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1.
N. S. Balaur V. A. Vorontsov E. I. Kleiman Yu. D. Ton 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2009,56(3):423-427
A novel technique designed for component monitoring of CO2 exchange in plants is described. The system is based on application of self-clamping leaf chambers connected to an open gas-exchange measuring system and on automatic recording of CO2 concentration. This technique was implemented in a commercially available instrument, PTM-48A Photosynthesis Monitor, which provides for long-term measurements of gas exchange and for discrimination of its separate components. Furthermore, many other plant functions can be monitored during plant growth and development under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. 相似文献
2.
Photosynthetic carbon gain in plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway is substantially inhibited by photorespiration in warm environments, particularly in atmospheres with low CO2 concentrations. Unlike C4 plants, C3 plants are thought to lack any mechanism to compensate for the loss of photosynthetic productivity caused by photorespiration. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that the C3 plants rice and wheat employ a specific mechanism to trap and reassimilate photorespired CO2. A continuous layer of chloroplasts covering the portion of the mesophyll cell periphery that is exposed to the intercellular air space creates a diffusion barrier for CO2 exiting the cell. This facilitates the capture and reassimilation of photorespired CO2 in the chloroplast stroma. In both species, 24–38% of photorespired and respired CO2 were reassimilated within the cell, thereby boosting photosynthesis by 8–11% at ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration and 17–33% at a CO2 concentration of 200 µmol mol?1. Widespread use of this mechanism in tropical and subtropical C3 plants could explain why the diversity of the world's C3 flora, and dominance of terrestrial net primary productivity, was maintained during the Pleistocene, when atmospheric CO2 concentrations fell below 200 µmol mol?1. 相似文献
3.
运用LI-6400便携式光合作用系统测定了不同光强(2000、1500、1000和500 μmol·m-2·s-1)和两种O2浓度(21%和2%的O2)下冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)灌浆期旗叶的CO2响应曲线, 比较了现有CO2响应模型(生化模型、直角双曲线模型和直角双曲线修正模型)拟合给出光下(暗)呼吸与测量值之间的差异。结果显示, 直角双曲线修正模型所给出的光下呼吸速率拟合值与测量值最为接近。植物光合作用对大气CO2响应(A/Ca)的拟合结果优于光合作用对胞间CO2浓度(A/Ci)的拟合。然而, 所有模型基于A/Ca拟合的光下(暗)呼吸在整体上与测量值存在显著差异(p < 0.05), 推测与现有模型没有考虑CO2浓度对光呼吸和光下暗呼吸速率的影响有关。对小麦的试验结果表明, CO2浓度对光呼吸和光下暗呼吸均有显著影响: 随着CO2浓度的增加(0-1400 μmol·mol-1), 不同光强下的表观光呼吸变化范围分别为5.035-11.670、4.222-11.650、4.330-10.999和3.263-9.094 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1; 光下暗呼吸的变化范围分别为0.491-2.987、0.457-2.955、0.545-3.139和0.448-3.139 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1。回归分析发现, 表观光呼吸和光下暗呼吸与CO2浓度之间均存在较好的相关性。然而, 将该回归关系整合到现有模型中, 是否会优化模型, 从而提高模型对相关光合参数估算的准确性尚有待于进一步研究。 相似文献
4.
The role of land plants in establishing our present day atmosphere is analysed. Before the evolution of land plants, photosynthesis by marine and fresh water organisms was not intensive enough to deplete CO2 from the atmosphere, the concentration of which was more than the order of magnitude higher than present. With the appearance of land plants, the exudation of organic acids by roots, following respiratory and photorespiratory metabolism, led to phosphate weathering from rocks thus increasing aquatic productivity. Weathering also replaced silicates by carbonates, thus decreasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration. As a result of both intensive photosynthesis and weathering, CO2 was depleted from the atmosphere down to low values approaching the compensation point of land plants. During the same time period, the atmospheric O2 concentration increased to maximum levels about 300 million years ago (Permo-Carboniferous boundary), establishing an O2/CO2 ratio above 1000. At this point, land plant productivity and weathering strongly decreased, exerting negative feedback on aquatic productivity. Increased CO2 concentrations were triggered by asteroid impacts and volcanic activity and in the Mesozoic era could be related to the gymnosperm flora with lower metabolic and weathering rates. A high O2/CO2 ratio is metabolically linked to the formation of citrate and oxalate, the main factors causing weathering, and to the production of reactive oxygen species, which triggered mutations and stimulated the evolution of land plants. The development of angiosperms resulted in a decrease in CO2 concentration during the Cenozoic era, which finally led to the glacial-interglacial oscillations in the Pleistocene epoch. Photorespiration, the rate of which is directly related to the O2/CO2 ratio, due to the dual function of Rubisco, may be an important mechanism in maintaining the limits of O2 and CO2 concentrations by restricting land plant productivity and weathering. 相似文献
5.
Improved method for measuring the apparent CO2 photocompensation point resolves the impact of multiple internal conductances to CO2 to net gas exchange
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There is a growing interest in accurate and comparable measurements of the CO2 photocompensation point (Γ*), a vital parameter to model leaf photosynthesis. The Γ* is measured as the common intersection of several CO2 response curves, but this method may incorrectly estimate Γ* by using linear fits to extrapolate curvilinear responses and single conductances to convert intercellular photocompensation points (Ci*) to chloroplastic Γ*. To determine the magnitude and minimize the impact of these artefacts on Γ* determinations, we used a combination of meta‐analysis, modelling and original measurements to develop a framework to accurately determine Ci*. Our modelling indicated that the impact of using linear fits could be minimized based on the measurement CO2 range. We also propose a novel method of analysing common intersection measurements using slope–intercept regression. Our modelling indicated that slope–intercept regression is a robust analytical tool that can help determine if a measurement is biased because of multiple internal conductances to CO2. Application of slope–intercept regression to Nicotiana tabacum and Glycine max revealed that multiple conductances likely have little impact to Ci* measurements in these species. These findings present a robust and easy to apply protocol to help resolve key questions concerning CO2 conductance through leaves. 相似文献
6.
7.
Using a radiogasometric method the rates of photorespiratory and respiratory decarboxylations of primary and stored photosynthates
in the leaves of two groups of C3 species, differing in the ability of starch accumulation, were determined. One group included starch-accumulating (SA) species
with rates of starch synthesis on the average 38 % the rate of photosynthesis [Solanum tuberosum L., Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh, Helianthus annuus L., and Plantago lanceolata L.]. The second group represented starch-deficient (SD) species with rates of starch synthesis less than 8 % the rate of
photosynthesis (Secale cereale L., Triticum aestivum L., Hordeum vulgare L., and Poa trivialis L.). In SA species the rate of respiration in the dark was significantly higher than in SD species. No differences were found
in the rates of photosynthesis, photorespiration, and respiration under irradiation. Thus, the degree of inhibition of respiration
by irradiation was in SA species higher than in SD species. It is concluded that starch does not provide substrates for respiratory
and photorespiratory decarboxylations in irradiated photosynthesizing leaves. 相似文献
8.
The postillumination burst (PIB) of CO2 and light-enhanced dark respiration (LEDR) depending on oxygen concentration, temperature, respiratory substrates and photorespiratory
inhibitor aminoacetonitrile (AAN) were investigated in detached leaves of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) using a closed circuit system with an infrared gas analyzer. No PIB was observed in 1 % O2 under temperature over the range from 15 °C to 35 °C. The rate of LEDR was about twice as low in 1 % O2 as that in 21 and 50 % O2 under all temperatures applied. The PIB was absent and LEDR decreased at 21 % O2 following illumination of leaves for 1 hour at 1 % O2. When 200 mM glycine or malate solutions were introduced into the leaves of tall fescue, the magnitudes of PIB increased
by about 60 and 40 % and rate of LEDR by about 70 % and 40 %, respectively. Pyruvate and succinate were less effective in
promotion of PIB and LEDR. AAN had a small stimulatory effect on PIB and LEDR (about 20 % and 10 %, respectively). The dependences
between magnitudes of PIB and rates of LEDR were highly correlated (r=0.94). The results presented indicate that atmospheric
concentration of oxygen during the period of photosynthesis of tall fescue leaves was necessary not only for occurrence of
PIB and LEDR but also for production of substrate(s) (glycine and/or malate) for these phenomena. 相似文献
10.
构建一个普适性的植物叶片气孔导度(gs)对CO2浓度响应(gs-Ca)的模型, 对定量研究植物叶片gs对CO2浓度的响应变化尤为必要。该研究运用便携式光合仪(LI-6400)测量了大豆(Glycine max)和小麦(Triticum aestivum)光合作用对CO2的响应曲线(An-Ca), 在比较传统的Michaelis-Menten模型(M-M模型)和叶子飘构建的CO2响应模型拟合大豆和小麦An-Ca效果的基础上, 构建了gs-Ca响应新模型。然后用新构建的模型拟合大豆和小麦的gs-Ca曲线, 并将拟合结果与传统模型的拟合结果, 以及与其对应的观测数据进行比较, 以判断所构建模型是否合理。结果显示: 叶子飘构建的An-Ca模型可较好地拟合大豆和小麦的An-Ca曲线, 确定系数(R2)均高达0.999。M-M模型拟合大豆和小麦的An-Ca曲线时的R2虽然也较高, 但在较高CO2浓度时的拟合曲线偏离观测曲线。因此, 基于叶子飘的An-Ca模型构建gs-Ca模型更为可行。新构建的gs-Ca模型可较好地拟合大豆和小麦的gs-Ca曲线, R2分别为0.995和0.994, 而且还可以直接给出最大气孔导度(gs-max)、最小气孔导度(gs-min), 以及与gs-min相对应的CO2浓度值(Cs-min)。拟合得到大豆和小麦的gs-max分别为0.686和0.481 mol·m-2·s-1, 与其对应的观测值(分别为0.666和0.471 mol·m-2·s-1)之间均不存在显著差异; 同样, 拟合得到的大豆和小麦的gs-min分别为0.271和0.297 mol·m-2·s-1, 与其对应的观测值(分别为0.279和0.293 mol·m-2·s-1)之间也均不存在显著差异; 此外, 新构建的gs-Ca模型给出大豆和小麦的Cs-min值分别为741.45和1 112.43 μmol·mol -1, 与其对应的观测值(732.78和1 200.34 μmol·mol -1)也不存在显著差异。由此可见, 该研究新构建的gs-Ca模型可作为定量研究植物叶片气孔导度对CO2浓度变化的有效数学工具。 相似文献
11.
供氮和增温对倍增二氧化碳浓度下荫香叶片光合作用的影响 总被引:15,自引:3,他引:12
供给0~0.6 mg N的盆栽荫香(Cinnamomum burmannii)幼树分别生长在倍增CO 2(+CO2,731 μmol·mol-1)和正常空气CO 2浓度(CO 2,365 μmol·mol-1)的生长箱内,昼夜温度分别为25/23 ℃和32/25 ℃,自然光照下生长30 d.以生长在CO2和25/23 ℃下的植株为对照研究增温和氮对+CO2叶片光合作用的影响.结果表明,在+CO2和25/23 ℃下无氮和氮处理植株的平均光合速率(Pnsat)较+CO2和32/25 ℃下的叶片高5.1%,温度增高降低叶片Pnsat;而Pnsat随供氮而增高.在+CO2条件下,生长在32/25 ℃下的叶片Rubisco最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)较25/23 ℃下的低(P<0.05),温度增高降低+CO2下叶片的Vcmax和Jmax在+CO2下叶片光合呼吸速率(Rp)较低,生长温度增高提升Rp.在CO2下生长温度从25/23 ℃增至32/25 ℃,叶片的Rubisco含量(NR)和Rubisco活化中心浓度(M)降低,而供氮能增高NR和M.供氮能减缓温度增高对倍增CO2下荫香叶片光合作用的限制. 相似文献
12.
Aims: The objective of this study is to develop kinetic models based on batch experiments describing the growth, CO2 consumption, and H2 production of Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413-UTM as functions of irradiance and CO2 concentration.
Methods and Results: A parametric experimental study is performed for irradiances from 1120 to 16100 lux and for initial CO2 mole fractions from 0·03 to 0·20 in argon at pH 7·0 ± 0·4 with nitrate in the medium. Kinetic models are successfully developed based on the Monod model and on a novel scaling analysis employing the CO2 consumption half-time as the time scale.
Conclusions: Monod models predict the growth, CO2 consumption and O2 production within 30%. Moreover, the CO2 consumption half-time is an appropriate time scale for analysing all experimental data. In addition, the optimum initial CO2 mole fraction is 0·05 for maximum growth and CO2 consumption rates. Finally, the saturation irradiance is determined to be 5170 lux for CO2 consumption and growth whereas, the maximum H2 production rate occurs around 10 000 lux.
Significance and Impact of the Study: The study presents kinetic models predicting the growth, CO2 consumption and H2 production of A. variabilis . The experimental and scaling analysis methods can be generalized to other micro-organisms. 相似文献
Methods and Results: A parametric experimental study is performed for irradiances from 1120 to 16100 lux and for initial CO
Conclusions: Monod models predict the growth, CO
Significance and Impact of the Study: The study presents kinetic models predicting the growth, CO
13.
Intact Lemna gibba plants were photoinhibited under anaerobic conditions on illumination with monochromatic light which selectively excited the photosystems. Photoinhibition was less when PS 1 was excited and greatest when mainly PS 2 was excited, which suggests that PS 2 was most damaged by photoinhibition induced in complete absence of O2 and CO2.The illumination of plants with monochromatic light exciting PS 1, at different O2 concentrations (in CO2 deficient conditions), showed that PS 1 photoinhibition was increased at the low O2 concentrations. The damage to PS 1 was more evident at 2% O2 than at the higher O2 concentrations.CO2 as well as O2 at atmospheric concentration, (air), was necessary for complete protection of the plant from photoinhibition when both photosystems were excited either separately or together.Abbreviations I
irradiance, photon fluence rate
- PCO
photosynthetic carbon oxidation cycle
- PCR
photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle
- PS 1
photosystem 1
- PS 2
photosystem 2 相似文献
14.
The different fates of mitochondria and chloroplasts during dark-induced senescence in Arabidopsis leaves 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Keech O Pesquet E Ahad A Askne A Nordvall D Vodnala SM Tuominen H Hurry V Dizengremel P Gardeström P 《Plant, cell & environment》2007,30(12):1523-1534
Senescence is an active process allowing the reallocation of valuable nutrients from the senescing organ towards storage and/or growing tissues. Using Arabidopsis thaliana leaves from both whole darkened plants (DPs) and individually darkened leaves (IDLs), we investigated the fate of mitochondria and chloroplasts during dark-induced leaf senescence. Combining in vivo visualization of fates of the two organelles by three-dimensional reconstructions of abaxial parts of leaves with functional measurements of photosynthesis and respiration, we showed that the two experimental systems displayed major differences during 6 d of dark treatment. In whole DPs, organelles were largely retained in both epidermal and mesophyll cells. However, while the photosynthetic capacity was maintained, the capacity of mitochondrial respiration decreased. In contrast, IDLs showed a rapid decline in photosynthetic capacity while maintaining a high capacity for mitochondrial respiration throughout the treatment. In addition, we noticed an unequal degradation of organelles in the different cell types of the senescing leaf. From these data, we suggest that metabolism in leaves of the whole DPs enters a 'stand-by mode' to preserve the photosynthetic machinery for as long as possible. However, in IDLs, mitochondria actively provide energy and carbon skeletons for the degradation of cell constituents, facilitating the retrieval of nutrients. Finally, the heterogeneity of the degradation processes involved during senescence is discussed with regard to the fate of mitochondria and chloroplasts in the different cell types. 相似文献
15.
Stephen Rawsthorne Christopher M. Hylton Alison M. Smith Harold W. Woolhouse 《Planta》1988,173(3):298-308
Photorespiratory metabolism of the C3-C4 intermediate species Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC has been compared with that of the C3 species, Moricandia moricandioides (Boiss.) Heywood. Assays of glycollate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.1), glyoxylate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.4, EC 2.6.1.45) and hydroxypyruvate reductase (EC 1.1.1.29) indicate that the capacity for flux through the photorespiratory cycle is similar in both species. Immunogold labelling with monospecific antibodies was used to investigate the cellular locations of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39), glycollate oxidase, and glycine decarboxylase (EC 2.1.2.10) in leaves of the two species. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was confined to the stroma of chloroplasts and glycollate oxidase to the peroxisomes of all photosynthetic cells in leaves of both species. However, whereas glycine decarboxylase was present in the mitochondria of all photosynthetic cells in M. moricandioides, it was only found in the mitochondria of bundle-sheath cells in M. arvensis. We suggest that localized decarboxylation of glycine in the leaves of M. arvensis will lead to improved recapture of photorespired CO2 and hence a lower rate of photorespiration.Abbreviations kDa
kilodalton
- RuBP
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate 相似文献
16.
We measured PAR-saturated CO2 exchange rate (CER), and leaf N, P and chlorophyll (Chl) concentrations in 21 plant species, selected to encompass as broad
a range in specific leaf area (SLA) as possible, and encompassing non-succulent C3 as well as succulent CAM plants. We worked
with plants growing under uniform conditions in the facilities of a biological research station to ensure that any correlations
found were due to inherent, genetically controlled, relationships between the measured parameters and not due to variations
in resource availability in different habitats. We found CER to be strongly correlated to SLA, leaf N concentration and Chl
concentration. CER increased much faster with increasing leaf N concentration (CER ≈ N3.1) than with increasing SLA (CER ≈ SLA1.2). CER also increased much faster with leaf N concentration than with increasing Chl concentration (CER ≈ Chl1.3), indicating the photosynthetic N-use efficiency (NUE) to be higher for plants with high N concentration than for plants
with low N concentration (NUE ≈ N2.1). Analysis of covariance showed that these relationships exist even when comparing plants of widely different growth forms
- succulent or non-succulent, and of different photosynthetic pathways, as the C3 and CAM plants compared here. Testing against
scaling coefficients calculated using dimensional analysis, showed that the scaling of N, Chl and CER against SLA was not
merely a result of diluting N and Chl with carbon in thicker leaves but that SLA, probably through influencing light absorptio
and/or CO2 diffusion pathway, played an independent role in controlling CER.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Relative importance of short-term environmental interaction and preconditioning to CO2 exchange response was examined in Fragaria ananasa (strawberry, cv. Quinault). Tests included an orthogonal comparison of 15 to 60-min and 6 to 7-h exposures to different levels of temperature (16 to 32°C), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 200 to 800 E m2 s-1), and CO2 (300 to 600 l/l) on successive days of study. Plants were otherwise maintained at 21°C, 300 E m2 s-1 PAR and 300–360 l/l CO2 as standard conditions. Treatment was restricted to the mean interval of 14 h daily illumination and the first 3–4 days of each test week over a 12-week cultivation period. CO2 exchange rates were followed with each step-change in environmental level including ascending/descending temperature/PAR within a test period, initial response at standard conditions on successive days of testing, and measurement at reduced O2. Response generally supported prior concepts of leaf biochemical modeling in identifying CO2 fixation as the major site of environmental influence, while overall patterns of whole plant CO2 exchange suggested additional effects for combined environmental factors and preconditioning. These included a positive interaction between temperature and CO2 concentration on photosynthesis at high irradiance and a greater contribution by dark respiration at lower PAR than previously indicated. The further importance of estimating whole plant CO2 exchange from repetitive tests and measurements was evidenced by a high correlation of response to prior treatment both during the daily test period and on consecutive days of testing.Abbreviations C3 plant
a plant in which the product of CO2 fixation is a 3-carbon acid (3-phosphoglyceric acid)
- IRGA
intra-red gas analyzer
- PAR
photosynthetically active radiation
- RH
relative humidity
- RuBisCO
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
Reference to a company and/or product named by the Department is only for purposes of information and does not imply approval or recommendation of the product to the exclusion of others which may also be suitable. 相似文献
18.
Crous KY Zaragoza-Castells J Ellsworth DS Duursma RA Löw M Tissue DT Atkin OK 《Plant, cell & environment》2012,35(5):966-981
We investigated whether the degree of light inhibition of leaf respiration (R) differs among large Eucalyptus saligna grown in whole‐tree chambers and exposed to present and future atmospheric [CO2] and summer drought. Associated with month‐to‐month changes in temperature were concomitant changes in R in the light (Rlight) and darkness (Rdark), with both processes being more temperature dependent in well‐watered trees than under drought. Overall rates of Rlight and Rdark were not significantly affected by [CO2]. By contrast, overall rates of Rdark (averaged across both [CO2]) were ca. 25% lower under drought than in well‐watered trees. During summer, the degree of light inhibition of leaf R was greater in droughted (ca. 80% inhibition) than well‐watered trees (ca. 50% inhibition). Notwithstanding these treatment differences, an overall positive relationship was observed between Rlight and Rdark when data from all months/treatments were combined (R2 = 0.8). Variations in Rlight were also positively correlated with rates of Rubisco activity and nitrogen concentration. Light inhibition resulted in a marked decrease in the proportion of light‐saturated photosynthesis respired (i.e. reduced R/Asat). Collectively, these results highlight the need to account for light inhibition when assessing impacts of global change drivers on the carbon economy of tree canopies. 相似文献
19.
Following a series of continuous exposures to 14CO2 for different lengths of time, leaves from Neurachne munroi (C4), N. minor (C3-C4) and N. tenuifolia (C3| were estimated to assimilate 100%, 9% and 2–4%, respectively, of atmospheric CO2 by the C4 pathway. The percentage of 14C-label appearing in malate and aspartate in leaves of N. minor progressively increased with longer exposure times indicating that a significant proportion of its C4 acids are formed as secondary products. In 14CO2/12CO2 pulse/chase experiments, the 14C-label in leaves of N. munroi was rapidly transferred from C4 acids to sugar monophosphates plus sugar diphosphates, and finally to sucrose. In leaves of N. minor, the 14C-label was slowly metabolized from the C-4 carboxyl of malate and asparate (apparent half-time = 250 s), and the formation of C4 acids as secondary products was again evident. 14C-label in serine/glycine accumulated to comparable magnitudes in both N. minor and in N. tenuifolia, but there was an initial lag phase in the accumulation of label in N. minor. C4 photosynthesis is apparently of minimal importance in reducing photorespiration in N. minor, but leaf anatomical specializations and a possible compartmentation of photorespiratory metabolism may be of considerable importance. 相似文献
20.
Ian E. Woodrow 《Photosynthesis research》1994,39(3):401-412
A range of studies of C3 plants have shown that there is a change in both the carbon flux and the pattern of nitrogen allocation when plants are grown under enhanced CO2. This paper examines evidence that allocation of nitrogen both to and within the photosynthetic system is optimised with respect to the carbon flux. A model is developed which predicts the optimal relative allocation of nitrogen to key enzymes of the photosynthetic system as a function of CO2 concentration. It is shown that evidence from flux control analysis is broadly consistent with this model, although at high nitrogen and under certain conditions at low nitrogen experimental data are not consistent with the model. Acclimation to enhanced CO2 is also assessed in terms of resource allocation between photosynthate sources and sinks. A means of assessing the optimisation of this source-sink allocation is proposed, and several studies are examined within this framework. It is concluded that C3 plants probably possess the genetic feedback mechanisms required to efficiently smooth out any imbalance within the photosynthetic system caused by a rise in atmospheric CO2.Abbreviations A
net rate of CO2 assimilation
-
c
i
intercellular CO2 concentration
- CR
A
flux control coefficient for Rubisco with respect to flux A
- FBPase
fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
- kapp
apparent catalytic rate constant
- PCO
photorespiratory carbon oxidation
- PCR
photosynthetic carbon reduction
- PPFD
photosynthetically active photon flux density
- Rubisco
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- RuBP
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
- Ru5P
ribulose 5-phosphate
- SBPase
sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase 相似文献