水稻品种资源对细菌性条斑病菌的抗性评价

选育和应用抗病品种是防治水稻细菌性病害最经济、有效的方法,抗性资源的筛选及利用是选育抗病品种的前提。本研究利用苗期喷雾法对中国59个水稻品种、318份国外稻种资源以及13个抗白叶枯病近等基因系进行了细菌性条斑病抗性评价。测定的59个中国水稻品种对测试的细菌性条斑病病原均表现出感病;在鉴定的318个国外稻种资源中,抗细菌性条斑病的材料有82个,其中高抗和抗的稻种资源有POPONG、IR63372-8、WEDA HEENATI、BALAYAN、GHARIBE等17份;在测试的13个抗白叶枯病近等基因系中,仅有IRBB5表现出抗细菌性条斑病,对白叶枯病抗谱较广的IRBB21、CBB23对测试的病菌表现出高感。应用SPSS统计软件,对82个抗细菌性条斑病的稻种资源和13个抗白叶枯病近等基因系的细菌性条斑病和白叶枯病的抗性相关性分析结果分别为r值0. 103和P值0. 358( 0. 05)、r值0. 527和P值0. 064( 0. 05),表明测试稻种对两病的抗性没表现出相关性。利用xa5基因功能标记,对79个抗细菌性条斑病资源进行了xa5基因检测,结果显示有30个品种含有xa5基因,其余49个不含xa5基因。本研究筛选出的49个抗性稻种资源对抗细菌性条斑病基因的挖掘以及品种的创制具有重要的价值。     

水稻细菌性条斑病和抗性育种研究进展

水稻细菌性条斑病(简称细条病)是由Xanthom onas oryzae pv. oryzicola侵染引起的全球性病害,对水稻生产构成严重威胁。发掘和利用新抗源、定位克隆抗性基因及深入了解病原菌—水稻之间的相互作用机理等对于水稻抗细条病研究有重要意义。本文主要介绍了细条病的抗性鉴定与抗源筛选、抗性基因遗传分析与分子标记定位、抗性基因的克隆、抗性育种的研究现状,提出了加快抗细条病育种研究进程的建议。     

玉米细菌性条斑病非寄主抗性基因Rxo1转化水稻的研究

水稻细菌性条斑病是我国重要的水稻病害之一,但是在水稻种质资源中尚未发现抗细菌性条斑病单个主效基因。利用农杆菌介导的转化系统将从玉米中克隆的细菌性条斑病非寄主抗性基因Rxo1转入我国2个杂交稻恢复系和2个常规水稻品种。转基因植株的PCR和Southern分析结果表明Rxo1基因已整合到受体基因组中,Rxo1基因单拷贝整合的转化体在自交T1代呈现抗感3∶1分离。人工接种实验和病菌的生长曲线表明携带Rxo1的转基因植株对水稻细条病菌可以产生过敏性抗病反应。上述结果为利用非寄主抗性基因防治该病害提供了有用的信息。     

水稻品种条纹叶枯病抗性的研究进展

水稻条纹叶枯病是当前粳稻主产区危害最严重的病害之一,而品种抗病性的利用则被公认为是病害综合防治的根本策略.本文从抗性鉴定方法、抗性资源筛选和发掘、抗性遗传规律及抗病基因定位和抗性品种选育与抗性转基因工程4个方面,对水稻品种条纹叶枯病抗性的研究进展进行了简要综述,以期为水稻抗条纹叶枯病的育种提供参考.同时对水稻品种条纹叶枯病抗性研究的现存问题与今后的研究方向进行了讨论.     

玉米细菌性条斑病非寄主抗性基因Rxo1转化水稻的研究

水稻细菌性条斑病是我国重要的水稻病害之一,但是在水稻种质资源中尚未发现抗细菌性条斑病单个主效基因。利用农杆菌介导的转化系统将从玉米中克隆的细菌性条斑病非寄主抗性基因Rxo1转入我国2个杂交稻恢复系和2个常规水稻品种。转基因植株的PCR和Southern分析结果表明Rxo1基因已整合到受体基因组中,Rxo1基因单拷贝整合的转化体在自交T1代呈现抗感3∶1分离。人工接种实验和病菌的生长曲线表明携带Rxo1的转基因植株对水稻细条病菌可以产生过敏性抗病反应。上述结果为利用非寄主抗性基因防治该病害提供了有用的信息。     

玉米细菌性条斑病非寄主抗性基因Rxo1转化水稻的研究

水稻细菌性条斑病是我国重要的水稻病害之一,但是在水稻种质资源中尚未发现抗细菌性条斑病单个主效基因。利用农杆菌介导的转化系统将从玉米中克隆的细菌性条斑病非寄主抗性基因Rxo1转入我国2个杂交稻恢复系和2个常规水稻品种。转基因植株的PCR和Southern分析结果表明Rxo1基因已整合到受体基因组中,Rxo1基因单拷贝整合的转化体在自交T1代呈现抗感3∶1分离。人工接种实验和病菌的生长曲线表明携带Rxo1的转基因植株对水稻细条病菌可以产生过敏性抗病反应。上述结果为利用非寄主抗性基因防治该病害提供了有用的信息。     

云南野生稻中的抗白叶枯病基因Xa21的鉴定

水稻白叶枯病是水稻生产上的主要细菌病害之一。从野生稻中发掘优异的水稻白叶枯病抗性材料,可以拓宽栽培稻抗白叶枯病遗传基础。经过温室接菌鉴定和PCR标记分析,对云南野生稻进行Xa21基因的检测鉴定。温室接菌鉴定表明,云南野生稻对广谱致病小种PX099及云南强致病菌Y8具有较好的抗性能力,特别是疣粒野生稻对致病菌株达到免疫程度;PCR标记分析表明,云南野生稻不含有Xa21基因,但含有与Xa21基因某些区域同源的片段。本研究结果为寻找新的抗源材料及快速发掘利用云南野生稻中的抗白叶枯病基因提供理论依据。     

云南野生稻抗白叶枯病类Xa21基因的鉴定

水稻白叶枯病是水稻生产上的主要细菌病害之一。从野生稻中发掘优异的水稻白叶枯病抗性材料,可以拓宽栽培稻抗白叶枯病遗传基础。经过温室接菌鉴定和PCR标记分析,对云南野生稻进行Xa21基因的检测鉴定。温室接菌鉴定表明,云南野生稻对广谱致病小种PX099及云南强致病菌Y8具有较好的抗性能力,特别是疣粒野生稻对致病菌株达到免疫程度;PCR标记分析表明,云南野生稻不含有Xa21基因,但含有与Xa21基因某些区域同源的片段。本研究结果为寻找新的抗源材料及快速发掘利用云南野生稻中的抗白叶枯病基因提供理论依据。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因的研究与分子育种

由革兰氏阴性菌黄单孢水稻变种（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍ ｏｎａｓｏｒｙｚａｅ ｐｖ．ｏｒｙｚａｅ,Ｘｏｏ）引起的白叶枯病是世界水稻生产中最严重的细菌性病害。白叶枯病是一种维管束病害,自然条件下,病菌通常由水孔或伤口侵入,沿叶脉产生灰白色病斑。田间常在分蘖期观察到病症,并随植株的生长而发展,至抽穗期达到高峰。水稻遭受白叶枯病后,一般减产２０％ -３０％ ,严重时甚至绝收。白叶枯病最早于１８８４ 年在日本福岗地区发现。５０年代以来,发病范围扩大,目前白叶枯病的发生范围已遍及世界各水稻产区［１,２,３］。由于其危害严重,而化学防治难以奏效,种植抗病品种是经济有效的防治方法,这引起育种家们对抗病性和遗传规律研究的重视。多年来的研究在理论上和应用上取得了许多进展,主要表现在下面几个方面：从基因对基因的学说解释寄主和病原菌的相互作用,建立了标准的单基因寄主和相对应的病原菌生理小种的鉴别系统;随着水稻基因组研究的开展,通过分子遗传图谱和物理图谱的构建,对抗性基因进行了定位和克隆;利用分子标记辅助选择和基因工程手段,开始了水稻白叶枯病抗性的分子育种工作。本文将从这几个方面对水稻白叶枯抗性基因的研究与应用进行概述和讨论。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21的分子生物学研究进展

由黄单胞杆菌水稻致病变种Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)引起的白叶枯病是水稻重要细菌性病害之一。迄今,已有7个水稻白叶枯病抗性基因被克隆。Xa21是第一个被克隆的白叶枯病抗性基因,因具有广谱抗性而受到广泛的关注。对Xa21的发现、定位及克隆、表达特征、编码产物XA21的生化特性、作用与调控以及XA21介导的免疫反应模式等方面的研究结果进行综述,并对今后的研究方向进行展望。     

Constitutive heterologous expression of avrXa27 in rice containing the R gene Xa27 confers enhanced resistance to compatible Xanthomonas oryzae strains

The vascular pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ) and nonvascular pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ) cause bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS) diseases of rice, respectively. We have previously identified the avirulence gene avrXa27 from Xoo PXO99^A, which specifically induces the expression of the rice resistance gene Xa27 , ultimately leading to resistance against BB disease in rice. In this study, we have generated a transgenic rice line (L24) that expresses avrXa27 constitutively under the control of the PR1 promoter, and have examined its role in the host–pathogen interaction. L24 is not more susceptible to BB, indicating that avrXa27 does not contribute to virulence. AvrXa27 retains avirulence activity in L24 and, after crossing with a line containing Xa27 , progeny display phenotypic changes including inhibition of tillering, delay in flowering, stiff leaves, early leaf senescence and activation of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes. On challenge with a variety of compatible strains of Xoo and Xoc strain L8, lines with both avrXa27 and Xa27 also show enhanced resistance to bacterial infection. The induction of Xa27 and subsequent inhibition of Xoc growth in Xa27 plants are observed on inoculation with Xoc L8 harbouring avrXa27 . Our results indicate that the heterologous expression of avrXa27 in rice containing Xa27 triggers R gene-specific resistance and, at the same time, confers enhanced resistance to compatible strains of Xoo and Xoc . The expression of AvrXa27 and related proteins in plants has the potential to generate broad resistance in plants.     

Pyramiding Xa23 and Rxo1 for resistance to two bacterial diseases into an elite indica rice variety using molecular approaches

Rice bacterial leaf blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and bacterial leaf streak (BLS) caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) are two important diseases of rice that often outbreak simultaneously and constrain rice production in much of Asia and parts of Africa. Developing resistant cultivars has been the most effective approach to control BB, however, most single resistance genes have limited value in breeding programs because of their narrow-spectrum of resistance to the races of the pathogen. By contrast, there is little progress in breeding varieties resistant to Xoc since BLS resistance in rice was a quantitative trait and so far only a few quantitative resistance loci have been identified. We reported here the development of a high yield elite line, Lu-You-Zhan highly resistant to both BB and BLS by pyramiding Xa23 with a wide-spectrum resistance to BB derived from wild rice and a non-host maize resistance gene, Rxo1, using both marker assisted selection (MAS) and genetic engineering. Our study has provided strong evidence that non-host R genes could be a valuable source of resistance in combating those plant diseases where no single R gene controlling high level of resistance exists and demonstrated that MAS combined with transgenic technologies are an effective strategy to achieve high level of resistance against multiple plant diseases. Y-L Zhou and J-L Xu contributed equally to this work.     

我国水稻微核心种质资源对白叶枯病抗性的鉴定和评价

由Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)引起的白叶枯病是水稻生产中普遍发生、危害严重的一种细菌病害。本研究采用我国和菲律宾的6个Xoo代表菌株,人工接种评价了来源于我国26个省份的174份水稻微核心种质资源对白叶枯病的抗性。结果表明,来源于不同稻作区的种质资源以及籼粳亚种对白叶枯病的抗性存在明显分化,6个粳稻品种和7个籼稻品种对2个或2个以上的菌株具有抗性,其中7-304、山酒谷、麻谷子、包二幅以及古154抗谱较广。本文的研究结果将为水稻抗白叶枯病育种提供有用的信息。     

Rice lesion mimic mutants with enhanced resistance to diseases

Lesion mimic mutants are characterized by the formation of necrotic lesions in the absence of pathogens. Such genetic defects often result in enhanced resistance to pathogen infection and constitutive expression of defense response genes. To understand the genetic mechanisms leading to these mutations, we characterized 21 lesion mimic mutants isolated from IR64 rice mutant populations produced by mutagenesis with diepoxybutane (D), gamma rays (G), and fast neutrons (F). Four mutations are controlled by single dominant genes, one of which is inherited maternally. Five lesion mimics are allelic to known spotted leaf (spl) mutants spl1, spl2, spl3, or spl6. In total, 11 new lesion mimic mutations, named spl16, spl17, and spl19 through Spl27, were established based on allelism tests. Two lesion mimics, spl17 and Spl26 showed enhanced resistance to multiple strains of Magnaporthe oryzae, the rice blast pathogen, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight (BB) pathogen. Co-segregation analyses of blast and BB resistance and lesion mimic phenotypes in segregating populations of spl17 and Spl26 indicate that enhanced resistance to the two diseases is conferred by mutations in the lesion mimic genes. A double mutant produced from two independent lesion mimics showed more severe lesions and higher level of resistance to X. o. pv. oryzae than their single mutant parents indicating a synergistic effect of the two mutations. In mutants that exhibit enhanced disease resistance to both pathogens, increases in expression of defense response genes PR-10a, POX22.3, and PO-C1 were correlated with lesion mimic development and enhancement of resistance. These lesion mimic mutants may provide essential materials for a comprehensive dissection of the disease resistance pathways in rice.     

Inhibition of resistance gene-mediated defense in rice by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and the closely related X. oryzae pv. oryzicola cause bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak of rice, respectively. Although many rice resistance (R) genes and some corresponding avirulence (avr) genes have been characterized for bacterial blight, no endogenous avr/R gene interactions have been identified for leaf streak. Genes avrXa7 and avrXa10 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae failed to elicit the plant defense-associated hypersensitive reaction (HR) and failed to prevent development of leaf streak in rice cultivars with the corresponding R genes after introduction into X. oryzae pv. oryzicola despite the ability of this pathovar to deliver an AvrXa10:Cya fusion protein into rice cells. Furthermore, coinoculation of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola inhibited the HR of rice cultivar IRBB10 to X. oryzae pv. oryzae carrying avrXa10. Inhibition was quantitative and dependent on the type III secretion system of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. The results suggest that one or more X. oryzae pv. oryzicola type III effectors interfere with avr/R gene-mediated recognition or signaling and subsequent defense response in the host. Inhibition of R gene-mediated defense by X. oryzae pv. oryzicola may explain, in part, the apparent lack of major gene resistance to leaf streak.     

Sensitive Detection of Xanthomonas oryzae Pathovars oryzae and oryzicola by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Molecular diagnostics for crop diseases can enhance food security by enabling the rapid identification of threatening pathogens and providing critical information for the deployment of disease management strategies. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a PCR-based tool that allows the rapid, highly specific amplification of target DNA sequences at a single temperature and is thus ideal for field-level diagnosis of plant diseases. We developed primers highly specific for two globally important rice pathogens, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight (BB) disease, and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS), for use in reliable, sensitive LAMP assays. In addition to pathovar distinction, two assays that differentiate X. oryzae pv. oryzae by African or Asian lineage were developed. Using these LAMP primer sets, the presence of each pathogen was detected from DNA and bacterial cells, as well as leaf and seed samples. Thresholds of detection for all assays were consistently 10⁴ to 10⁵ CFU ml⁻¹, while genomic DNA thresholds were between 1 pg and 10 fg. Use of the unique sequences combined with the LAMP assay provides a sensitive, accurate, rapid, simple, and inexpensive protocol to detect both BB and BLS pathogens.