Systematics of the genusCandida Berkhout: Proton magnetic resonance spectra of the mannans and mannose-containing polysaccharides as an aid in classification

The proton magnetic resonance (p.m.r.) spectra of the mannans, galactomannans and mannose-containing heteropolysaccharides of a number of species ofCandida were determined, and compared with the spectra of similar polysaccharides of some species of the sporogenous generaPichia, Hansenula, Endomycopsis, Debaryomyces andSaccharomyces. Similarities among the spectra were used as an aid in classification. TheCandida species studied were placed in four groups: 1) thoseCandida species classified as asporogenous forms of perfect species, 2) those which produce mannose-containing polysaccharides having p.m.r. spectra resembling those of the mannans of known perfect species, 3) members of theCandida parapsilosis group, 4) thoseCandida species which did not ferment glucose and which were not included in one of the other groups.Issued as N.R.C. No. 10566.The authors are grateful to all those who made the work possible by supplying the cultures and materials studied. They wish also to thank Mr. M. Mazurek for the determination of the p.m.r. spectra, and Mr. N. R. Gardner and Mr. R. J. Magus for valuable technical assistance.     

Systematics of the genusTorulopsis: proton magnetic resonance spectra of the mannose-containing polysaccharides as an aid in classification

The proton magnetic resonance spectra of the mannose-containing polysaccharides of 42Torulopsis species were determined and used as a basis for placing these species in seven groups. Five of the groups consisted of species which formed mannose-containing polysaccharides with spectra whose H-1 regions were like those of the mannans and galactomannans of species ofSaccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Debaryomyces orMetschnikowia. The sixth group consisted ofTorulopsis bombicola, Torulopsis apicola and a number of other yeasts which were mostly sugar- and salt-tolerant. The seventh group consisted of species whose mannose-containing polysaccharides had spectra unlike those in the preceding groups. Some of the spectra had similarities to those of the mannose-containing polysaccharides of a miscellany of yeast species.     

Systematics of the generaDebaryomyces andMetschnikowia: Proton magnetic resonance spectra of their mannans as an aid in classification

The proton magnetic resonance spectra of the mannans of a number ofDebaryomyces andMetschnikowia species (Endomycetales) were determined. The spectra of all of the mannans had several similar characteristics, regardless of the species from which they originated. Pichia vini, a species originally classified asDebaryomyces vini, formed a mannan with a spectrum almost identical with those ofMetschnikowia (Candida) reukaufii andPichia haplophila. Debaryomyces vanrijii, originally placed in the genusPichia, formed a mannan with a spectrum identical with those ofPichia robertsii andCandida (Pichia) guilliermondii mannans.The authors wish to thank Mr. M. Mazurek for the determination of the p.m.r. spectra, and Mr. N. R. Gardner and Mr. R. J. Magus for valuable technical assistance.     

Systematics of the genusCandida Berkhout: Proton magnetic resonance spectra of the mannose-containing polysaccharides of some further species ofCandida as an aid in classification

The proton magnetic resonance spectra of the mannose-containing polysaccharides of 48Candida species were determined. Two other species formed heteropolymers for which p.m.r. spectra could not be obtained. The species were grouped as follows: 17 species formed mannose-containing polysaccharides with spectra like those ofHansenula anomala, Pichia farinosa, Pichia membranaefaciens orPichia robertsii mannans; 12, like those ofMetschnikowia andDebaryomyces mannans; 6, like those of mannans ofSaccharomyces species; 4, like that ofTorulopsis bombicola mannan; and 4, like those ofCandida obtusa andCandida tepae polysaccharides. Five formed mannans whose spectra were unlike those of the mannans of any other yeast species examined.     

Torulopsis bombicola sp. n.

A new yeast species,Torulopsis bombicola, is described, that produces extracellular hydroxy fatty acid sophorosides. It utilizes relatively few carbon compounds. It forms a mannan having a proton magnetic resonance spectrum similar to the spectra of the galactomannans ofTorulopsis apis, Torulopsis nodaensis andT. magnoliae, but differing from those ofT. gropengiesseri galactomannan andT. apicola mannan.Issued as N.R.C.C. No. 11234.The authors wish to thank Mr. M. Mazurek for the determination of the p.m.r. spectra, and Mr. N. R. Gardner and Mr. R. J. Magus for valuable technical assistance.     

Immunochemical studies on mannans of the genusSaccharomyces

Structural and immunochemical studies were carried out on mannans isolated from various species of the genusSaccharomyces. It has been found that mannans ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces chevalieri, Saccharomyces italicus, Saccharomyces logos, Saccharomyces oviformis, Saccharomyces uvarum andSaccharomyces willianus are structurally and antigenically closely related, they gave high cross-reactions with anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae serum. Mannotetraosa was found to be the immunodominant group of these mannans. Mannans ofSaccharomyces rouxii andSaccharomyces rosei showed different structural features and immunochemical properties.     

Mannose-containing Polysaccharides of the Apiculate Yeasts Nadsonia, Hanseniaspora, Kloeckera, and Saccharomycodes, and Their Use as an Aid in Classification

The mannose-containing polysaccharides formed by species of Nadsonia, Hanseniaspora, Kloeckera, and Saccharomycodes were extracted with hot aqueous alkali and purified by precipitation as their copper complexes. N. fulvescens and N. elongata formed galactomannans, while Hanseniaspora and Kloeckera species and S. ludwigii formed mannans. H. valbyensis, H. uvarum, and K. apiculata were a group which formed mannans which had identical H-1 regions in their proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra, and H. osmophila, K. africana, and K. magna mannas formed another group based on similar spectra. K. javanica formed a mannan with an H-1 spectral region which resembled that of the H. valbyensis group in some respects and that of the H. osmophila group in others. The H-1 portion of the PMR spectrum of S. lugwigii mannan was very complex and was unlike that of any other apiculate yeast studied.     

Immunochemical studies on mannans of the genusSaccharomyces

Antigenic mannans isolated from the cells ofSaccharomyces fermentati, Saccharomyces rosei,Saccharomyces delbrueckii, Torulopsis colliculosa, Candida albicans andSaccharomyces cerevisiae were examined for their reactivity withSaccharomyces fermentati andCandida albicans antisera. Mannans ofTorulaspora as well asCandida albicans showed high cross-reactivity with the investigated antisera, which could be due to the presence of long side chains established by the partial acetolysis method. The low specific rotations ofSaccharomyces fermentati, Saccharomyces rosei andTorulopsis colliculosa mannans indicate a predominance of β-glycosidio linkages, whereasSaccharomyces delbrueckii andCandida albicans mannans possess predominantly α-linkages.Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan showed different structural and immunological properties.     

Nitrite utilization byBrettanomyces

The utilization of nitrite was tested in a number ofBrettanomyces strains which fail to utilize nitrate as sole source of nitrogen. It was established that some of these strains utilize nitrite. The taxonomical implications of this phenomenon are discussed and it is concluded that neither nitrate nor nitrite utilization serves any purpose for the delimitation of species within the genusBrettanomyces. The possibility of a phylogenetic relationship betweenBrettanomyces andHanseniaspora is discussed.     

Etude de quelques enzymes intracellulaires dans les genres Dekkera et Brettanomyces; consequences systematiques

Intracellular osidases, nitrite reductase, nitrate reductase were found in some species ofDekkera and Brettanomyces. Taxonomical relationships between the 2 genus are discussed. These genus are compared withHanseniaspora andKloeckera.     

Interspecies sex-specific growth responses inKluyveromyces

The sex-specific growth factors produced by thea and mating types ofKluyveromyces lactis were examined for interspecies cross-reactivity on growing cells ofKluyveromyces aestuarii andKluyveromyces delphensis. Taxonomically,K. aestuarii is closely related toK. lactis;K. delphensis is more distantly related. Reciprocal growth responses occurred betweenK. aestuarii and the a mating type ofK. lactis; no response was evident betweenK. delphensis and either sex ofK. lactis.     

Evolution of thedec-1 eggshell locus inDrosophila. I. Restriction site mapping and limited sequence comparison in themelanogaster species subgroup

Summary We have analyzed 18 kb of DNA in and upstream of thedefective chorion-1 (dec-1) locus of the eight known species of themelanogaster species subgroup ofDrosophila. The restriction maps ofD. simulans, D. mauritiana, D. sechellia, D. erecta, andD. orena are shown to have basically the restriction map ofD. melanogaster, whereas the maps ofD. teissieri andD. yakuba were more difficult to align. However, the basic amount of DNA and sequence arrangement appear to have been conserved in these species. A small deletion of varying length (65–200 bp) is found in a repeated sequence of the central transcribed region ofD. melanogaster, D. simulans, andD. erecta. Restriction site mapping indicated that thedec-1 gene is highly conserved in themelanogaster species subgroup. However, sequence comparison revealed that the amount of nucleotide and amino acid substitution in the repeated region is much larger than in the 5 translated region. The 5 flanking region showed noticeable restriction site polymorphisms between species. Based on calculations from the restriction maps a dendrogram was derived that supports earlier published phylogenetic relationships within themelanogaster species subgroup except that theerecta-orena pair is placed closer to themelanogaster complex than toD. teissieri andD. yakuba.     

Sopra alcuni aspetti morfologici di Candida pulcherrima (Lindner) Windisch

Sommario Gli AA. descriono in uno stipite diC. pulcherrima (Lindner) Windisch degli aspetti ameboidi delle blastospore. Ritengono che questi aspetti più che preludere a processi sporologici, precedano forse la formazione di pseudomicelio; per questo essi aspetti ameboidi non hanno alcun particolare valore sistematico in quanto da ditenersi una fase che occuperebbe un posto intermedio tra quella non filamentosa tipoTorulopsis e quella filamentosa tipoCandida.

---

About some morphological appearances ofCandida pulcherrima (Lindner) Windisch

Summary The AA. describe in a strain ofC. pulcherrima (Lindner) Windisch, some amoeboid appearances of blastospores. They think these figures to be, more than the introduction to sporologic processes, the preamble to the formation of pseudomycelium; for this reason these amoeboid figures have no peculiar systematic value, as they are to be considered as a stage likely placed between the non-filamentous one of theTorulopsis type, and the filamentous one of theCandida type.

     

Distribution and evolution of mobile elements in the virilis species group of Drosophila

The distributions of Penelope and Ulysses, two transposable elements that can induce hybrid dysgenesis, were studied in several species groups of Drosophila. No significant hybridization to Penelope and Ulysses probes was detected by Southern blot analyses of species outside the virilis group. In contrast, both element families have had a long residence in all species of the virilis species group, as indicated by their strong presence in the heterochromatic chromocenter. Except for D. kanekoi, D. lummei, and some strains of D. virilis, species of the group carry full-sized, and at least potentially functional, copies of both element families. Consistent with the occurrence of recent transposition, Penelope and Ulysses elements are located at different chromosomal sites in different geographical strains of the same species. A total of 79 Penelope and 47 Ulysses euchromatic insertion sites were localized to chromosomal subsections in species of the virilis group. Highly significant deviations from independence of the distributions of Penelope and Ulysses and previously established inversion breakpoints were documented, suggesting that these transposable elements may have played an important role in genomic reorganization and evolution of the virilis species group, which is especially rich in karyotypic variation. Received: 13 April 1999; in revised form: 20 July 1999 / Accepted: 27 July 1999     

On the cell wall composition of the apiculate yeasts

Summary Sonic oscillation was used for the purpose of obtaining clean, chemically intact cell walls. The rate of disruption was determined for cells ofHanseniaspora uvarum andSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The carbohydrate fractions of cell walls ofHanseniaspora uvarum, H. valbyensis, Kloeckera apiculata, Saccharomycodes ludwigii andSaccharmyces cerevisiae were shown to be similar. Chromatography of cell wall hydrolysates of all these species demonstrated that glucose and mannose were the only sugars present (in about equal amounts) besides traces of glucosamine. The cell walls ofH. uvarum contained 78.1 per cent carbohydrates, 7 per cent protein and approximately 0.05 per cent of chitin. Fractionation of the polysaccharides lead to a recovery of 83.3 per cent of the carbohydrates present (30.4 per cent glucan and 34.9 per cent mannan). Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls were found to have a carbohydrate content of 82.8 per cent, 6.5 per cent protein and a trace of chitin (0.04 per cent). Nadsonia elongata contained a relatively large amount of chitin (ca. 5 per cent) and lacked mannan in its cell walls. It was concluded thatHanseniaspora andSaccharomycodes are closely related to theSaccharomyceteae but they have little in common with species ofNadsonia.     

Extracellular polysaccharides of the genusRhizobium

This paper reports an investigation of the extracellular polysaccharides produced by 26 strains ofRhizobium andAgrobacterium. Strains ofRhizobium leguminosarum andR. phaseoli produced a water-soluble polysaccharide containing glucose, glucuronic acid and 4-0-methylglucuronic acid. These substances were also identified in the polysaccharide of a single strain fromLotus uliginosus. Glucose was the only detectable component in the polysaccharide produced by strains ofAgrobacterium radiobacter andA. tumefaciens. The polysaccharides obtained from slow-growing rhizobia were not freely water-soluble. Glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose and 4-0-methylglucuronic acid were identified as components of this extracellular material.These results are related to previous studies on rhizobial taxonomy and to the infection process in legumes.     

不同类群酵母胞壁甘露聚糖核磁共振氢谱的比较研究

运用核磁共振氢谱(PMR谱)~(**)对各类酵母的细胞壁甘露聚糖进行比较研究,在我国尚无报道,其中某些酵母也尚无文献记载。本文结果表明:1.同菌株的胞壁甘露聚糖PMR谱型的重复性很好。2.同种不同株的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)的多糖谱型也相同。3.所测的二端芽殖酵母中完全型与不完全型菌株的谱型很相似,如柠檬形克勒克酵母(Kloeckera apiculata)与葡萄有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum。4.某些分类系统上来源较杂的子囊菌酵母如单宁管囊酵母(Packysolen tanophilus)、萤光威克酵母(Wickerhamiaflurescens)与高糖固囊酵母(Citeromyces matritensis)则体现了各不相同的谱型。5.二株分自西双版纳的极为相近的类酵母(Saccharomycodes sp.)其多糖的(PMR)谱型与多糖的组分都彼此相同,有助于对它们的适当归类。这一切证明酵母胞壁多糖PMR谱型相似程度的比较是分类上较有意义的性状,有助于探讨亲缘关系,核实完全型与不完全型,也有助于对疑难菌株的分析     

The Activity of Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase in Yeasts

The activity and the cofactor specificity of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase were studied in extracts of yeasts from the genera Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pachysolen, Pichia,and Torulopsis grown under microaerobic conditions. It was found that xylitol dehydrogenase in all of the yeast species studied is specific for NAD⁺; xylose reductase in the xylitol-producing species C. didensiae, C. intermediae, C. parapsilosis, C. silvanorum, C. tropicalis, Kl. fragilis, Kl. marxianus, P. guillermondii, andT. molishiama is specific for NADPH; and xylose reductase in the ethanol-producing species P. stipitis, C. shehatae, and Pa. tannophilus is specific for both NADPH and NADH.     

Highly repeated DNA analysis and systematics of the Lemuridae,a family of Malagasy prosimians

Hybridization of highly repeated DNA sequences ofEulemur fulvus mayottensis, Lemur catta, andVarecia has been performed on blots of different species of Lemuridae (L. catta, Hapalemur griseus, Varecia variegata variegata, V. v. rubra, E. macaco macaco, E. coronatus, E. mongoz, andE. rubriventer). The probe ofE. fulvus only hybridized with the differentEulemur species, whereas that ofVarecia hybridized with the two subspecies ofVarecia and that ofL. catta with bothL. catta andHapalemur. These results were used to confirm the classification ofVarecia in a separate genus and to review the separation of theL. catta/Hapalemur group from the other species ofEulemur. Comparison of the migration patterns from DNA fragments of these different species has been used to propose a cladogram of the differentEulemur species.     

Based on biochemical and physiological behavior,where isAspergillus egyptiacus better placed?

Physiological and biochemical properties were tested in 45 isolates ofAspergillus egyptiacus (16 isolates),Emericella nidulans (16) andAspergillus versicolor (13). The three fungal species exhibited common and similar features. The big similarity betweenA. egyptiacus andE. nidulans was greater than betweenA. egyptiacus andA. versicolor. It included the inability to produce base either from sodium citrate or lactic acid media, growth at 45 °C (thermophilicity), and production of very similar pigmentations onAspergillus flavus andparasiticus agar.A. egyptiacus is therefore better placed in theAspergillus nidulans-Emericella assemblage.