, 48-h incubation) of water and wastewater. However, plate count agar does not permit the growth of many bacteria that may be present in treated potable water supplies. A new medium was developed for use in heterotrophic plate count analyses and for subculture of bacteria isolated from potable water samples. The new medium, designated R2A, contains 0.5 g of yeast extract, 0.5 g of Difco Proteose Peptone no. 3 (Difco Laboratories), 0.5 g of Casamino Acids (Difco), 0.5 g of glucose, 0.5 g of soluble starch, 0.3 g of K2HPO4, 0.05 g of MgSO4 X 7H2O, 0.3 g of sodium pyruvate, and 15 g of agar per liter of laboratory quality water. Adjust the pH to 7.2 with crystalline K2HPO4 or KH2PO4 and sterilize at 121 degrees C for 15 min. Results from parallel studies with spread, membrane filter, and pour plate procedures showed that R2A medium yielded significantly higher bacterial counts than did plate count agar. Studies of the effect of incubation temperature showed that the magnitude of the count was inversely proportional to the incubation temperature. Longer incubation time, up to 14 days, yielded higher counts and increased detection of pigmented bacteria. Maximal bacterial counts were obtained after incubation at 20 degrees C for 14 days. As a tool to monitor heterotrophic bacterial populations in water treatment processes and in treated distribution water, R2A spread or membrane filter plates incubated at 28 degrees C for 5 to 7 days is recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Legionella incidence and density in potable drinking water supplies.

The incidence and density of Legionella spp. in raw water, water at various stages of treatment, and in potable distribution water were determined by direct immunofluorescence. The number of cells reacting with Legionella-specific fluorescent antibody conjugates in raw waters ranged from about 10(4) to 10(5) cells/liter, whereas the concentrations of fluorescent antibody-positive cells in the distribution waters were generally 10- to 100-fold lower than in the raw source waters. No viable or virulent Legionella strains were isolated from either the source or distribution waters. However, Legionella spp. are infrequently isolated from water at temperatures below 15 degrees C as was the case in the system surveyed in this study.