大豆种质资源SRAP分子标记中的引物筛选

以113个大豆栽培品种和20个野生品种为材料,从288对引物组合中筛选出12对多态性丰富、条带清晰、可重复性好的SRAP引物组合。用筛选出的12对引物组合对大豆品种进行PCR扩增,获得了带型丰富和清晰可辨的DNA的PAGE指纹图谱;共扩增出251条谱带,其中多态性条带220条,多态性谱带比率为87.6%,平均每个引物扩增出18.3条谱带。结果显示,所筛选出的12对引物组合可以有效的应用于大豆种质资源的SRAP分析。     

连作障碍因素对大豆养分吸收和固氮作用的影响

采用分室装置,利用不同孔径的膜研究大豆连作条件下,化感物质、土壤有害生物和大豆胞囊线虫等因素不断累加对植株生长、生物固氮作用和矿质养分吸收和分配的影响。结果表明,随着各因素不断累加,植株的地上部、根系和根瘤干重逐渐降低;除Ca元素外,植株组织的P、K等矿质元素单位含量下降,吸收总量下降,地上部分配的养分比例下降。在化感物质和土壤有害生物因素的基础上接种线虫,对生物固氮和矿质养 分的吸收和分配影响明显。     

缺硼对大豆根瘤结构和功能的影响

在营养液培养条件下以普通结结瘤大豆Ｂｒａｇｇｃｖ．「Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒ」及其超结瘤突变体ｎｔｓ３８２为实验材料,运用光学显微方法研究了硼对大豆根瘤结构的影响,并测定了根瘤固氮酶活性结果表明,缺硼使根瘤结构受到严重破坏,并使固氮酶活性显著下降,缺硼使根瘤结构受到破坏是导致固氮酶活性下降的可能原因。     

Relative growth rates of leaves from soybean grown under drought-stressed and irrigated field conditions

Abstract. The relative growth rates and leaf area were graphed against leaf area, normalized with respect to final leaf area, to assess the applicability of the Lockhart cell wall expansion equation to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., leaf development under field conditions. For leaves that had completed more than 20% of their growth, relative growth rates decreased linearly with an increase in the normalized leaf area, indicating that these leaves were undergoing strictly expansive growth. Drought stress significantly decreased the relative growth rate of these larger leaves. Small leaves which had completed less than 20% of their growth, were found to have highly variable relative growth rates. The large variability in relative growth rates indicated that the Lockhart cell wall expansion equation was inadequate to evaluate the growth of these young leaves. Drought stress had virtually no influence on the relative growth rates observed in the small leaves.     

不同进化类型大豆种子超氧物歧化酶的比较

本文对不同进化类型大豆种子超氧物歧化酶(SOD)进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)供试三种进化类型大豆种子的 SOD 同工酶酶谱一致,均为7条,其中一条为 Ma-SOD,其余6条为 Cu-Zn-SOD。(2)SOD 活性表现为:野生类型明显高于中间类型,中间类型明显高于栽培类型。(3)随着大豆籽粒百粒重的增大,种胚的 SOD 活性降低。(4)种皮颜色由黑到黄,种皮的 SOD 活性降低。讨论了大豆种子 SOD 活性与 Sofa 亚属内大豆进化的关系。     

Leaf wall yield threshold of field-grown soybean measured by vapour pressure psychrometry

Abstract. Wall-yield threshold pressures of growing leaves obtained from field-grown soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) plants were measured in vapour pressure psychrometers. The plants were grown either under well-watered or water deficit conditions. Wall-yield threshold pressures were measured at night when turgor pressure was expected to exceed the wall-yield threshold pressure both in drought-stressed and well-watered growing leaves. Wall-yield threshold pressure increased as the area of the growing leaves increased in both treatments. After an 8-d drought, wall-yield threshold pressure in leaves which had recently emerged from the meristem was 0.50 MPa, while in well-watered leaves these values ranged from 0.03 to 0.23 MPa. Upon release from drought, wall-yield threshold pressure rapidly returned to unstressed values.     

Effects of seismic stress on the vegetative growth of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Wells II

Abstract. Vegetative plants of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Wells II] grown in a greenhouse and agitated periodically on a gyratory shaker had shorter stems, less leaf area, and lower leaf and plant dry weight than did undisturbed greenhouse-grown (GG) plants after 16 d of treatment. Outdoor-grown (OG) plants, which were subjected to additional environmental stresses including ultraviolet radiation, wind loading, and uncontrolled temperature and humidity fluctuations, were smaller and had less dry weight than GG controls, but growth was not inhibited further by gyratory shaking. Periodic shaking of GG soybeans resulted in the same plant and leaf dry weight as for OG soybeans. Response of GG plants to mechanical stress depended on light intensity, with minimum growth reduction occurring under full light (FL) level, and maximum growth reduction occurring under lower light levels (24–45% FL). Reduction in dry weight gain due to mechanical stress corresponded to a decrease in relative growth rate (RGR). Decreases in net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio contributed equally to the lower RGR of shaken plants, indicating that seismic stress inhibits dry weight accumulation by decreasing both the photosynthetic efficiency and the assimilatory surface of soybean.     

大豆籽粒发育过程中异黄酮合成相关酶基因的表达模式与异黄酮积累的相关分析

利用高效液相色谱法和实时定量PCR方法,分别测定了2个异黄酮含量显著差异的大豆品种鲁黑豆2号(LHD2)和南汇早黑豆(NHZ)在子粒发育过程中的异黄酮含量变化以及异黄酮合成相关酶基因的表达模式变化,试图分析异黄酮积累与各基因表达量变化的相关关系。结果表明在大豆子粒发育过程中,异黄酮含量逐渐升高,而不同异黄酮合成相关酶基因的表达趋势不同,CHS7、CHS8、CHR、CHI1A和IFS2的表达趋势与异黄酮积累模式基本一致,而IFS1和CHI1B1的表达趋势与异黄酮积累模式相反。IFR的表达模式在2个大豆品种中存在相反的趋势,在LHD2中与异黄酮组分积累趋势相反,而在NHZ中与异黄酮组分积累趋势相同。结果还表明,同一基因家族中不同基因在子粒发育过程中的表达量也存在差异。查尔酮合酶基因家族中CHS7和CHS8以及查尔酮异构酶基因家族的CHI1A的表达水平相对其他成员较高,异黄酮合酶基因家族中IFS2的表达量显著高于IFS1的表达量,预示这些基因家族在大豆子粒异黄酮积累过程中存在功能分化。此外,各基因表达模式与异黄酮积累的相关分析结果表明,不同基因表达模式与异黄酮积累的相关性在2个品种中也不尽相同。LHD2中CHS7、CHS8和IFS2在子粒发育过程中的表达量变化与不同异黄酮组分呈显著正相关,CHI1B1基因的表达量变化与不同异黄酮组分呈显著负相关。而在NHZ中,IFR在子粒发育过程中的表达量变化与多个异黄酮组分呈显著正相关。这预示了不同大豆品种异黄酮含量差异的潜在遗传基础。各异黄酮合成相关酶基因表达量变化的相关分析表明,在2个品种中,苯丙氨酸水解酶PAL1与4CL,4CL与CHS2以及CHS1与IFS2基因的表达量均呈现显著正相关。表明这些基因可能通过协同作用共同调控异黄酮的合成与积累。这些结果为今后利用基因工程提高大豆异黄酮含量奠定了基础。     

盐磷耦合胁迫下大豆的生长和钠、磷离子长距离运输

以2个耐盐性和磷效率有差异的大豆品种为材料,采用水培方法,探讨盐分与缺磷耦合胁迫对大豆生长和钠、磷离子长距离运输影响的结果表明:(1)盐分和低磷胁迫对大豆生长有交互作用,磷浓度相对较高(2MMOL·L-1)时大豆耐盐性降低;(2)钠由木质部的向顶部运输增加,钠在韧皮部的再分配增多;(3)盐胁迫下磷在木质部的运输能力提高,韧皮部中磷的再分配受影响不大;(4)磷盐互作对大豆生长的影响在品种之间无差异。     

UV-B辐射对8个大豆品种种子萌发率和幼苗生长的影响

在生长房5种(暗处、可见光、低、中、高强度紫外线-B)处理下,研究了8个大豆品种的种子萌发率和萌发后幼苗的生长状况。结果表明,暗处种子萌发率高于自然光和UV-B辐射的种子。UV-B辐射增强对大豆种子的萌发率没有显著影响,仅使部分品种的最大萌发率降低和导致部分品种达到最大萌发率的时间延长。幼苗的生长对增强的UV-B辐射非常敏感。使大部分品种的胚根变短增粗,这可能是植物激素作用的结果。大豆的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量明显受到UV-B辐射的抑制。UV-B作用能促进类黄酮在幼苗中的积累,紫外吸收色素的增设有利于提高对UV-B的抵抗力。UV-B辐射的这种效应及大豆品种间的差异在自然情况下会产生深远的生物学和生态学意义     

Sensitivity of soybean leaf development to water deficits

Abstract. Drought effects on the final leaf area of individual leaves were hypothesized to depend on the leaf developmental stage at which drought occurred. To evaluate this hypothesis, final leaf area and cell number were measured for soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaves that were at different stages of development when single or cyclical drought treatment was imposed. Leaf emergence rate from the meristem, as depicted by changes in the plastochron index, was not as sensitive as leaf expansion to cyclical droughts. For leaf expansion, small leaves, once they emerged from the meristem, suffered larger decreases in growth than leaves undergoing rapid leaf area expansion. Decreases in final leaf area as a result of a cyclical drought were correlated with decreases in final cell number. Decreases resulting from a single 8-d drought were dependent on the age of the leaf at the time of drought, because small leaves were found to have proportionately larger decreases in final cell number and area than larger leaves. These results indicated that age-dependent leaf responses to drought are based on the relative activity of cell division and expansion at the time stress was imposed.     

植物激素在大豆生殖器官脱落过程中的变化(英)

研究了大田生长条件下,大豆品种──早12花及幼荚脱落过程中植物激素变化。结果表明,自盛花期始,位于大豆第8～12节位的花序,其上、中、下三个部分花荚的脱落率逐渐升高,至最后一次取样时,三部分花荚的脱落率分别为77．4％、54．7％和18．3％,说明同一花序的基部花荚不易脱落。由内源细胞分裂素（iPA,ZRs,DHZRs）的分析发现,基部幼荚在生长前期,其内源iPA、ZRs、DHZRs均出现一个含量高峰,总CTK含量明显高于中、下部,而在后期脱落酸含量则明显较低;后期基部幼荚的生长速率及干物质积累量均高于中、上部。可见,植物激素参与调控了大豆生殖器官的脱落过程。     

Responses of soybean to oxygen deficiency and elevated root-zone carbon dioxide concentration

Root flooding is damaging to the growth of crop plants such as soybean (Glycine max L.). Field flooding for 3 d often results in leaf chlorosis, defoliation, cessation of growth and plant death. These effects have been widely attributed solely to a lack of oxygen in the root-zone. However, an additional damaging factor may be CO(2), which attains levels of 30 % (v/v) of total dissolved gases. Accordingly, the effects of root-zone CO(2) on oxygen-deficient soybean plants were investigated in hydroponic culture. Soybean plants are shown to be very tolerant of excess water and anaerobiosis. No oxygen (100 % N(2) gas) and low oxygen (non-aerated) treatments for 14 d had no effect on soybean survival or leaf greenness, but plants became severely chlorotic and stunted when the roots were exposed to no oxygen together with CO(2) concentrations similar to those in flooded fields (equilibrium concentrations of 30 %). When root-zone CO(2) was increased to 50 %, a quarter of soybean plants died. Those plants that survived showed severe symptoms of chlorosis, necrosis and root death. In contrast, rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were not affected by the combination of no oxygen and elevated root-zone CO(2.) A concentration of 50 % CO(2) did not affect rice plant survival or leaf colour. These results suggest that the high susceptibility of soybean to soil flooding, compared with that of rice, is an outcome of its greater sensitivity to CO(2).