杂交白头叶猴F1代及其后代性状和行为跟踪观察

通过对白头叶猴与黑叶猴杂交所得的雌杂白头叶猴F1代(F1f)的性状及行为观察,以及F1代与黑叶猴进行回交繁殖出来的后代Be1、Be2、Be3和Be4的性状表现及生长发育的长期观察,结果表明:杂交白头叶猴及其回交代的性状、形态特征与黑叶猴十分相似,黑毛性状占绝对的优势。白头叶猴所拥有的性状在杂白头叶猴及其后代中几乎不表现,仅是在生长中存在部分印记,在发育过程中的颜色转变时间延长,毛色转变也有痕迹的现象。这说明白头叶猴的基因控制在回交代中只起到辅助作用,但总的以黑叶猴的基因控制为主。白头叶猴回交代个体弱仔率比例高达50%,高于同期的黑叶猴弱仔率,后者一般为10%—20%,呈现出远交衰退迹象。杂交代F1在繁殖行为及对后代的哺育投资上与黑叶猴无明显区别;回交代的生长发育和行为发育与黑叶猴的行为有趋同性。综合上述特征,结合杂交白头叶猴F1f的连续繁殖成功,可以断定白头叶猴不是一个独立种,而是黑叶猴的一个亚种。     

RAPD分析与白头叶猴分类地位探讨

为确定白头叶猴的分类地位,分析了菲氏叶猴、紫面叶猴、长尾叶猴、黑叶猴、白头叶猴、共１３个个体的随机扩增ＤＮＡ多态。用于检测的３０个随机引物中有２２个产生清晰的条带。根据遗传距离建立的系统树显示,黑叶猴与白头叶猴亲缘关系最近,且两者都不是单系群。白头叶猴３与黑叶猴６的亲缘关系比与白头叶猴１、２的更近。根据系统树中的关系对群体进行了ｔ检验,结果显示：在５％水平上,白头叶猴与黑叶猴有显著差异;然而,在同     

《黑叶猴的行为生态与保护生物学》书评

黑叶猴是分布于我国广西、贵州、重庆南部和越南北部喀斯特石山特有的灵长类,全世界不足2000只,其中四分之三以上分布在我国。黑叶猴隶属于哺乳纲灵长目猴科疣猴亚科乌叶猴属,该属是疣猴亚科种类最多的一个属,共有20个种。根据系统演化,这个属可以分为戴帽叶猴种组、郁乌叶猴种组、银叶猴种组和黑叶猴种组,其中黑叶猴种组包括了我国的黑叶猴、白头叶猴、越南的金头叶猴、德氏叶猴、越南乌叶猴、印支乌叶猴和老挝乌叶猴,这7个种只生活在喀斯特石山环境,所以它们又被称为石山叶猴,其中黑叶猴扩散能力最强,是分布范围最广和分布纬度最高的种类。     

笼养黑叶猴与白头叶猴杂交后代可育一例

近年来,关于白头叶猴的分类地位颇有争议,争论的焦点是白头叶猴是一个独立种还是黑叶猴Trachypithecus francoisi 的一个亚种.     

白头叶猴与黑叶猴觅食行为的比较

开展近缘物种觅食行为比较对理解动物的行为可塑性及适应性具有重要意义。白头叶猴（Trachypithecus leucocephalus）和黑叶猴（T.francoisi）是近缘物种,体形大小相近,社会结构和栖息环境相似,是广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区喀斯特季节性雨林中邻域分布的灵长类。为了探索两个物种在喀斯特生境中是否有相似的觅食策略,我们于2012年1-12月采用瞬时扫描取样法对两种叶猴的觅食行为进行研究。结果表明,白头叶猴与黑叶猴在不同时段均为叶食性,树叶是两种叶猴各个时段主要食物,其中白头叶猴日均取食树叶77.0%±4.4%,黑叶猴日均取食68.9%±8.3%,两者对树叶的采食比例均没有显著的日时段差异（白头叶猴：χ²=6.602,df=11,P=0.830;黑叶猴：χ²=11.393,df=11,P=0.411）。两种叶猴的觅食行为都在猴群清晨离开夜宿石洞后和进入过夜山洞前的时段中频繁发生。白头叶猴在09：00-10：59和16：00-17：59出现觅食高峰,时间占比分别为41.7%和46.3%;黑叶猴同样在09：00-10：59和16：00-17：59的时间段内发生高频率的觅食行为,时间占比分别为31.3%和38.0%。此外,两种叶猴的觅食时间在大部分时段中的差异并不明显。白头叶猴和黑叶猴在石灰岩生境中具有相似的觅食策略,这意味着两种叶猴在取食生态学上可能采取相似的保护措施。     

中国石山叶猴生态学研究进展

喀斯特石山是一类特殊环境,生存在喀斯特石山的动物形成特殊的行为机制以适应这一特殊的环境.石山叶猴是仅分布于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,属疣猴亚科乌叶猴属的一个种组,包括黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)、白头叶猴(T.leucocephalus)、德氏叶猴(T.delacouri)、金头...     

菲氏叶猴与黑叶猴的下颌骨

本文对15只菲氏叶猴和8只黑叶猴成年下颌骨作了功能形态学研究。在21项所分析的变量中,两种之间有4项达到显著性差异水平,而10项达到非常显著的差异水平。从所分析的结构看来,菲氏时猴下臼齿及门齿的面积大于黑叶猴,而黑叶猴的咬肌附着部分(支高、颌高,支宽及髁头长)大于菲氏叶猴。这表现了黑叶猴比菲氏叶猴具更强的咀嚼能力。因而,可以推测在食物成分中,黑叶猴食坚果的比例要大于菲氏叶猴。     

广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区及周边区域黑叶猴种群数量与分布

2012年10~12月采用访问法、小区蹲点数量统计方法对广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区驮逐片及周边相邻的昌平片的黑叶猴种群数量与分布进行了调查。结果显示,驮逐片黑叶猴分布面积为9714 hm2,种群数量为10群55只;昌平片黑叶猴分布面积为1073 hm2,种群数量为7群33只;两处合计为17群88只。驮逐片和昌平片黑叶猴种群数量分别占广西黑叶猴种群数量的14%和10%。驮逐片通过加强能力建设、宣传力度和保护力度,昌平片通过建立自然保护小区,加大对黑叶猴及其栖息地的保护力度。     

菲氏叶猴与黑叶猴面颅形态的比较研究

本文对16个菲氏叶猴(Presbytis phayrei)和8个黑叶猴(P.francoisi)的成年头骨作了比较研究。经45项定性和定量的差异性分析表明,在种间22项达到显著或非常显著差异;菲氏叶猴为低颅型,而黑叶猴为正颅型;菲氏叶猴面颅比黑叶猴更凸出,枕骨大孔比黑叶猴更向嘴侧;黑叶猴比菲氏叶猴有更发育的视力;在犬齿与颅长的相关性中,黑叶猴比菲氏叶猴显示了更强的相关性。     

白头叶猴的分类订正

作者于1963、1976和1977年间,先后几次到贵州、广西南部进行黑叶猴的生态地理调查,采到黑叶猴标本22号,观察了近40个猴群。经研究,认为白头叶猴 Presbytis leucocephalus T’an,1957应让正为黑叶猴 Presbytis francoisi的一个亚种。鉴于原命名人未作正式描记,故予记述如后:     

Feeding strategy of François' langur and white-headed langur at Fusui, China

We investigated the diet of a group of François' langur inhabiting a forest fragment between August 2002 and July 2003 to add to our knowledge of behavior and ecology of this langur. Our objective was to study whether the François' langur would adopt a feeding strategy similar to the white‐headed langur in the same nature reserve. Data indicated that a total of 37 plant species were eaten by François' langur; however, only ten species accounted for 90% of the total feeding time. Four species belong to the ten most dominant tree species within the vegetation quadrats. Ninety‐four percent of feeding time of François' langur was spent on leaves, whereas the remaining 6% of time was spent on fruits, flowers and twigs. Results also demonstrated that François' langur are similar to white‐headed langur in being predominantly folivorous and that Francois' langur adopted a similar strategy to white‐headed langur in diet, dietary variation and time spent on feeding. François' langur exhibited a habitat use preference for the middle zone of the forest, whereas the white‐headed langur utilized the bottom zone of the forest. Further analysis indicates that human interference and habitat fragmentation caused by agriculture also impact habitat use. Am. J. Primatol. 70:320–326, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The male and female perspective in the link between male infant care and mating behaviour in Barbary macaques

Infant care from adult males is unexpected in species with high paternity uncertainty. Still, males of several polygynandrous primates engage in frequent affiliative interactions with infants. Two non‐exclusive hypotheses link male infant care to male mating strategies. The paternal investment hypothesis views infant care as a male strategy to maximize the survival of sired offspring, while the mating effort hypothesis predicts that females reward males who cared for their infant by preferably mating with them. Both hypotheses predict a positive relationship between infant care and matings with a particular female. However, the paternal investment hypothesis predicts that increased matings come before infant care whereas the mating effort hypothesis predicts that infant care precedes an increase in matings. Both hypotheses are usually tested from the perspective of the proportion of matings and care that individual females engage in and receive, rather than from the perspective of the care and mating behaviour of individual males. We tested the relationships between care and mating from both female and male perspectives in Barbary macaques. Mating predicted subsequent care and care predicted subsequent mating when viewed from the male but not the female perspective. Males mainly cared for infants of their main mating partners, but infants were not mainly cared for by their likely father. Males mated more with the mothers of their favourite infants, but females did not mate more with the main caretakers of their infants. We suggest that females do not choose their mating partners based on previous infant care, increasing paternity confusion. Males might try to increase paternal investment by distributing the care according to their own instead of female mating history. Further, males pursue females for mating opportunities based on previous care.     

Social organization of white‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in the Nongguan Karst Hills,Guangxi, China

The number of males per group is the most variable aspect of primate social organization and is often related to the monopolizability of females, which is mainly determined by the number of females per group and their reproductive synchrony. Colobines show both inter‐specific and intra‐specific variations in the number of males per group. Compared with other colobine species, little is known about the social organization of white‐headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), despite its endangered status and unusual limestone habitat. As a part of a long‐term study of the white‐headed langurs in the Nongguan Karst Hills, Guangxi, China, we quantitatively investigated their social organization by analyzing census data from 1998 to 2003. The population censuses revealed that the predominant social organization of bisexual groups was the one‐male group, similar to a previous report on this species and many other Asian colobines. In such groups, one adult male associated with 5.1 adult females, 0.1 sub‐adult males, 2.6 juveniles and 2.9 infants on average, with a mean group size of 11.7 individuals. In addition, three multi‐male groups were recorded, consisting of 2–3 adult males, 1–5 adult females, 0–2 sub‐adult males, 0–7 juveniles and 0–2 infants. They did not contain more adult females than the one‐male groups and were unstable in group membership. The langurs outside bisexual groups were organized into small nonreproductive groups or lived as solitaries. The nonreproductive groups averaged 1.3 adult males, 1.3 sub‐adult males and 2.6 juveniles. Juvenile females were present in such groups on 52.4% of all occasions. As predicted by the monopolization model, the prevalence of the one‐male pattern in this species may mainly be attributed to the small number of females in the group. The possible reasons for the occurrence of multi‐male groups and the presence of juvenile females in nonreproductive groups are also discussed. Am. J. Primatol. 71:206–213, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Infanticide in black capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) in Iguazú National Park, Argentina

We report here one observed and two potential cases of infanticide during a brief period of 1 month after a dominant male replacement in one group of black capuchin monkeys in Iguazú National Park, Argentina. We also compile infant disappearances and demographic data in seven groups followed from 1-14 years. Behavioral and molecular data showed that the probability that an infanticidal male would kill his own progeny is very low in this species. Females that lost infants less than 6 months old had shorter interbirth intervals than females whose infants survived (14.12 ± 5.32 months, n=17 vs. 20.42 ± 5.65 months, n=34). Females whose infants die shortly after takeovers mate with the presumed infanticidal male during the most fertile days of their subsequent estrous periods giving this male a high probability of siring the new progeny. We recorded 181 proceptive periods and 52 births from 18 adult females in two groups. Most proceptive periods were concentrated during a conception season, but there was an increase in sexual behavior after male takeovers. Seven females copulated while pregnant after the observed male takeover, an unusual behavior in this species in years of group stability. Of 24 infants born during takeover years, 62.5% did not survive the first year, whereas only 22.5% of 80 infants died in years without male replacements. We found a significant positive association between infant mortality and male takeovers, but not with food provisioning. The main cause of infant mortality in this population is associated with male takeovers. Our results suggest that infanticide can have an important effect on the behavior of this species, selecting for female behaviors that function to reduce infanticide risk.     

Reproductive parameters of wild Trachypithecus leucocephalus: seasonality,infant mortality and interbirth interval

Understanding the reproductive parameters of endangered primate species is vital for evaluating the status of populations and developing adequate conservation measures. This study provides the first detailed analysis of the reproductive parameters of wild white‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), based on demographic data collected over an 8‐year period in the Nongguan Karst Hills in Chongzuo County, Guangxi, China. From 1998 to 2002, a total of 133 live births were recorded in the population based on systematic censuses. Births occurred throughout the year, but the temporal pattern was highly correlated with seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall, with the birth peak coinciding with the dry and cold months of November–March. The average birthrate was 0.47±0.13 births per female per year and mortality for infants younger than 20 months was 15.8%. From 1998 to 2006, 14 females gave birth to 41 infants in four focal groups. The average age at first birth for female langurs was 5–6 years (n=5) and the interbirth interval (IBI) was 23.2±5.2 months (median=24.5 months, n=27). Infants are weaned at 19–21 months of age. The IBI for females with infant loss before weaning was significantly shorter than those for females whose infants survived. It appears that birth seasonality in the white‐headed langurs is influenced by seasonal changes in food availability. The timing of conceptions was found to coincide with peak food availability. The reproductive parameters for white‐headed langurs reported here are quite similar to those reported for other colobine species. One major difference is our observation of lower infant mortality in Trachypithecus. Am. J. Primatol. 71:558–566, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Taxonomy and distribution of the françois' langur (Presbytis francoisi)

This paper discusses the taxonomy and distribution ofPresbytis francoisi. We are especially concerned with the classification of the white-headed langur.T'an (1957) suggested that the white-headed langur be classified as a separate species,Presbytis leucocephalus. We suggest that the white-headed langur is a subspecies ofPresbytis francoisi and should be referred to asP. francoisi leucocephalus. The distribution of the six subspecies of the françois' langur,P. f. delacouri, P. f. francoisi, P. f. hatinhensis, P. f. laotum, P. f. leucocephalus, andP. f. poliocephalus, is limited to southeastern Asia.     

应用染色体涂染法建立人和黑叶猴(Semnopithecus francoisi)的染色体同源性

应用荧光原位杂交技术中的染色体涂染法（Chromosomepainting）,以生物素标记的除Y染色体外的人全部整条染色体DNA特异性探针与黑叶猴的中期分裂相杂交,建立了人与黑叶猴之间的染色体同源性。除人的1、2、6、16和19号染色体特异探针分别与黑叶猴的2条非同源的染色体杂交外,其余人染色体特异探针均与黑叶猴的1条染色体杂交,其中有两对人染色体特异探针（14和15,21和22）分别杂交同一条黑叶猴染色体。在雌性黑叶猴的单倍染色体中,共检测到30个与人染色体具同源性的染色体和染色体片段。结果表明：黑叶猴的多数染色体与人染色体有高度同源性,仅有少数染色体发生了重排。将研究的结果与已报道的人染色体特异探针与其他灵长类的中期染色体杂交的结果进行比较,可以看出亚洲叶猴之间的相互关系较与非洲叶猴的更为密切。     

A case study of mother-son transfer in mountain gorillas

In mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei), male immigration in bi-sexual units is rare. This paper presents the case of a nearly weaned male infant gorilla who followed his mother in her transfer. This case was recorded in the study population at the Kariske Research Center in 1988. The data come from observation in Group B (on 12 days just prior to the transfer and on 54 days after the transfer over a period of 6 months). The situation of the infant did match the conditions in which infanticide occurs in gorillas, but he was not killed, despite receiving male aggression and being wounded twice. In fact, both the mother and the infant received male aggression more frequently than the long term residents in the group. The aggression received by the mother decreased after she mated with the males and after she weaned the infant. The aggression received by the infant, however, did not decrease after his mother mated with the males, and increased in intensity. The infant reacted fearfully to male aggression, in marked contrast to his mother, who reacted either with indifference, or by simply avoiding the males. The aggression eventually stopped, and the infant became a blackback in Group B. Evolutionarily, the death of the infant would not have markedly accelerated the mother's return to estrus, but the death of the infant could still have benefitted the males, by decreasing the reproductive output of a competitor. Adult male gorillas are also presumably selected to resist male immigration. Proximately, the aggression directed towards the infant was not related to mating access to the mother. The sex of the infant may contribute to explain the post-transfer male aggression, but data on the integration of old female infants in a new group is needed to test whether the sex of the infant has an effect on their vulnerability to infanticide. Also, the intense fear displayed by the infant may have played a role in prompting male aggression.     

Parental behavior and infant development in ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in a northeast Madagascar rain forest

Parental behavior and infant development of black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) were studied on Nosy Mangabe Island in northeast Madagascar. Ruffed lemur females produced twins, prepared nests for neonates in the trees, transported infants by mouth, and parked them in the trees. During two consecutive birth seasons, the average birth rate for nine females was 0.58. Two females reproduced in one social group. Lactating females spent most of their time resting with their infants or foraging for food. Infants developed rapidly and were fully mobile by 3–4 months. No female reproduced successfully in 2 consecutive years. In 1988, infant mortality within 3 months of birth was very high (64%). Accidental falls may have been one major cause. Adults of both sexes, including a reproductive female, exhibited alloparental behavior such as guarding infants and nonmaternal nursing. Alloparental care may increase the likelihood of infant survival. Some of these observations are not compatible with the idea that ruffed lemurs live in small pair-bonded groups, as other researchers have suggested.     

New records of within-group infanticide and cannibalism in wild chimpanzees

Two cases of within-group infanticide and cannibalism were observed among the M Group chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. In both cases, victimized infants were male, 5 – 6 months of age, and in good health when killed. Four to five years have passed since the mothers of the victims immigrated into M Group as nulliparous immigrants. In one case the 2nd-ranking male was observed to detach the infant from the mother's belly. Both infants were finally killed by the alpha male after several adult males scrambled for the bodies. There was no evidence that the mothers had mated with males other than those of M Group. Nor was there evidence that the mothers had restrictive mating relationships with some of the M Group adult males. What little evidence is available shows that the mothers had mated mostly with adolescent and other immature males during their conception cycles. However, at least in one case, the mother began to mate more with adult males rather than with immature males after the infanticide. It is proposed that the function of within-group male infanticide can be explained by the male-male competition hypothesis developed for hanuman langurs and other nonhuman primates.