喜马拉雅旱獭迁移特征研究

喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)是祁连山地区的主要啮齿动物,也是该地区鼠疫疫源地主要的贮存宿主。研究旱獭生态对鼠疫流行病学和生产活动具有重要的意义。1973-1975年,我们在甘肃省肃南县皇城上石桥地区对旱獭生态进行了系统的观察研究。本文仅报道其中有关迁移方面的研究结果。     

喜马拉雅旱獭的能量代谢初试

喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)是青藏高原上的特有种,目前还未见有关生理学研究资料。我们于1982年12月1-10日,对5只喜马拉雅旱獭作了能量代谢的初步测定,现报道如下。 喜马拉雅旱獭捕自青海省海晏县热水滩地区,11月初送到我所饲养房喂养。12月份,饲养室气温为5-15℃,旱獭仍进食未冬眠。试验时,室温控制在10-13℃。用半导体点温计测肛温,由心电图计算心率。能量代谢试验通过改装的口鼻罩收集连续5分钟呼出气体,用煤气流量计测呼出气体量,用英国的Corning165型pH/Blood gas分析仪测定呼出气中CO₂与O₂含量,计算出O₂耗量与CO₂产生量,进而推算出呼吸商,产热量及基础代谢量。又用密闭式呼吸室法测得呼吸商与其口鼻罩法测得的结果讲行比较。     

用晶体重量测定喜马拉雅旱獭的年龄

本文采用晶体重量测定喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)的年龄。现将结果报道如下。 1982年4-10月,在青海省海晏县热水滩地区,捕获旱獭195只,收集晶体195对。其方法是,将每1只旱獭进行体重和体长的测量,随即剪去其眼睑,剪断视神经,取出眼球,放入10%福尔马林溶液固定。然后,把晶体剥出,用水冲洗,置入80℃烘箱干燥24小时,最后,用万分之一分析天平称重。     

喜马拉雅旱獭的洞型观察

旱獭与医学关系密切,又有很高的经济价值。过去国内外对蒙古旱獭(Marmota sibirica)、灰旱獭(M. baibacina)、草原旱獭(M. bobac)和长尾旱獭(M. caudata)等的洞型都有报道。本文系作者1960-1975年在甘肃省洮江县和青海省共和县,剖析观察了喜马拉雅旱獭(M. himalayana)150余个洞型结构资料,现简报如下。     

极为罕见的黑色喜马拉雅旱獭

1973年我们于天祝松山滩毛毛山,海拔二千五百余米的高山草甸草原上捕获三只全身黑色,无一根杂毛的黑旱獭。经外形头骨测量鉴定,除毛色变异外,其它均与喜马拉雅旱獭特征完全一致,应属于喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)。此种旱獭栖居地区的植被与附近同     

喜马拉雅旱獭室内饲养与繁殖

喜马拉雅旱獭(Mermota himalayana)是青藏高原高寒草甸草原广泛栖息的野生哺乳动物,研究其饲养与繁殖将有助于进一步探讨该种啮齿动物的生态,并且提供实验条件。国内虽有饲养但未见繁殖的报道,美国成功的把室内饲养的美洲旱獭(Marmota monax)提供医学实验研究。青海省地方病防治研究所也在室内饲养成功,且能繁衍后代。现报道如下。 (一)动物来源 于1982年青海湖东北岸热水滩地区的草甸草原捕获活旱獭45只,在现     

喜马拉雅旱獭种群微卫星变异及遗传多样性

为了解不同地理种群喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)的种群数量变化并探讨其内在的遗传学机制,通过构建部分基因组文库的方法筛选出8个高变异微卫星位点,根据微卫星位点的测序结果设计相应引物,PCR扩增检测了青藏高原4个地理种群(德令哈、乌兰、沱沱河、安多)喜马拉雅旱獭的遗传多态性及其种群结构.研究结果显示:8个位点在喜马拉雅旱獭种群中均为高度多态,观察等位基因数、有效等位基因数、多态信息含量分别为4.75、3.033 2、0.610 2;喜马拉雅旱獭种群总的期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0.670、0.699;3个喜马拉雅旱獭种群显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)偏离H-W平衡状态,且这些偏离平衡的位点均由杂合过度导致(FIS＜0);喜马拉雅旱獭种群的部分位点已经偏离了突变-漂移平衡.结论:筛选出的8个微卫星位点适合于喜马拉雅旱獭种群遗传多样性的研究,所研究的喜马拉雅旱獭种群有较高的遗传多样性,安多地理种群在近期可能经历过瓶颈效应,种群数量曾经下降.     

青海同德县疏林草原喜马拉雅旱獭数量及其繁殖

喜马拉雅旱獭(MarmotahimalayanaHodgson)是青藏高原及其毗邻地区的草原害鼠之一,其皮毛具有经济价值。作者于1985年5—8月对青海同德县河北地区沟谷疏林草原的喜马拉雅旱獭进行数量和繁殖调查。其面积为350平方公里。材料和方法用路线法(每小时5公里速度)目测左右各50米范围内景观植被、土壤与獭数量。5—8月解剖雌獭101只、雄獭110只,检查胚胎及子宫斑,根据臼齿咀嚼面鉴定年龄。结果与讨论一、景观与密度旱獭栖息景观可分五种:(一)高山草甸:主要在4,000米以上的高山地带,植被以嵩草为主,伴有垫状植物,盖度不大,土壤为高寒草甸土,旱獭不多…     

喜马拉雅旱獭的洞穴特征及其生态意义

穴居性动物的洞穴对其生存有着重要的影响。为了解喜马拉雅旱獭（Marmota himalayana）利用洞穴特征及其生态意义,于2017年5月至10月以及2018年4月至5月在四川省阿坝州若尔盖县班佑乡多玛村对30对喜马拉雅旱獭繁殖对所利用的洞穴进行了定量研究。按照当年被频繁利用的洞穴（夜宿洞与繁殖洞）与临时利用的洞穴1∶2的比例取样,共测量了90个洞穴的7个物理特征参数,比较了不同类型洞穴的物理特征差异。结果表明：（1）当地喜马拉雅旱獭利用洞穴外径的长轴和短轴分别为59.3 ± 21.9 (16~100) 和45.8 ± 20.5 (18~100) cm,内径内横径和内竖径分别为24.4 ± 4.0 (16~39) 和19.7 ± 3.5 (15~39) cm;（2）洞道首段长为127.3 ± 43.3 (60~240) cm;（3）洞道首段倾斜角度为45.7° ± 9.5° (20°~72°);（4）洞口朝向角度为195.8° ± 96.2° (3°~356°)。除了夜宿洞与繁殖洞临时洞的内竖径有显著性差异,其它不同洞穴类型之间的物理特征基本一致。喜马拉雅旱獭利用洞穴物理特征参数表明其洞穴具有躲避天敌、抵御不良天气、良好的排水性能以及维持洞穴小气候稳定的功能。大部分洞穴之间的物理特征基本一致结合行为观察,说明喜马拉雅旱獭存在年际间的换洞行为。     

滇西北部喜马拉雅旱獭的生态观察

滇西北部的喜马拉雅旱獭 Marmota himalayana rabusta(Milen-Edwards)(下称旱獭)据现有资料,仅分布于德钦及中甸。现将1965年5—10月在德钦地区所获生态观察资料整理于后,供参考。     

北京大兴地区黑线仓鼠种群繁殖生态研究

黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)是我国华北地区广泛分布的农田主要害鼠之一。1982年9月到1985年3月,作者在北京、天津及河北省一些地区,调查了它的分布和群落结构并研究其种群生态,本文仅就北京郊区大兴县黑线仓鼠的种群繁殖问题进行讨论。     

北京地区大仓鼠种群繁殖生态研究

1983-1985年,作者在北京农田区研究了大仓鼠的种群生态。获得标本1101号(♀497,♂604),解剖、观察、测量、记录雌雄生殖系统的变化及繁殖特征。对大仓鼠的雌雄性比、平均胎仔数、怀孕率等作了分析。结果:春季出生的雌鼠,两个月左右即达性成熟,并参加繁殖,在7月以后出生的雌鼠当年不参加繁殖。越冬鼠一年可繁殖2-3次。在数量较高的1983年,性比(♂/♀)为1.33,平均胎仔数为9.24;数量次高的1984年,性比为1.20,平均胎仔数为9.29;数量较低的1985年,性比为0.95,平均胎仔数为9.94。在数量较低的年份,大仓鼠种群的各项繁殖指标均优于数量较高的年份。     

Changing female spacing behaviour and demography in an enclosed breeding population of Clethrionomys glareolus

The social organization of Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber was studied by live trapping in an enclosure of 0.8 ha in Central Finland between the years 1982–1986. The enclosure consisted of three habitats: abandoned field, brushwood, and moist spruce heath forest.
The population density increased from 50 voles ha⁻¹ in 1982 and 1983 to 150 ha⁻¹ in 1984 and 1985. In the summer of 1986 the population crashed to almost zero. In the summer of 1984 after winter breeding the number of breeding females grew to 22 compared with 6–7 in previous years. In 1984 the mature females changed from territorial to group behaviour.
During the high population density in 1984 and 1985 breeding stopped already in late July – early August, thus preventing any fence effect.
The present study supports the hypothesis stating that microtine social organization is an opportunistic strategy reacting phenotypically to changing environmental – especially food – conditions.     

Annual variation in the timing of reproduction in Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, at Bird Island, South Georgia

The arrival of Antarctic fur seals at a breeding beach on Bird Island, South Georgia, was studied over five consecutive breeding seasons, 1983 to 1987. Experienced bulls arrived first and established breeding territories on the beaches in anticipation of the arrival of the cows. Male arrival, which is less synchronous within years than female arrival, was significantly later in 1987 than in any other year. Female arrival, estimated by pup birth date where necessary, was highly synchronous; it usually started when 80% or more of potential territory sites were occupied by males. Cows arrived significantly later in 1984 and 1987 than in 1983, 1985 or 1986. The late arrival of both males and females in 1987 is attributed to unusually severe climatic conditions during the preceding winter. The late arrival and reduced fecundity of females in 1984 is attributed to markedly reduced food availability during the austral winter and summer of 1983. Males were not affected in 1984 because they could move away from the area of reduced food availability earlier than females and because they have a more varied diet. Factors influencing the winter distribution, the timing and pattern of arrival and the breeding of male and female Antarctic fur seals are discussed.     

四姑娘山国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性初步调查

物种的分布与多度对我们理解生态过程、实施保护管理以及评估全球变化的影响都非常重要。2017年5-12月, 我们按照公里网格在四川省四姑娘山国家级自然保护区共布设60台固定位点红外相机, 调查了保护区内主要沟系的兽类和鸟类多样性。本次调查累计11,013个相机工作日, 共拍摄到31种兽类和鸟类, 隶属7目18科, 包括5种国家一级和10种国家二级重点保护野生动物, 被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)、易危(VU)和近危(NT)的野生动物分别有2种、5种和3种。其中, 相对多度指数居于兽类前五位的是毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、水鹿(Rusa unicolor)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris); 相对多度指数居于鸟类前五位的则是血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)、白马鸡(Crossoptilon crossoptilon)、大噪鹛(Garrulax maximus)、雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus)和灰头鸫(Turdus rubrocanus)。由于局域性气候、植被类型和地形结构的不同, 使四姑娘山国家级自然保护区与毗邻的卧龙国家级自然保护区存在动物群落结构的差异。本调查初步掌握了四姑娘山保护区内大中型兽类和林下活动鸟类的种类组成和相对多度。     

高原鼠兔种群繁殖生态的研究

1985—1988年,在青海湖黑马河地区以耳标法对高原鼠兔的繁殖生态进行了研究。在繁殖群体中主要是来自上年出生的第1、2胎的鼠兔(82.85％),第3胎和老体占少数。成年雌鼠兔100％参加繁殖,通常年产3胎,有的年份可产4胎或5胎。产仔数1—8只(平均为4.52±0.12),1只雌鼠兔终生可产2—29只。妊娠期为22.2±0.13天。洞内哺乳期为11.65±0.01天。有的年份当年出生的少数雌鼠兔到36.8+3.05日龄可达到性成熟并参加繁殖,生1—2胎。雄鼠兔性成熟较晚。     

The reproductive productivity of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in southern England on sites with different soils

Rabbit numbers are rising in most parts of Britain. Previous research in southern England has indicated that the rate of increase in spring due to breeding may vary according to soil type. This has serious implications for the likely rate of invasion into new habitats and for planning control operations. To investigate the hypothesis, post-mortem examinations of over 2500 rabbits from 14 sites on sand, chalk or clay were made. The length of the breeding season and percentage of females breeding differed significantly between soil types but litter size and intra-uterine mortality did not. The product of breeding season length and litter size results in an estimate of annual productivity per adult female. This was 22, 20, and 14 young born per female on clay, chalk, and sandy sites, respectively. Rabbits may invade new habitats, such as set-aside, at different rates according to soil type and therefore require different levels of control regime for population management.     

贵州地区黑线姬鼠种群繁殖特征

黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)是贵州地区分布广泛的主要农田害鼠之一,掌握其种群繁殖特征可为种群动态的预测预报提供基础资料。1984~2014年间,采用夹夜法逐月调查了贵州省余庆县8个县(市)监测点黑线姬鼠种群动态数据,分析了其种群性比、雌鼠怀孕率和平均胎仔数、雄鼠睾丸下降率等主要繁殖生物学指标及其地理差异和季节性变动规律,明确了贵州地区黑线姬鼠种群的繁殖特征。共捕获黑线姬鼠20 113只,不同地区种群间,除平均胎仔数有显著差异外(χ~2=36.503,df=7,P0.01),其他繁殖特征值均没有差异。从时间序列看,种群中雌鼠怀孕率和雄鼠睾丸下降率的季节性变化均表现为春季(4~5月)及夏末秋初(8~9月)达到高峰的双峰型。雌鼠产仔数一般2~10只,4~7只最为常见(占93.87%)。不同季节平均胎仔数差异不大。贵州地区黑线姬鼠繁殖的总体特点为全年繁殖,春秋两季为繁殖的高峰期,冬季(12月份和翌年1、2月份)繁殖强度明显低于其他季节(F_(11,84)=61.92,P0.01),但种群密度表现为6月达到最高点的单峰型特点。     

Diet and breeding performance in cats

A conventional cat breeding colony with 70 queens (female cats) was studied during a 4 year period 1979-1982. During that time the fat content in the diet was increased from 15% to 27% of dry matter. An increase in the number of kittens per litter (from 4.5 to 5.5) and in the annual number of litters per queen (from 1.4 to 2.3) was found. In addition, the mortality decreased from over 20% to 9%. Bodyweight gain under the new diet was such that the males reached 2500 g in 4 months while the females showed this same weight at 5 months of age. Litter size and sex distribution as a function of queen age, litter interval and time of year are presented. It is concluded that husbandry and diet are factors which are of great importance in a cat breeding unit. It is shown that under our conditions it is possible to breed conventional cats with good results.     

Selection against large size in the Sand Martin Riparia riparia during a dramatic population crash

In 1984 breeding Sand Martins declined to 27% of their 1983 numbers at a large colony in Scotland. A population crash of similar magnitude occurred over much of central Scotland and over Britain as a whole. The decline in numbers was probably attributable to severe drought conditions experienced overwinter in the Sahel zone of Africa. There was a significant reduction in the mean keel-length of Sand Martins captured at the main study colony in 1984 compared with individuals measured in both 1982 and 1983, suggesting that selection for small body-size had occurred during the period of high overwinter mortality.