Effect of elevated CO2, temperature and drought on photosynthesis of nodulated alfalfa during a cutting regrowth cycle

Rising atmospheric CO₂ may increase potential net leaf photosynthesis under short-term exposure, but this response decreases under long-term exposure because plants acclimate to elevated CO₂ concentrations through a process known as downregulation. One of the main factors that may influence this phenomenon is the balance between sources and sinks in the plant. The usual method of managing a forage legume like alfalfa requires the cutting of shoots and subsequent regrowth, which alters the source/sink ratio and thus photosynthetic behaviour. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CO₂ (ambient, around 350 vs. 700 µmol mol⁻¹), temperature (ambient vs. ambient + 4° C) and water availability (well-irrigated vs. partially irrigated) on photosynthetic behaviour in nodulated alfalfa before defoliation and after 1 month of regrowth. At the end of vegetative normal growth, plants grown under conditions of elevated CO₂ showed photosynthetic acclimation with lower photosynthetic rates, V_cmax and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activity. This decay was probably a consequence of a specific rubisco protein reduction and/or inactivation. In contrast, high CO₂ during regrowth did not change net photosynthetic rates or yield differences in V_cmax or rubisco total activity. This absence of photosynthetic acclimation was directly associated with the new source-sink status of the plants during regrowth. After cutting, the higher root/shoot ratio in plants and remaining respiration can function as a strong sink for photosynthates, avoiding leaf sugar accumulation, the negative feed-back control of photosynthesis, and as a consequence, photosynthetic downregulation.     

Morphological and physiological responses of canola (Brassica napus) siliquas and seeds to UVB and CO2 under controlled environment conditions

Combined effects of UVB radiation and CO₂ concentration on plant reproductive parts have received little attention. We studied morphological and physiological responses of siliquas and seeds of canola (Brassica napus L. cv. 46A65) to UVB and CO₂ under four controlled experimental conditions: UVB radiation (4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) with ambient level of CO₂ (370 μmol mol⁻¹) (control); UVB radiation (4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) with elevated level of CO₂ (740 μmol mol⁻¹); no UVB radiation (0 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) with ambient level of CO₂ (370 μmol mol⁻¹); and no UVB radiation (0 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) with elevated level of CO₂ (740 μmol mol⁻¹). UVB radiation affected the outer appearance of siliquas, such as colour, as well as their anatomical structures. At both CO₂ levels, the UVB radiation of 4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹ reduced the size of seeds, which had different surface patterns than those from no UVB radiation. At both CO₂ levels, 4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹ of UVB decreased net CO₂ assimilation (A_N) and water use efficiency (WUE), but had no effect on transpiration (E). Elevated CO₂ increased A_N and WUE, but decreased E, under both UVB conditions. At both CO₂ levels, the UVB radiation of 4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹ decreased chlorophyll fluorescence, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl a and Chl b, but had no effect on the ratio of Chl a/b and the concentration of UV-screening pigments. Elevated CO₂ increased total Chl and the concentration of UV-screening pigments under 4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹ of UVB radiation. Neither UVB nor CO₂ affected wax content of siliqua surface. Many significant relationships were found between the above-mentioned parameters. This study revealed that UVB radiation exerts an adverse effect on canola siliquas and seeds, and some of the detrimental effects of UVB on these reproductive parts can partially be mitigated by CO₂.     

Growth and physiological responses of canola (Brassica napus) to three components of global climate change: temperature, carbon dioxide and drought

Elevated CO₂ appears to be a significant factor in global warming, which will likely lead to drought conditions in many areas. Few studies have considered the interactive effects of higher CO₂, temperature and drought on plant growth and physiology. We grew canola ( Brassica napus cv. 45H72) plants under lower (22/18°C) and higher (28/24°C) temperature regimes in controlled-environment chambers at ambient (370 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated (740 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂ levels. One half of the plants were watered to field capacity and the other half at wilting point. In three separate experiments, we determined growth, various physiological parameters and content of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid and ethylene. Drought-stressed plants grown under higher temperature at ambient CO₂ had decreased stem height and diameter, leaf number and area, dry matter, leaf area ratio, shoot/root weight ratio, net CO₂ assimilation and chlorophyll fluorescence. However, these plants had increased specific leaf weight, leaf weight ratio and chlorophyll concentration. Elevated CO₂ generally had the opposite effect, and partially reversed the inhibitory effects of higher temperature and drought on leaf dry weight accumulation. This study showed that higher temperature and drought inhibit many processes but elevated CO₂ partially mitigate some adverse effects. As expected, drought stress increased ABA but higher temperature inhibited the ability of plants to produce ABA in response to drought.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区春小麦生产和水分利用效率的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下春小麦生产和水分利用效率(WUE)的响应特征,在典型半干旱区定西,利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台开展了CO₂浓度增加模拟试验.试验设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)、480 μmol·mol^-1和570 μmol·mol^-1 3个CO₂浓度.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使春小麦冠层空气温度小幅上升,10 cm深处的土壤环境温度下降;CO₂浓度增加对春小麦各器官生物量和总生物量都有明显促进作用,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,地上干物质量平均增长20.6%和41.5%,总干物质量平均增长19.3%和39.6%.生物量增加主要是由茎叶干物质量增加所致,与生育中期物质生产能力明显增强有关;在两种CO₂浓度处理下,植株根冠比分别降低7.3%和11.8%,CO₂浓度增加对春小麦地上部分干物质积累的贡献大于地下部分;CO₂浓度升高主要通过影响穗粒数来影响最终产量,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,小麦产量分别增加了8.9%和19.9%;大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用影响的长期效应不明显,随CO₂浓度升高,光合速率显著提高,蒸腾速率降低,蒸发蒸腾量减小.随CO₂浓度升高,叶片、群体和产量3个水平的WUE都增加,其中群体水平的WUE增幅最大,产量水平的WUE增幅最小.     

Gas exchange and photosynthetic water use efficiency in response to light, CO2 concentration and temperature in Vicia faba

Light and temperature-response curves and their resulting coefficients, obtained within ecophysiological characterization of gas exchanges at the leaf level, may represent useful criteria for breeding and cultivar selection and required tools for simulation models aimed at the prediction of potential plant behaviour in response to environmental conditions.

Leaf-scale gas exchanges, by means of an IRGA open-flow system, were measured in response to light intensity (8 levels from 0 up to 2000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), CO₂ concentrations (ambient—350 μmol mol⁻¹ and short-term enriched—700 μmol mol⁻¹) and air temperature (from 7 up to 35 °C) on three Vicia faba L. genotypes, each representing one of the three cultivated groups: major, equina and minor. The net assimilation rate response to light intensity was well described by an exponential rise to max function. The short-term CO₂ enrichment markedly increased the values of light response curve parameters such as maximum photosynthetic rate (+80%), light saturation point (+40%) and quantum yield (+30%), while less homogenous behaviour was reported for dark respiration and light compensation point. For each light intensity level, the major and minor genotypes studied showed assimilation rates at least a 30% higher than equina.

The positive effects of short-term CO₂ enrichment on photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) indicate a relevant advantage in doubling CO₂ concentration. In the major and minor genotypes studied, similar assimilation rates, but different WUE were observed.

The optimum leaf temperature for assimilation process, calculated through a polynomial function, was 26–27 °C and no relevant limitations were observed in the range between 21 and 32 °C.

Analysis at the single leaf level provided both rapid information on the variations in gas exchange in response to environmental factors and selection criteria for the screening of genotypes.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区春小麦生产和水分利用效率的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下春小麦生产和水分利用效率(WUE)的响应特征,在典型半干旱区定西,利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台开展了CO₂浓度增加模拟试验.试验设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)、480 μmol·mol^-1和570 μmol·mol^-1 3个CO₂浓度.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使春小麦冠层空气温度小幅上升,10 cm深处的土壤环境温度下降;CO₂浓度增加对春小麦各器官生物量和总生物量都有明显促进作用,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,地上干物质量平均增长20.6%和41.5%,总干物质量平均增长19.3%和39.6%.生物量增加主要是由茎叶干物质量增加所致,与生育中期物质生产能力明显增强有关;在两种CO₂浓度处理下,植株根冠比分别降低7.3%和11.8%,CO₂浓度增加对春小麦地上部分干物质积累的贡献大于地下部分;CO₂浓度升高主要通过影响穗粒数来影响最终产量,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,小麦产量分别增加了8.9%和19.9%;大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用影响的长期效应不明显,随CO₂浓度升高,光合速率显著提高,蒸腾速率降低,蒸发蒸腾量减小.随CO₂浓度升高,叶片、群体和产量3个水平的WUE都增加,其中群体水平的WUE增幅最大,产量水平的WUE增幅最小.     

双季稻不同生育期净同化速率对大气CO2浓度和温度升高的响应

大气CO₂浓度和温度升高对水稻干物质积累的影响因不同栽培区域和不同稻作类型而异。目前,我国双季稻轮作系统干物质生产力对温度、CO₂浓度升高和二者交互作用的响应特征尚不明确。本研究以早稻‘两优287’和晚稻‘湘丰优9号’为供试材料,在湖北省荆州市利用开顶式气室(OTC)进行连续3年的大田原位模拟试验,设置大田(UC)、对照(CK,OTC控制大气温度和CO₂浓度)、增温2 ℃(ET)、CO₂浓度增加60 μmol·mol^-1(EC)、增温2 ℃+CO₂浓度增加60 μmol·mol^-1(ETEC)5个处理,研究温度和CO₂浓度升高对早稻和晚稻地上部生物量、叶面积和净同化速率的影响。结果表明: CO₂浓度和/或温度升高对早稻和晚稻移栽-拔节阶段净同化速率影响不显著,提高了拔节-齐穗阶段净同化速率,但降低了齐穗-成熟阶段净同化速率(除早稻对高CO₂浓度表现为正响应外)。CO₂浓度和/或温度升高促进了各生育期叶面积的增长,以ETEC处理叶面积指数最高(除成熟期外)。在齐穗期,温度和CO₂浓度升高协同促进了地上部干物质积累,ETEC处理早稻和晚稻地上部生物量比CK高10.3%～39.8%和23.6%～34.4%;在早稻成熟期,增温在一定程度上抵消了增加CO₂浓度对地上部干物质积累的促进作用,ETEC比EC地上部生物量降低3.2%～14.1%;而晚稻成熟期,增温和增加CO₂浓度表现为正向的交互作用,可进一步提高地上部生物量。回归分析表明,温度和CO₂浓度升高在双季稻营养生长阶段对植株净同化能力以正向作用为主,在生殖生长阶段增温表现为负向作用。由于生长特性、生育期跨度和温度资源配置的差异,CO₂浓度和温度升高可能提高我国双季稻轮作系统干物质生产力。     

Growth and photosynthesis of Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. fil. in Central Europe

Floating Pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. fil.) is a worldwide distributed aquatic plant. The species is native to North America and quite common also in Central and South America. In Europe, Japan and Australia it is known as an alien plant, sometimes causing serious problems for affected ecosystems and human use of water bodies. Starting from Western Europe with an eastwards directed spread, Floating Pennywort was recorded in Germany in 2004 for the first time. Since then, the species spread out and got established in western parts of Central Europe. For a definite prediction of the potential of a further spread, data about biology, in particular growth and photosynthesis are needed. Here, regeneration capacity, growth at different nutrient availabilities and photosynthesis of H. ranunculoides were investigated. In addition biomass samples were taken in the field. Results show an enormous regeneration capacity (e.g., by forming new shoots from small shoot fragments), increasing growth rates under increasing nutrient availability and a maximum increase of biomass reaching 0.132±0.008 g g⁻¹ dw d⁻¹. Dense populations of H. ranunculoides growing in ponds and oxbows were found at high nutrient content of the substrate, the biomass reaching there up to 532.4±14.2 g dw m⁻². Gas exchange analysis showed a physiological optimum of H. ranunculoides CO₂ uptake at temperatures between 25 and 35 °C and high photon flux densities (PPFD) above 800 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. In comparison, native Hydrocotyle vulgaris showed an optimum of net photosynthesis at 20–30 °C and a light saturation of CO₂ gas exchange at 350 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹.     

Chemical composition, nutritive value, fatty acid and amino acid contents of Galega officinalis L. during its growth stage and in regrowth

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritive value, fatty acid profile and amino acid concentrations of Galega officinalis L. during its first growth cycle and in regrowth. Herbage samples were collected three times at progressive morphological stages from the vegetative to the budding stage, and during regrowth. The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDFom), acid detergent fibre (ADFom), lignin (sa) and gross energy (GE) increased during maturation, while the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash and OM digestibility (OMD) decreased with increasing stage. During the whole growth cycle, and in regrowth, the NE_L was unchanged. Analyses of fatty acids did not reveal differences among plant stages, but did instead between the first cut and regrowth cut. The fatty acid profiles in the plant during growth was characterised by three dominant fatty acids, being -linolenic acid (C_{18:3n − 3}), palmitic acid (C_16:0), and linoleic acid (C_{18:2n − 6}). The -linolenic acid content was instead lower than in the whole plant during growth. The n − 6/n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of the plant was steady at 0.13 during the growth cycle and in regrowth, while it was 0.78 in the seed. The individual amino acid contents of G. officinalis declined with increasing stage of maturity, as the CP declined, but with the exception of the serine content, there was no change in the relative proportions of the individual amino acids due to stage of maturity. Data shows that the nutritive value of G. officinalis forage did not diminish during its growth cycle and that it can improve the self sufficiency of dairy farms. Autumn regrowth was judged to be a good quality forage with a high nutritive value and a higher level of -linolenic acid than during the first growth cycle.     

The impact of nitrogen supply on the potential response of a noxious, invasive weed, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) to recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide

A recognized invasive weed, Canada thistle ( Cirsium arvense L. Scop.) was grown at ambient and pre-ambient concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO₂] (373 and 287 μmol mol⁻¹, respectively) at three levels of supplemental nitrogen (N) (3, 6 and 14.5 m M ) from seeding until flowering [77 days after sowing (DAS)]. The primary objective of the study was to determine if N supply limited the potential photosynthetic and growth response of this species to the increase in atmospheric [CO₂] which occurred during the 20th century (i.e. approximately 290 to 370 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂). Leaf photosynthesis increased both as a function of growth [CO₂] and N supply during the first 46 DAS. Although by 46 DAS photosynthetic acclimation was observed relative to a common measurement CO₂ concentration, there was no interaction with N supply. Both [CO₂] and N increased biomass, relative growth rates and leaf area whereas root : shoot ratio was increased by CO₂ and decreased by increasing N; however, N supply did not effect the relative response to [CO₂] for any measured vegetative parameter up to 77 DAS. Due to the relative stimulation of shoot biomass, total above-ground N increased at elevated [CO₂] for all levels of supplemental N, but nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) did not differ as a function of [CO₂]. Overall, these data suggest that any potential response to increased atmospheric [CO₂] in recent decades for this noxious weedy species was probably not limited by nitrogen supply.     

亚适宜温光盐环境下油菜素内酯对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统及光合作用的影响

研究了24 表油菜素内酯(EBR)对亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统及光合作用的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗叶片H₂O₂含量增加,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜透性增强,净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别显著下降39.3%、40.0%、21.2%和47.2%,幼苗干物质积累减少35.9%.外源喷施EBR可提高亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,降低H₂O₂含量及膜透性,缓解亚适宜温光盐环境下P_n、g_s、T_r的下降幅度,幼苗干物质积累增加25.9%,生长加快．EBR可通过调节亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化性,减少其膜脂过氧化程度,进而维持其较高的光合性能,有效促进了亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗的生长．     

Effect of leaf age on CAM activity in Littorella uniflora

In this study the effect of ontogenetic drift on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was investigated in the aquatic CAM-isoetid Littorella uniflora. The results of this study strengthen the general hypothesis of CAM being a carbon-conserving mechanism in aquatic plants, because high-CAM capacity (45–183 μequiv. g⁻¹ FW) was present in all leaves of L. uniflora irrespective of age. Since possession of CAM in aquatic plants allows CO₂ uptake throughout the light/dark cycle, presence of CAM in all leaves influences the carbon balance of L. uniflora positively. On average for all lakes, different leaf classes accounted for 11–36% of the total dark CO₂ uptake by the individual plant.

The capacity for both CAM and photosynthesis declined with increasing leaf age, and was in the oldest leaves only 25–53% of the capacity in the youngest. The photosynthetic capacity was estimated to be sufficiently high to ensure refixation of the CO₂ released from malate during decarboxylation in the daytime. In line with this, a linear coupling between CAM capacity and photosynthetic capacity was found. Parallel to the change in photosynthetic capacity, an age-related change in total ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activity from 732 μmol C g⁻¹ DW h⁻¹ in the youngest leaves to 346 μmol C g⁻¹ DW h⁻¹ in the oldest was observed. In contrast, no significant change in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase) activity with leaf age was observed (means ranged between 46 and 156 μmol C g⁻¹ DW h⁻¹).     

大气CO2浓度增加与氮肥对棉花生物量、氮吸收量及土壤脲酶活性的影响

试验设置半开顶式CO₂人工气候室,研究了不同CO₂浓度处理(360、540 μmol·mol^-1)与施氮(N)量(0、150、300 和450 kg·hm^-2)对棉花干物质的积累与分配、氮素吸收量及土壤脲酶活性的影响.多样性指数和主成分分析表明: 各施N水平下,CO₂浓度增加下棉花蕾、茎、叶和整株的总干物质积累量显著增加;2个CO₂浓度下,300 kg·hm^-2-N (N₃₀₀)处理棉花蕾、茎、叶、根及整株干物质量显著高于其他3个N肥处理,合理的氮肥施用可显著提高棉花干物质积累量.棉花蕾和茎的氮素吸收量受CO₂浓度影响显著,与360 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度相比,CO₂浓度为540 μmol·mol^-1条件下蕾和茎的氮含量显著增加,其中N₃₀₀处理下蕾的氮含量最高,N₁₅₀和N₃₀₀处理茎的氮含量高于N₀和N₄₅₀处理;叶的氮素吸收量受CO₂和N的交互作用影响显著,在N₀、N₁₅₀、N₃₀₀处理下,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下叶的氮含量增加;棉花根的氮素吸收量受施N的影响显著,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下根的氮含量随着施N量的增加显著增加.总体上,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下棉花的氮素吸收量高于360 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂浓度,各CO₂和N组合处理下,棉花各器官的氮素积累量蕾铃最高,叶片居中,其次是茎秆,根系最低.各施N水平下,两个土层的土壤脲酶活性随着CO₂浓度升高而显著增加;不同CO₂浓度处理下,0~20 cm土层土壤脲酶活性随着施N量的增加而增加,20～40 cm土层N₃₀₀处理下的土壤脲酶活性高于其他N肥处理;CO₂和N互作下,0~20 cm土层土壤脲酶活性的平均值显著高于20~40 cm土层.大气CO₂浓度为540 μmol·mol^-1、氮肥施用量为300 kg·hm^-2可显著提高棉花干物质积累量和氮素吸收量.     

大气CO2浓度增加与氮肥对棉花生物量、氮吸收量及土壤脲酶活性的影响

试验设置半开顶式CO₂人工气候室,研究了不同CO₂浓度处理(360、540 μmol·mol^-1)与施氮(N)量(0、150、300 和450 kg·hm^-2)对棉花干物质的积累与分配、氮素吸收量及土壤脲酶活性的影响.多样性指数和主成分分析表明: 各施N水平下,CO₂浓度增加下棉花蕾、茎、叶和整株的总干物质积累量显著增加;2个CO₂浓度下,300 kg·hm^-2-N (N₃₀₀)处理棉花蕾、茎、叶、根及整株干物质量显著高于其他3个N肥处理,合理的氮肥施用可显著提高棉花干物质积累量.棉花蕾和茎的氮素吸收量受CO₂浓度影响显著,与360 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度相比,CO₂浓度为540 μmol·mol^-1条件下蕾和茎的氮含量显著增加,其中N₃₀₀处理下蕾的氮含量最高,N₁₅₀和N₃₀₀处理茎的氮含量高于N₀和N₄₅₀处理;叶的氮素吸收量受CO₂和N的交互作用影响显著,在N₀、N₁₅₀、N₃₀₀处理下,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下叶的氮含量增加;棉花根的氮素吸收量受施N的影响显著,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下根的氮含量随着施N量的增加显著增加.总体上,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下棉花的氮素吸收量高于360 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂浓度,各CO₂和N组合处理下,棉花各器官的氮素积累量蕾铃最高,叶片居中,其次是茎秆,根系最低.各施N水平下,两个土层的土壤脲酶活性随着CO₂浓度升高而显著增加;不同CO₂浓度处理下,0~20 cm土层土壤脲酶活性随着施N量的增加而增加,20～40 cm土层N₃₀₀处理下的土壤脲酶活性高于其他N肥处理;CO₂和N互作下,0~20 cm土层土壤脲酶活性的平均值显著高于20~40 cm土层.大气CO₂浓度为540 μmol·mol^-1、氮肥施用量为300 kg·hm^-2可显著提高棉花干物质积累量和氮素吸收量.     

CO2浓度升高和氮沉降对南亚热带主要乡土树种及群落生物量的影响

选取荷木、海南红豆、肖蒲桃、红鳞蒲桃和红锥5种南亚热带乡土树种构建混交群落,通过5年人为提高CO₂浓度和氮输入试验,研究碳-氮交互作用对南亚热带主要乡土树种及群落的生物量积累与分配的影响.结果表明：CO₂浓度升高及氮沉降对植物生物量的积累和分配的影响因树种不同而有显著差异.CO₂浓度升高和氮沉降对豆科植物生物量积累相对提高了49.3%和71.0%,且促进了阳生植物生物量的积累;氮沉降能显著提高偏阴生植物生物量积累,但在CO₂浓度升高条件下,其生物量积累低于对照.CO₂浓度升高抑制了阳生植物地下生物量的分配,但促进偏阴生植物地下生物量的分配.CO₂浓度升高、氮沉降以及碳-氮交互作用对南亚热带植物群落生物量积累均具有促进作用;CO₂浓度升高促进群落地下生物量积累,氮沉降显著提高其地上部分生物量分配.在全球变化背景下,南亚热带林业固碳树种适宜选用海南红豆和红锥.     

基于稳定碳同位素技术研究大气CO2浓度升高对植物-土壤系统碳循环的影响

大气CO₂浓度升高影响植物光合作用过程和生物量积累,改变植物地上和地下生物量的动态分配.土壤有机质的形成和周转依赖于植物组分的输入,因此,CO₂浓度升高所造成的植物生理和代谢的变化对土壤碳库收支平衡具有重要影响.采用稳定碳同位素(¹³C)技术研究土壤-植物系统的碳循环可阐明大气CO₂浓度升高条件下光合碳在植物各器官的分配特征和时间动态,明确光合碳在土壤中的积累、分解与迁移转化过程以及对土壤有机碳库周转的影响.本文综述了基于¹³C自然丰度法或¹³C示踪技术研究大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤-植物系统碳循环的影响,主要包括:1)对植物光合作用的同位素分馏的影响;2)对植物光合碳(新碳)分配动态的影响;3)对土壤有机碳新老碳库动态以及微生物转化过程的影响.明确上述过程及其调控机制可为预测CO₂浓度升高对陆地生态系统碳循环及源汇效应的长期影响奠定基础.     

外源6-BA对不同时期遮光下江汉平原稻茬小麦产量的影响

针对江汉平原小麦生长季阴雨天气持续时间长、光照辐射少而形成的弱光环境,本试验以江汉平原大面积推广品种‘郑麦9023’和‘扬麦23’为材料,研究了孕穗期遮光处理(S₁)和开花期遮光处理(S₂)对两品种小麦产量的影响及其生理基础,并设置遮光前喷施6-BA处理(S₁+6-BA、S₂+6-BA),探究喷施6-BA对弱光胁迫的缓解作用.结果表明:孕穗期与开花期遮去自然光强的45%均显著降低了各处理籽粒产量,且开花期遮光处理籽粒产量下降幅度大于孕穗期遮光处理,遮光处理开花后14~21 d籽粒干物质积累量显著下降导致的粒重降低是造成籽粒产量下降的主要原因;两时期遮光均降低了成熟期干物质积累量,改变了营养器官干物质分配比例,使籽粒产量更多地依赖于开花前营养器官贮藏同化物,从而导致遮光处理籽粒产量下降.开花期遮光前喷施6-BA处理的籽粒产量显著大于开花期遮光处理,主要是由于喷施6-BA能够延缓遮光处理下旗叶的衰老进程,其灌浆速率和粒重亦显著大于遮光处理,同时提高了开花期遮光处理植株在成熟期的干物质积累量,且S₂+6-BA花后同化物的转运量及对籽粒的贡献量较S₂增大,最终提高了遮光处理的籽粒产量.总之,开花期遮光对小麦籽粒产量的影响大于孕穗期,开花期遮光前喷施外源6-BA对遮光造成的不利影响有一定的缓解效应,降低了开花期遮光造成的产量损失.     

有机物沟埋还田模式与花后灌水量对玉米光合特性和产量的影响

有机物沟埋还田与花后灌水配合对增加玉米田保水供水能力,提高玉米花后光合性能、实现节水增产有重要意义.本试验以郑单958为供试材料,设置有机物沟埋还田和花后灌水量两个因素,有机物沟埋还田包括不还田(M₀)、秸秆单还田(M₁)和牛粪秸秆混合还田(M₂)3个还田类型,花后灌水量包括450 mm(W₁)和325 mm(W₂)2个水平,研究了其对玉米穗位叶光合性能、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)效率和产量等的影响.结果表明:与秸秆单还田比较,牛粪秸秆混合还田有效提高了玉米花后光合能力和各器官的干物质积累量;与节水灌溉相比,正常灌溉加强了有机物还田对玉米光合能力的促进作用.牛粪秸秆混合还田与正常灌溉结合可显著提高玉米花后叶片的光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r),降低胞间CO₂浓度(C_i);提高玉米花后叶片PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(φ_po)和捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中Q_A下游的电子受体的概率(Ψ_o);改善花后叶片光能利用率,维持花后叶片较高的光合性能;同时增加花后玉米各器官干物质的量,提高干物质总积累量和转运能力,有利于花后同化物对籽粒的分配,最终获得高产.节水灌溉降低了叶片的光合性能,造成产量的下降;但配合牛粪秸秆混合还田与不还田处理相比,水分利用效率、籽粒增长速率和增产效果均优于正常灌水.这表明牛粪秸秆混合还田与正常灌溉结合可有效提高玉米花后光合性能,增加干物质积累量,促进玉米增产;牛粪秸秆混合还田与节水灌溉结合一定程度上降低了因减少灌溉量造成的减产.     

有机、无机氮肥施用对苜蓿产量、土壤硝态氮和温室气体排放的影响

2012年5月—2014年6月,采用田间小区试验方法,研究了不同氮肥管理对N₂O与CH₄的排放、土壤硝态氮含量以及苜蓿干草产量的影响.试验共设5个处理:对照(CK)、单施尿素处理(100 kg N·hm^-2, CF)、尿素(100 kg N·hm^-2)与腐熟牛粪(60 kg N·hm^-2)混施处理(DM₁)、尿素(100 kg N·hm^-2)与沼液(60 kg N·hm^-2)混施处理(DT)及减量尿素(40 kg N·hm^-2)与牛粪(60 kg N·hm^-2)混施处理(DM₂).结果表明: 与CK相比,CF、DM₁、DT和DM₂处理苜蓿干草产量分别增加44.2%、38.9%、56.3%和30.6%,N₂O排放分别比对照增加52.2%、89.1%、133.7%和59.4%,但各施肥处理对甲烷吸收表现出不同程度的抑制作用.苜蓿生产中,尿素和牛粪处理N₂O-N排放与肥料氮素投入量比值(排放系数)为0.25%～0.28%,而沼液处理N₂O-N排放系数为0.64%,显著高于前者.苜蓿生产中,施用化肥或有机无机混施均能显著增加苜蓿干物质产量,土壤硝态氮深层淋洗风险较小,但增加了CO_2-equivalent净排放量.     

基于稳定碳同位素技术研究大气CO2浓度升高对植物-土壤系统碳循环的影响

大气CO₂浓度升高影响植物光合作用过程和生物量积累,改变植物地上和地下生物量的动态分配.土壤有机质的形成和周转依赖于植物组分的输入,因此,CO₂浓度升高所造成的植物生理和代谢的变化对土壤碳库收支平衡具有重要影响.采用稳定碳同位素(¹³C)技术研究土壤-植物系统的碳循环可阐明大气CO₂浓度升高条件下光合碳在植物各器官的分配特征和时间动态,明确光合碳在土壤中的积累、分解与迁移转化过程以及对土壤有机碳库周转的影响.本文综述了基于¹³C自然丰度法或¹³C示踪技术研究大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤-植物系统碳循环的影响,主要包括:1)对植物光合作用的同位素分馏的影响;2)对植物光合碳(新碳)分配动态的影响;3)对土壤有机碳新老碳库动态以及微生物转化过程的影响.明确上述过程及其调控机制可为预测CO₂浓度升高对陆地生态系统碳循环及源汇效应的长期影响奠定基础.