耻骨联合面形态学特征与年龄关系的再研究

本文用14岁以后(男180人,女140人)的耻骨,对男女耻骨联合面形态特征差异,影响判断年龄的因素,判断男女年龄的各自指标进行了研究。结果表明:男女耻骨形态特征有差异,应分别使用各自指标。经统计方法比较检验,提出了男女各自指标。某些疾病、下肢外伤、严重营养不良、生育等,可产生耻骨形态变异,影响判断年龄。并对59例盲测结果与Snow(1983)法作了讨论。     

过渡分析在先秦时期人骨年龄估计中的应用

成人骨骼年龄的估计向来是存在许多困难和争议的。通过对其发展历程的回顾可知,尽管早已研发出了相对较可靠的用耻骨联合、髂骨耳状关节面等特征部位的形态估计年龄的方法,但鉴于“年龄模拟效应”的存在,这些方法都不可避免地会使估计的结果出现偏差。建立在贝叶斯方法和最大似然估计的基础上,Jesper Boldsen等研发出的“过渡分析”能够有效地消除上述不良影响。借助ADBOU软件,通过对山西先秦时期人骨样本进行过渡分析的实践,发现传统的形态观察法和过渡分析法会造成估计得到的死亡年龄结构出现差异。由于年龄估计结果的差异会对古人口学研究造成显著影响,因此建议在借鉴过渡分析的基础上,加强对年龄估计方法的改进。     

应用多元分析法判断中国人(男性)耻骨联合面年龄的研究

本文对205例年龄在17—40岁的国人男性耻骨标本进行了形态观察,在此基础上选取八处形态观测项目制订了等级评分标准并对205例标本进行了观察评分。采用多元回归分析和数量化理论模式I的方法对数据进行处理,建立了判断中国人(男性)耻骨年龄的回归方程并与Hanihara方法做了比较。统计分析及50例盲测结果表明较国外同类研究结果为佳并具有一定实用价值。     

应用软X线推断国人耻骨年龄

对男性１１８副、女性１０８副、１０－６０岁国人耻骨样本应用软Ｘ线进行拍照。根据其内部结构随年龄增长而发生的形态变化规律,采用多变量统计分析法,研制出数量化赋分值标准,用该标准取得的观测数据,使用数量化理论Ｉ和逐步回归数学模型,借助电子计算机技术进行统计分析,建立了推断耻骨年龄男女各自两个方程。经１３例实际案件中应用,其结果达到了设计要求,方程有一定应用价值。     

颅面复原技术在体质人类学中的应用

面貌是人类最重要的特征,其形态受到颅骨几何形态、面部软组织分布以及性别、年龄、身体质量指数、营养状况等多种因素的影响。考古遗址出土的古代人类遗骸,其面部软组织大多已经消失,如何根据颅面形态关系推测古人类颅骨的生前面貌已成为人类学家和考古学家关注的热点问题之一。传统手工颅面复原是由人类学家和艺术家使用雕塑技艺在颅骨上用可塑物质生成其生前面貌的技术。近年来,随着医学影像采集和计算机技术的发展,计算机颅面复原技术已经成为信息科学、体质人类学、法医人类学交叉研究的前沿技术之一。本文通过梳理和归纳相关文献的研究方法,对手工颅面复原技术、计算机颅面复原技术和颅面复原结果评价方法作简要综述,并对颅面复原技术在体质人类学中的应用进行了回顾和展望。     

三维技术对安徽白鹭洲战国墓M566墓主容貌的复原

2011年安徽白鹭洲发现战国时期保存完整的楚国贵族墓葬,因墓主人头发和发簪保存完好、墓主身份显赫而备受关注。该头骨保存完整,具有亚洲蒙古人种的特征,根据骨骼的形态推测其为女性,年龄为35-39岁。为展现该地区战国贵族妇女的容貌、丰富该地区考古多样性提供研究材料。本文首先使用高分辨率CT对该个体的头骨及下颌骨进行了扫描和重建,然后采用基于偏最小二乘回归的颅面复原方法实现生前容貌基本形态的复原。最后,结合考古资料,利用三维模型处理软件对面貌复原模型及其发饰进行了三维建模和纹理贴图等处理,提高了颅面复原模型的真实感,生动形象地再现战国贵族女性面部的形态特征。     

腊尔山区苗族学生头面部形态特征

本项目对1896例腊尔山区6~16岁苗族学生（男919例,女977例）进行了人体测量,测量了10项头面部形态指标,并根据公式计算13项头面部指数值。结果表明,苗族学生头面部各指标均值随年龄增长而增加,同年龄段头面部各指标均值男生一般高于女生,且多数年龄段差异有统计学意义;男性的头长宽的、形态面的、形态上面的、容貌面的、颧额宽的、容貌上面的和容貌上面高的指数以及女性的形态面的、形态上面的、容貌面的、颧下颌宽度的、容貌上面高的指数随年龄增长总体趋势是先增加后递减;男性头面高的以及女性的头长高的、头宽高的和头面宽的指数随年龄增长逐渐增加;男女性之间的头长高的、头宽高的和额顶宽的指数比较显示,多数年龄段差异有统计学意义;苗族学生头型以中头型、高头型、阔头型多见,面型以阔面型、阔上面型为主;相对于其他族群,腊尔山苗族男生面型短而宽,头型偏长,女生面型偏短,头型稍偏长而窄。腊尔山苗族学生头面部特征与融水苗族、土家族等族群较为接近,与哈萨克族、新乡汉族相距较远。     

女性耻骨背部凹痕与生育关系初探

对130例女性耻骨观察结果表明,在未生育的79例女性耻骨中,6例出现小到大的背部凹痕。而在51例生育过的耻骨中,33例无凹痕。最后一次生育到死亡间隔15年以上者比15年以下者,凹痕出现率高一倍。全部标本中,25岁以下者未见凹痕。耻骨背部凹痕的出现与年龄关系较明显。     

江西汉族人头面部形态特征的年龄变化

为研究人类头面部形态特征随年龄增长而变化的规律, 赴江西省丰城调查了汉族705例(城男151, 城女156, 乡男203, 乡女195)38项头面部指标, 并计算了12项头面部体质指数, 对江西汉族头面部形态特征的年龄变化进行了初步分析。结果显示: 江西汉族人头面部形态特征随年龄增长呈现一定的变化规律。1)随年龄增长, 江西汉族成人有蒙古褶率下降, 眼裂倾斜度渐趋水平, 眼色变浅, 上唇皮肤部高度狭窄型率下降, 红唇厚度窄型率上升。2)相关分析显示, 江西汉族鼻宽、口裂宽、鼻深、上唇皮肤部高度、容貌耳长、容貌耳宽与年龄呈正相关; 眼外角间宽、唇高、红唇厚度与年龄呈负相关; 3)江西汉族人头长宽指数、口指数与年龄呈负相关。4)方差分析显示, 上述指标值、指数值在不同年龄组间差异均具有统计学意义。     

中国水鳖科（Hydrcharitaceae）植物的果皮微形态特征

应用扫描电镜地国产水鳖科６属植物的果皮微形态特征进行了初步的观察。结果表明水鳖科各属植物在果皮面纹饰及表皮细胞形态,径向壁和横向凸出与否等特征上存在差异,可以作为属间分类的依据之一．从果皮微形态特征来看,水鳖属和海菜花属差异很大,支持将它们分别作为不同的族处理的观点,而水筛属和苦草属则较为近缘。果皮微形态下的观察结果表明水鳖科和泽泻科植物在果皮表现细胞形态,径向壁明显凸出等方面十分相似,因而支持了     

Lesions of the Symphysis in Athletes

In a radiological study of the pubic symphysis in 37 athletes (26 footballers and 11 others) and 156 young men as controls changes similar to those of osteitis pubis were found in 19 (76%) of the footballers and nine of the other athletes (81%) and 70 of the controls (45%). In the controls there was a significant correlation between their athletic ability and these changes.The clinical features consist of pain in the region of the pubis which may radiate to the groin or lower abdomen. Clicking may be present and indicates instability. Local tenderness is the only significant sign. Radiographs may show a combination of marginal irregularity, reactive sclerosis, and instability.A chronic stress lesion in the iliac component of a sacro-iliac joint was found in 20 out of 37 athletes, and 13 of them had instability at the pubic symphysis.It is concluded that repeated minor trauma is the primary aetiological factor. Though the radiological appearance may resemble that of osteitis pubis, there was no evidence that infection caused the lesion in this series. Spontaneous remission of symptoms is the most likely outcome. Rest from physical exertion is the most effective treatment, and stabilization of the pubic symphysis is indicated only rarely.     

The pubic scars of gestation and parturition in a group of pre-Columbian and colonial Peruvian mummies

The pubic scars of pregnancy and parturition as reported in the anthropological literature are a variant of the recognized clinical entity, osteitis pubis. The os pubis from 86 pre-Columbian and colonial Peruvian mummies were examined for this entity. Osteitis pubis was found in 13 pre-Columbian females (72.3%) and 19 colonial Indians (57.6%). Four of the colonial women were buried with newborn children and one had a four-month-old fetus in utero. This type of study has application in paleopathology and forensic medicine to show possible frequency of pregnancy in a population, but must be refined and quantitated to achieve any more than this. This study is of further interest as it demonstrates that racial groups have apparently a wide difference in frequency of this particular lesion of the pubic symphysis, a matter for further investigation.     

Determination of age at death: assessment of an algorithm of age prediction using numerical three-dimensional CT data from pubic bones

The determination of age at death is an important part of physical and forensic anthropology. Because of resistance to decomposition and the simplicity/accuracy ratio, the direct observation of the os pubis by Suchey-Brooks phase analysis is the preferred reference system for determination of age at death. We propose an age-prediction system using a pubic symphysis numerical database obtained from CT x-ray through quantification of age-linked parameters. Our system increases the accuracy of age estimation and at the same time preserves the integrity of the archeological material.     

A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging

All current standardized methods of age determination using the os pubis were tested by blind assessment of a skeletal sample with documented ages (from the Todd collection; N = 96). No demographic data (sex, age, race, age composition) were known to the assessors prior to completion of the test. Results showed the Todd method to be more reliable than more recent component techniques and that all systems tended to underage. Therefore, modifications were made of the Todd system to eliminate this and other deficiencies, and a second test using a new sample was conducted (N = 109). The age distribution determined by the revised Todd method did not significantly differ from the actual age distribution of the second sample. Error due to race was nonsignificant. Biological stages of pubic metamorphosis are described and possible evolutionary specializations of the hominid symphysis are discussed. Revised standards for age determination are presented.     

Chondrocalcinosis is common in the absence of knee involvement

Introduction

We aimed to describe the distribution of radiographic chondrocalcinosis (CC) and to examine whether metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) calcification and CC at other joints occurs in the absence of knee involvement.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study embedded in the Genetics of Osteoarthritis and Lifestyle study (GOAL). All participants (n = 3,170) had radiographs of the knees, hands, and pelvis. These were scored for radiographic changes of osteoarthritis (OA), for CC at knees, hips, symphysis pubis, and wrists, and for MCPJ calcification. The prevalence of MCPJ calcification and CC overall, at each joint, and in the presence or absence of knee involvement, was calculated.

Results

The knee was the commonest site of CC, followed by wrists, hips, and symphysis pubis. CC was more likely to be bilateral at knees and wrists but unilateral at hips. MCPJ calcification was usually bilateral, and less common than CC at knees, hips, wrists, and symphysis pubis. Unlike that previously reported, CC commonly occurred without any knee involvement; 44.4% of wrist CC, 45.9% of hip CC, 45.5% of symphysis pubis CC, and 31.3% of MCPJ calcification occurred in patients without knee CC. Those with meniscal or hyaline articular cartilage CC had comparable ages (P = 0.21), and neither preferentially associated with fibrocartilage CC at distant joints.

Conclusions

CC visualized on a plain radiograph commonly occurs at other joints in the absence of radiographic knee CC. Therefore, knee radiographs alone are an insufficient screening test for CC. This has significant implications for clinical practice, for epidemiologic and genetic studies of CC, and for the definition of OA patients with coexistent crystal deposition.     

The structure of the human symphysis pubis with special consideration of parturition and its sequelae

Review of the structure of the symphysis pubis, based on my extensive study of the pelvic joints ('31) shows changes from age, function, pregnancy hormones and stress of parturition. Primary physiologic shearing clefts and secondary traumatic clefts in cartilage are more frequent in females. Inter-digitations in the young osteocartilaginous border secure the vulnerable growth cartilage against increasing shearing forces. The retropubic eminence, ligamentous or cartilaginous, forms earlier in females, later, due to bony lipping in males, secondary to extrusion of disc cartilage. Ovarian and placental hormones in pregnancy cause remodeling and resorption of the posterior margin of the pubic facette and adjacent cortex, making a (variably) deep bony groove for greatly hypertrophied transverse ligaments. Delivery of a mature infant produces traumatic changes leading to extrusion of torn fibrocartilage in any direction, progressively loosening the symphysis, producing cartilage nodules, cysts and reactive bone formation. Older age degenerative arthritis is more frequent in parous females.     

中国汉族髋骨的性别差异和判断

本文研究乌鲁木齐市附近出土的汉族达到成年尺寸的正常髋骨(男115块,女54块,性别主要借助骨盆形态来判断)。测量了耻骨长、坐骨长、髋臼径及坐骨大切迹宽、深等八个项目。列表和图显示了各项数据的分布。利用这些图表可以帮助鉴别中国汉人髋骨的性别。经统计方法检验,这些特征在性别和人种之间有非常显著或显著的差异,汉人与美国白人及爱斯基摩人较接近。     

Unique anomalies in cephalothoracopagus janiceps conjoined twins with implications for multiple mechanisms in the abnormal embryogenesis

The anatomic features of female conjoined twins with the Janiceps type of cephalothoracopagus are described. Abnormalities included bilateral clefts of the alveolar arches, shared rudimentary mandible, high, arched clavicles, multiple rib deformities, single shared foregut and small intestine, absent large intestines, omphalocele, multicystic kidneys, hypoplastic lungs, interconnected aortas and neck vessels, single ovary with elongated uterus in each twin, displaced labia, abnormal segmentation of the vertebrae, spinal dysraphism, diastasis of the symphysis pubis, malrotated lower extremity, bilateral posterior dislocation of the hips, and club feet. There were two hearts with internal anomalies. Both spinal cords had a myelocele in the lumbar region. The abnormalities noted in previous reports of conjoined twins of this type are reviewed and compared. We propose that factors associated with conjoining, dysgenetic (developmental) defects, and deformations resulting from crowding in utero all may have been important in the abnormal development in this case.