温度对大蜡螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确不同温度对大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella L.)生长发育和繁殖的影响,在24℃、28℃和31℃三个温度条件下,采用人工饲料饲养观察了大蜡螟的生长发育和繁殖状况。结果表明,温度对大蜡螟发育历期、生长发育速率以及繁殖具有显著影响(P0. 05)。在24～31℃范围内,随着温度升高,各虫态发育历期缩短,幼虫体长增长加快,发育速率加快。在24℃下世代历期最长(47. 96 d),31℃下世代历期最短(33. 68 d)。在同一温度下,雄蛾的寿命明显较雌蛾的寿命长,但成虫寿命、产卵前期和产卵期均随着温度升高而缩短。在24℃下产卵量最高为2 781. 50粒/雌,而在31℃下产卵量最低为1 943. 17粒/雌。     

利用嫩玉米穗饲养大螟的技术

[目的]提供一种新的饲养大螟的方法,为获得充足的、高质量虫源提供技术保障。[方法]使用籽粒未形成的嫩玉米穗、鲜茭白和市场上出售的成熟甜玉米3种天然饲料分别饲养大螟,对比3种天然饲料饲养下大螟幼虫发育历期、存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、蛹重和单雌产卵量等适合度参数。[结果]大螟在嫩玉米穗上的平均幼虫存活率为85.3%,化蛹率为77.1%,羽化率为66.3%,显著优于茭白和甜玉米的饲养效果。在嫩玉米穗上,大螟世代发育历期为36.2 d,幼虫发育历期为16.6 d,显著短于在茭白和甜玉米上的发育时间。取食嫩玉米穗的大螟单雌产卵量为81.1粒,与野生型大螟的产卵量没有显著差异。[结论]嫩玉米穗可为大螟的生长发育和繁殖提供足够的营养物质,提高了初孵幼虫的存活率,加快了其世代发育速率,可做为一种适宜的饲料用于大螟的大规模饲养。     

大螟人工饲养技术的初步研究

利用大豆粉、玉米粉、麦胚和鲜茭白等成分配制了大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)的半合成人工饲料,利用该饲料配方,发展了大螟的长期、继代饲养技术,即初孵-2日龄幼虫在茭白上饲养,3日龄-化蛹在人工饲料上饲养。利用该方法连续饲养大螟3代,幼虫的发育历期、蛹重、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、卵孵化率和单雌产卵量等生活史参数与在天然饲料茭白上饲养的大螟相比,二者没有任何显著差异。而且利用该方法饲养,成本低、省工省力,能显著减少病原菌的感染。这说明该饲养技术适于大螟种群的长期、继代饲养。     

豇豆荚螟人工饲料的初步研究

本文以绿豆粉、长豇豆粉、酵母粉、多维葡萄糖、琼脂、山梨酸和甲醛为原料配制了6种人工饲料饲养豇豆荚螟Maruca testulalis Geyer,以改进其人工饲料的饲养效果。结果表明：以绿豆粉和长豇豆粉为主要原料配制的配方5和配方6饲养效果较好。尤其是配方6,豇豆荚螟的幼虫存活率和历期、蛹重和化蛹率、成虫羽化率与天然饲料饲养的豇豆荚螟相比没有差异,表明该人工饲料可用于室内人工饲养豇豆荚螟。     

异小杆线虫XJZL1409(Heterorhabditis bacteriophora)共生菌的分离及致病性研究

本研究分离了来自新疆和田地区间作绿豆的4年枣0-40 cm根际土壤中的昆虫病原线虫XJZL1409Heterorhabditis bacteriophora的共生菌,并进行致病性测定。通过侵染期线虫和线虫致死的大蜡螟幼虫血腔直接分离,采用传统形态学观察结合分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定。同时大蜡螟Galleria mellonella 5龄幼虫接种菌株细胞发酵液测定致病性。菌株形态学特性结合16S r DNA序列系统发育分析,线虫XJZL1409的共生菌被鉴定为发光杆菌属Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii。室内菌液注射毒性测定结果显示,侵染致死的幼虫体色呈灰绿色;接种48 h后,每头幼虫接种菌液量为500 CFU时校正死亡率就可以达到100%; 48 h时致死中浓度LC50为10. 74 CFU/m L。同时菌液口服杀虫毒性结果表明,第5天时待测菌株菌液对大蜡螟幼虫的校正死亡率为21. 21%,体重抑制率为20. 02%。因此,昆虫病原线虫XJZL1409的共生菌为P. luminescens subsp. laumondii对大蜡螟幼虫具有很强的注射毒性,为研究线虫的致病机制及发掘新抗性基因奠定基础。     

介绍一种玉米螟半人工饲料

我组多年来探索饲养玉米螟的半人工饲料,目前巳取得一些初步结果:用天然螟卵为材料繁殖一代螟虫,可获得幼虫成活率高(80—100％)、发育进度整齐,正常羽化率达80％左右,雌雄比约1:1.5,并能产下较多的受精卵。 目前的饲料只用于繁殖一代螟虫(下一代如何需进一步观察),作为螟虫的药效测定或不同温湿度条件对螟虫的影响等试验之用还是可以的。 一、饲料的配方 以100毫升水作为一个配方单位。     

稻纵卷叶螟人工饲料配方的优化研究

应用二次正交旋转组合设计对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée人工饲料的配方进行了优化,以化蛹率为目标函数建立了二次回归模型,结果表明稻叶粉、麦胚粉、玉米粉、干酪素、酵母对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫发育与化蛹率影响较大,大豆粉的影响不明显。通过统计寻优获得的优化配方为:每135 g人工饲料中,稻叶粉3 g、麦胚粉8 g、玉米粉4 g、干酪素4 g、酵母粉4 g。在温度27℃,相对湿度80%左右,光照L∶D=16∶8的条件下,使用该优化配方饲养稻纵卷叶螟,25.6%的供试初孵幼虫能完成幼虫发育并化蛹,幼虫期平均26.9 d,蛹重16²2mg。与以前的研究结果比较,化蛹率与蛹重均有显著提高,而幼虫历期略短。     

烟青虫人工饲料的研究

本文报道烟青虫Heliothis assulta的一种人工饲料,其主要成分是麦胚、酵母粉、番茄酱和辣椒粉.与自然食料相比,用这种人工饲料饲养的烟青虫生长快、发育整齐、存活率高,得到的蛹大,成虫繁殖力强.饲料中含0.1—0.2%的NaCI对幼虫的生长发育有促进作用.6龄幼虫对该饲料中干物质、能量和氮的同化效率分别是38.5%、43.9%和48.5%.在连续12代饲养期间,幼虫期存活率在57—92%之间,平均76%.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌血腔毒素Tp40对大蜡螟幼虫体内酶活和中肠组织的影响

嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila在侵入到寄主昆虫血腔后能够成功地逃避或抑制寄主昆虫的免疫反应并快速杀死昆虫。为深入了解嗜线虫致病杆菌的杀虫机理,明确关键的致病因子,作者应用盐析和制备型非变性凝胶电泳等方法,从嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株的细胞内分离纯化了一种新的杀虫蛋白——Tp40,该蛋白对大蜡螟Galleria mellonella具有高血腔注射活性,对大蜡螟5龄幼虫的LD₅₀为68.54 ng/头。本文检测了该毒素对大蜡螟幼虫的致病特性,注射Tp40毒素后,大蜡螟幼虫表现出兴奋和痉挛等症状,当以不低于（70±0.02）ng/头的剂量注射Tp40,大蜡螟幼虫均在20 min内死亡,但试虫的体色 、血淋巴的颜色以及血细胞的形态没有发生明显的变化。对大蜡螟体内酶活性的测定结果显示,在注射LD₅₀剂量的Tp40蛋白后,试虫体内羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力都明显的高于对照（P<0.05）,而酚氧化酶活力显著低于对照（P<0.05）。对大蜡螟幼虫中肠的组织病理学研究显示：这种42 kDa蛋白能够破坏试虫的中肠组织,导致其肠壁细胞出现排列紊乱、脱落和围食膜消失。据此推测,Tp40与嗜线虫致病杆菌对寄主昆虫的免疫抑制有关,寄主中肠组织可能是其作用靶标之一。     

黄野螟群体大小对幼虫个体生存和发育的影响

幼虫聚集取食是一些鳞翅目昆虫提高幼虫生长和存活的手段。通过对聚集取食的黄野螟Heortia vitessoides Moore幼虫在室内条件下进行饲养,探究黄野螟幼虫的群体数量大小(分别为30、60、90头幼虫)对幼虫体长、发育速度、达末龄(5龄)时的存活率的影响。分析发现在排除天敌捕食和食物缺乏的前提下,从3龄开始,大群体(90头)的体长显著大于小群体(30头),大群体的幼虫发育速度显著快于小群体,大群体对幼虫前4个龄期时的成活率没有显著提高,尽管大群体的存活率在均值上高于小群体,但是幼虫总体存活率在不同群体中差异不显著。黄野螟幼虫的聚集取食对幼虫的生长的促进作用明显,显著促进了幼虫的生长,加快了幼虫的发育。     

Refinement of a cell line based artificial diet for rearing the parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma pretiosum

An artificial diet incorporating insect cells originally developed for Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was successfully used to rear Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). To refine the diet, individual components were removed. Chicken egg yolk and the insect cells were identified as the most important components for T. pretiosum development. Their removal resulted in few pupae and no adults. Removal of Grace’s insect medium, a common component of artificial diets, was found to markedly improve the development of T. pretiosum, producing 60% larva to pupa transition and 19% pupa to adult transition. There was no significant difference in T. pretiosum development on diets in which milk powder, malt powder or infant formula were interchanged, despite differences in nutrient composition. The use of yeast extract resulted in significantly higher survival to the adult stage when compared with yeast hydrolysate enzymatic and a combination of yeast extract and yeast hydrolysate enzymatic. Comparison of four antimicrobial agents showed the antibacterial agent Gentamycin and the antifungal agent Nystatin had the least detrimental effect on T. pretiosum development. The use of insect cell line diets has the potential to simplify artificial diet production and significantly reduce T. pretiosum production costs in Australia compared to diets using insect hemolymph or the use of natural or factitious hosts.     

人工饲料与天然饲料饲养条件下烟青虫的生长发育和繁殖力比较

报道饲养烟青虫HelicoverpaassultaGue澖ee的一种人工饲料,比较了烟青虫取食该饲料和天然饲料的主要生物学指标,测定了6龄幼虫对2种食料的转化和利用率。该人工饲料的主要成分是麦胚、黄豆粉、酵母粉和烟叶粉,天然饲料为烟草叶片。结果表明:取食人工饲料的烟青虫幼虫生长发育快,化的蛹较大,成虫寿命长,产卵量大,所产卵孵化率高;取食人工饲料的烟青虫与取食烟草蒴果的相比,前者相对取食量和近似消化率较高,相对生长率无显著性差异。说明烟青虫对该人工饲料有较好的适应性,可以作为繁殖烟青虫的实用饲料。     

Rearing of the cucurbit fly Dacus cilratus Loew (Dip: Tephritidae) on artificial diet under laboratory conditions

Cucurbit fly is an important pest of cucurbit plants (Cucumber, melon and watermelon) in most mid-east countries including, Iran. This insect causes a high damage so that several sprayings are required to control the pest. Using male strile is another physical method for controlling this pest. For this purpose it is necessary to rear many male insects. Therefore an investigation was carried out to compare different artificial diets for rearing the melon fly. First, pupae were collected from cucurbit field and transferred to laboratory. In this experiment five diet formulations were compared and the following was used for rearing: Wheat bran (14 g), soybean lees (3 g) sugar (50 g), yeast extract (2.7 g) nipagin (0.1 g). sodiumbenzoate (0.1 g) Hydrochloric acid 3.5% (4.0 ml) and distilled water 70.5 mil. For rearing the adult, the best diets contained: Brower yeast (1 part), Honey (5 parts), water (94 parts) and a slice of cucumber. These diet caused abundance of oviposition and egg fertility.     

Comparison of artificial diets for rearing Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton, 1865) (Lep., Pyralidae) for Trichogramma mass production

The objective of this research was, based on biological studies, to determine and adequate diet for rearing Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton, 1865) in the laboratory so as to permit the rearing of this factitious host for Trichogramma mass production. The research was conducted at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, RH 60 +/- 10% and photophase of 14 hours. Six artificial diets were compared: a) whole wheat flour (48.5%), ground rice (48.5%) and sugar (3%); b) ground rice (97%) and sugar (3%); c) whole wheat flour (48.5%), rice flour (48.5%) an sugar (3%); d) whole wheat flour (97%) and yeast (3%); e) wheat germ (97%) and yeast (3%); f) rice bran (94%), sugar (3%) and yeast (3%); f) rice bran (94%), sugar (3%) and yeast (3%). All of the diets studied permitted the development of C. cephalonica although the diets with wheat germ and yeast and that consisting of rice bran, sugar and yeast proved to be the most adequate for rearing the moth. These diets reduced the total (egg-adult) cycle, shortened the egg laying period, and produced heavier adults. Studies on the fertility life tables showed that higher net reproduction rates (Ro) and finite ratio of increase (lambda) were obtained from adults reared on these diets.     

韭蛆人工饲料配方筛选及饲养效果比较

【目的】研究实验室条件下韭蛆 Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang大量饲养的方法以解决试虫不足的问题。【方法】本实验在25℃,相对湿度75%,光周期16L:8D条件下,通过控制变量法筛选出人工饲料配方,运用两性生命表软件,分析比较人工饲料与韭菜Allium tuberosum的饲喂效果。【结果】对不同成分和不同含量的8种韭蛆人工饲料配方筛选,结果确定最优的人工饲料配方成分和含量为：平菇粉6 g,韭菜粉5 g,琼脂粉1.25 g,山梨酸0.04 g,苯甲酸0.05 g,酵母粉0.5 g,维生素C 2.5 g和水50 mL。该配方和韭菜饲养效果相当,不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。同时,两性生命表结果表明,人工饲料饲喂的韭蛆平均世代周期23.6800 d,韭菜饲喂的韭蛆世代周期为25.9000 d,两者之间差异显著（P<0.05）。生殖生物学特性分析发现：韭菜和人工饲料饲喂的韭蛆雌成虫净生殖率分别为16.3200和41.1800/d,内禀增长率分别为0.1078和0.1570/d。【结论】筛选的人工饲料和韭菜均可以稳定地完成韭蛆的世代繁殖,且人工饲料饲喂效果略优于韭菜,另外人工饲料较韭菜不但具有低成本省人工的优点,而且可解决韭菜反季节供应和农药残留问题,保证稳定的虫源供给。     

Correlation between virulence of Candida albicans mutants in mice and Galleria mellonella larvae

Candida albicans is a dimorphic human pathogen in which the yeast to hyphal switch may be an important factor in virulence in mammals. This pathogen has recently been shown to also kill insects such as the Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella when injected into the haemocoel of the insect larvae. We have investigated the effect of previously characterised C. albicans mutations that influence the yeast to hyphal transition on virulence in G. mellonella larvae. There is a good correlation between the virulence of these mutants in the insect host and the virulence measured through systemic infection of mice. Although the predominant cellular species detected in G. mellonella infections is the yeast form of C. albicans, mutations that influence the hyphal transition also reduce pathogenicity in the insect. The correlation with virulence measured in the mouse infection system suggests that Galleria may provide a convenient and inexpensive model for the in vivo screening of mutants of C. albicans.     

Rearing of the pupal parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia on veal homogenate-based artificial diets: evaluation of factors affecting effectiveness

The pupal parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) was reared from egg to fecund adult on various veal homogenate-based artificial diets. For every replicate 12.12 ml of each diet were used. Four diets were tested first. Two media, one devoid of and one supplemented with 1 ml Galleria mellonella pupal extract, contained 0.19 g wheat germ and 0.19 g yeast extract each. The other two, one added with and the other devoid of host extract, contained 0.38 g yeast extract each and no wheat germ. All diets also contained chicken egg yolk (1.1 and 0.8 ml in the diets without and with host extract, respectively). The amount of yeast extract was seen to have no significant effect on any of the developmental parameters considered. The replacement of wheat germ with yeast extract was therefore not convenient, considering that the former is far more economical than the latter. Pupal extract was instead found to have a significant effect on pupal and adult yields. The highest adult yield (= 53.2%) was obtained on the diet supplemented with 0.38 g yeast extract and containing host pupal extract. A further four media, each comprising a different kind of material derived from G. mellonella, were subsequently tested. Adult yields were such as to suggest the possibility of replacing pupal with larval extract in the diets as the latter is easier to prepare since there are no cocoons to be removed. In contrast, when the diets were supplemented with larval or pupal homogenate, adult yields dramatically dropped. When B. intermedia was reared in groups rather than individually, most larvae died before attaining maturity. Only two parasitoids, in two different replicates, emerged as adults.     

In vitro rearing of the screwworm fly Wohlfahrtia magnifica

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is the main agent of traumatic myiasis in many European, African and Asian countries. Although it can be reared in vivo without technical difficulty, such rearing presents ethical problems. Studies were therefore made of in vitro rearing to facilitate development of laboratory colonies that could be used in a wide range of biological, physiological and applied studies of W. magnifica, particularly in the long period of the year when natural populations of the fly are unavailable for study. Parental colonies of W. magnifica were established from larvae collected from natural infestations of sheep and cattle in central Hungary. First stage larvae were harvested from gravid females and were reared in groups of 5-20 on one of six artificial diets. The diets were based on various combinations of five to seven of eight ingredients: water, agar, blood (heparinized or dried), ground meat, egg yolk, low-fat milk powder, yeast and 10% formol. The larvae were incubated on the diets at 37 degrees C. There was no mortality of first stage larvae, which appeared to feed together in foci, in a natural manner. However, during the second stage, and especially after renewal of diet associated with disturbance of the larvae, many larvae began to disperse, crawling over the surface of the media and feeding less intensively. Mortality of larvae during all larval stadia was 64-98%, compared to 33% in batches of third stage larvae collected from natural infestations. The mean weights of puparia from artificial diets ranged from 38.7 to 59.3 mg, compared to 92.2 mg of puparia from larvae collected from natural infestations. There was a high mortality in the pupal stage, from 61 to 100%. Only a maximum of 6% of first stage larvae were successfully reared to the adult stage. Further studies are needed to identify factors present or absent in the diets that contributed to the present poor development of W. magnifica in vitro.     

Biological and immune response of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to sodium tetraborate

Inorganic insecticides are commonly used in urban pest management because of their low mammalian toxicity. We tested the effects of sodium tetraborate (ST) on life parameters of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to determine its sublethal toxicity on the insect. Survival, development, adult longevity, and fecundity of the wax moth were investigated by rearing larvae on artificial diets containing ST at concentrations of 0.005, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3%. Larvae reared on medium at the highest concentration of ST (0.3%) had significantly decreased survival to the seventh instar and prolonged time required to reach the seventh instar. This concentration reduced pupa and adult yields to 12.5%, and it also prolonged development by 5 d. ST did not significantly influence adult longevity. Dietary ST led to significant decreases in fecundity and egg viability. Oviposition of survivors at the highest ST concentration (0.3%) was completely inhibited. Lysozyme content was decreased in larval hemolymph and fat body at high dietary ST concentrations. Fat body lysozyme content was significantly increased two-fold for larvae reared on diet at the lowest concentration of ST (0.005%). However, the highest concentration (0.3%) dramatically decreased fat body lysozyme content from 0.12 +/- 0.013 to 0.006 +/- 0.003 mg/ml in seventh instars. We infer that sublethal levels of dietary ST substantially influence life history parameters and immunocompetence in G. mellonella.     

Performance of the Wheat Armyworm, Pseudaletia sequax Franclemont, on Natural and Artificial Diets

Armyworms in the genus Pseudaletia Franclemont are important pests of cereal crops worldwide. The development of pest management strategies is largely dependent on studies involving the relationship among the pest, its host plants and natural enemies, as well as its susceptibility to chemical and biological control strategies. Part of these studies requires rearing the species of interest under laboratory conditions, which can be greatly facilitated by the use of artificial diets. In the present study, the effects of three artificial diets on development, survival, reproduction and demographic parameters of P. sequax were compared to a natural host plant, Pennisetum clandestinum. A diet based on pinto beans, wheat germ and torula yeast provided the best results in comparison to those obtained with the host plant. The most important life history parameters used in the evaluation of the nutritional quality of the diets were fecundity, egg viability and pupae deformities. The intrinsic rate of increase and the net reproductive rate were higher when individuals were fed on the artificial diet if compared to the host plant, indicating the suitability of the tested diet for the rearing of P. sequax. This artificial diet has been used successfully for the rearing of P. sequax without any fitness effect for over 18 consecutive generations.