重金属污染对蛙蟾类毒性的研究进展

基于近20年的大量相关资料,综述了重金属对蛙蟾类毒性影响方面的研究,介绍了实验动物和实验方法,综合了重金属对蛙蟾类在形态、器官、组织、细胞和分子水平上毒害的主要表现,从重金属致毒过程、环境因素、物种、发育、重金属积累、联合毒性等角度初步分析了重金属对蛙蟾毒性大小的影响因素和毒性作用的主要机理,归纳了蛙蟾的几种抗毒/解毒/避毒反应,对开展进一步的研究提出建议.     

九华山习见蛙类的若干生态资料

一、食性分析对九华山区采得的青蛙(Rana nigromaculata)、泽蛙(R.limnocharis)、棘胸蛙(R.spinosa)、阔褶蛙(R.latouchii)和日本林蛙(R.japonica japonica)等5种习见蛙类共253个胃做了食性分析。除在野外直接观察记录外,主要是根据解剖胃部内容物,按其捕食的种类和数量逐项分析统计。对食物个数的确定,是根据被吞食动物的某些器官或结构的套数来计算,少于一套者计为一,多于一套少于二套者计为二,以此类推;有头者以头的数目汇计。根据解剖结果,以确定其对农林的益害关系。结果在253号标本中,有236号标本胃内有食物,包括环节动物、节肢动物…     

红树林恢复初期莱氏锥滨螺分布动态

树栖腹足类动物是红树林底栖动物的重要组成部分,其组成和分布受到红树植被的影响。因此,在红树林生态修复中,腹足类动物的恢复依赖于植被的发育。滨螺科(Littorinidae)锥滨螺属(Mainwaringia)动物是亚洲红树林的广布种,但针对其在红树林中的分布及种群特征的研究较少,对红树林植被恢复过程中锥滨螺属动物的恢复动态更是鲜有研究。调查了厦门下潭尾湿地秋茄(Kandelia obovata)红树林恢复初期,新记录种莱氏锥滨螺(Mainwaringia leithii)种群恢复的时间动态,并分析其与植被参数的关系。研究发现,红树林恢复初期,秋茄植被生长迅速,株高、冠幅、基径和覆盖度分别由0.5年生幼林的41.3 cm、25.0 cm、1.04 cm和25%增长为8年生样地的179.2 cm、76.7 cm、5.96 cm和95%。在秋茄胚轴种植6个月左右开始记录到莱氏锥滨螺的个体,其密度和生物量在1.5 a后达到最大(分别为136个/m²和1.86 g/m²),而后逐渐降低,种植3 a后秋茄林内莱氏锥滨螺仅零星分布。除8年生的样地,莱氏锥滨...     

三种前鳃亚纲海产腹足类性畸变现象的组织学研究

有机锡污染可以导致海产腹足类雌性个体产生性畸变现象。本文报道了阿文绶贝(Mauritia arabica)、褐棘螺(Chicoreus brunneus)和桶形芋螺(Conus betulinus)三种前鳃亚纲腹足类正常雄性个体和性畸变个体雄性生殖器官的组织学结构。结果表明,不同种间雄性个体的输精管和阴茎的结构存在开放和封闭两种类型,封闭型是由开放型进化而来。虽然性畸变个体的雄性生殖器官与正常雄性个体的在组织结构上无明显差异,但性畸变个体的雄性生殖器官并不完整,无法行使生殖功能。由于内分泌扰乱物质对人和动物影响的相似性,使得海产腹足类性畸变现象应受到人们的重视。     

环境重金属污染物的生物有效性

利用生态系统研究了白银有色金属冶炼矿区周围环境中重金属的分布及生物有效性。结果表明 ,工厂在冶炼过程中已造成 Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn对周围环境不同程度的污染 ,其含量与距工厂的距离呈负相关 ;重金属在各种生物体内均有不同程度的吸收和累积 ,其吸收累积量随重金属和生物种类的不同而有差异 ;土壤的污染 ,使农作物和牧草中 Pb、Cd含量超过动物的最大耐受量和中毒的临界值 ;动物研究发现 ,肾脏、骨骼和肝脏是机体内重金属蓄积的主要器官。因此 ,放牧动物可作为环境重金属污染状况的标识 ,对评价重金属环境污染对当地人群的危害也有重要意义     

DDTs和HCHs在珠江口南部海域管角螺的组织分布及生物转化

通过测定珠江口海域典型腹足类管角螺(Hemifusus tuba)各组织器官中DDTs和HCHs的含量,研究了管角螺体内DDTs和HCHs的组织分布和生物转化规律.结果表明:管角螺肠中DDTs和HCHs含量远高于其他器官,表明其肠壁对有机氯农药有一定的屏蔽作用;性腺中检出较高浓度的DDTs和HCHs,表明性腺是DDTs...     

早寒武世腹足类开放松旋型初始壳（胎壳）形态学及研究意义

对中国早寒武世软体动物腹足类标本的再研究表明,早期腹足类Archaeospiriids,Auriculaspiriids和Xinjispiriids无一例外都以开放松旋型初始壳(胎壳)为特征,但这些腹足类的胎壳与后续螺壳的分界各具标志.这种胎壳是古生代腹足类特有的特征.研究结果证明,以开放松旋型初始壳为特征的腹足类胎壳可以追溯到早寒武世的梅树村期.这种开放松旋型胎壳的特征使一直以来颇受争议的Archaeospiriids和Auriculaspiriids是否归属于腹足类得到了肯定.梅树村期的Archaeospiriids胎壳直径在200-250 μm之间,表明其幼体是一种非漂浮营养型的生活模式,而沧浪铺期的Auriculaspiriids和Xinjispiriids胎壳直径均小于130μm,其幼体可能是一种漂浮营养型的生活模式.因此,早期腹足类首先选择的是非漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式,而从发育非漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式到发育漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式,这种多样性的变化可能在寒武纪大爆发主幕阶段就已呈现.实现腹足类幼体生活模式多样化的因素除了捕食作用产生的生物竞争压力所诱导的逃逸本能外,动荡的水动力环境和由此引起的营养悬浮物进一步增加可能是促使早期腹足类幼体生活模式发生根本性变化的重要因素.     

基于碳氮同位素技术研究重金属在春季江苏近海食物网中的累积

江苏近海自古以来是我国重要的渔业基地之一.近年来,随着沿海城市工业的发展,江苏近海局部地区重金属污染比较严重.目前,对重金属在江苏近海食物网中的传递和累积过程尚不明晰.本研究于2017年5月在江苏近海通过渔业资源调查采集生物样品(包括大型藻类、双壳类、头足类、腹足类、甲壳类和鱼类).在应用碳氮同位素构建食物网结构的基础上,量化物质循环和能量流动的主要途径,分析多种重金属元素在食物网中的累积规律.同位素测定结果显示,江苏近海生态系统中主要存在两条能量传递途径:即以毛蚶等为初级消费者的浮游食物链和以沟纹鬘螺为初级消费者的底层食物链,以底层食物链占优势;8种元素在海洋生物体内含量的平均值由高到低依次为Zn>Cu>As>Cd>Cr>Pb>Ni>Hg,总体来说,元素富集水平最高的是双壳类,最低的是鱼类;大多数生物体内的As含量超标,双壳类和口虾蛄的Cd、凤鲚的Cr及密鳞牡蛎的Zn、Cu、Cr均超过水产品安全标准;在浮游食物链中,Zn、Cd和Ni显著生物减小,在底层食物链中,Hg显著生物放大,其他元素在食物网中未见明显变化趋势.     

非洲爪蛙：一种研究肾脏发育和多囊肾的优势动物模型

非洲爪蛙(Xenopus laevis)是目前基础研究中广泛使用的重要动物模型,主要用于研究脊椎动物各组织器官的早期发育。相对于其他动物模型,非洲爪蛙在肾脏发育和多囊肾相关疾病探索中的优势更为显著。非洲爪蛙肾脏简单,但进化保守,实验技术简便,但结果可靠,对于肾脏发育和疾病发展中的复杂基因调控网络研究非常重要。虽然小鼠和大鼠的后肾目前是研究肾脏的主要模型,但非洲爪蛙对于多发性肾脏疾病研究仍然不可或缺。该文就非洲爪蛙的肾脏发育特点和作为模型动物研究多囊肾疾病的优缺点做一综述。     

二球悬铃木不同器官对空气中Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的累积作用

以交通繁忙区(污染点)和相对清洁区(对照点)道路两侧的二球悬铃木〔Platanus acerifolia ( Ait.) Willd.〕为研究对象,测定了不同器官(包括主干、老树皮、2年生枝条、1年生枝条、腋芽、叶片和果实)中Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,并对污染点二球悬铃木各器官中4种重金属元素的累积量和污染指数及二者的分布比例进行分析。结果表明：二球悬铃木体内重金属元素的含量因样点、器官及元素的不同而呈现不同的变化规律,污染点4种重金属元素的累积量及其分布比例、污染指数及其分布比例则因器官和元素的不同而有明显差异。总体上看,污染点各器官的Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量均高于对照点且差异显著(P<0.05);4种重金属元素相比较,均以Zn含量最高,Cu含量次之,而Ni和Pb含量则较低;在不同器官中同一重金属元素的含量也有明显差异,其中,Cu、Ni和Zn含量均在腋芽中最高,Pb含量在2年生枝条中最高。4种重金属元素的累积量及其分布比例均在叶片中最高,在老树皮中次之,在1年生枝条、2年生枝条和腋芽中均较低;而4种重金属元素的污染指数及其分布比例则在老树皮中最高,在叶片中次之。研究结果显示：二球悬铃木各器官对空气中的重金属元素均有一定的吸滞能力,并且叶片和老树皮的吸滞能力明显优于其他器官。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.