新西兰鸟类入侵成功的有关因素

了解外来入侵物种（alien invasive species,AIS)的生物学涉及纯生物学及应用生物学的问题,但是靠预先设计的实验来加深人们的了解显然是不可能的,然而我们可以研究现有的入侵,这也是一个很好的途径,本文利用新西兰历史上的一些记录,探讨了物种在新环境中成功定居的因素,令人惊奇的是,物种间的生物学差异对成功的定居几乎没有什么作用,相反,真正起作用的是一个物种被引入新环境的频率及数量。     

生物入侵机制研究进展

本文从外来种本身的生物学特性,外来种与新栖息地土著种之间的相互作用,群落生物多样性对入侵种的抵抗能力,新栖息地生态环境变化对入侵种的影响等方面综述了近年来有关生物入侵机制的研究进展,并探讨了研究方法的发展和亟待解决的问题,大量的研究表明生物入侵机制是极为多样的,可能没有一般的,通用的机制,阐明生物入侵的机制,对推动生态学理论的发展和控制有害外来种有重要意义。     

互花米草入侵对鸟类的生态影响

生物入侵威胁本地物种生存,破坏生态系统的结构和功能,是导致全球生物多样性丧失的重要原因之一。外来植物是入侵生物中的重要一类,可以显著改变本地植被群落,并影响其他生物类群。鸟类作为生态系统中的较高营养级,对由入侵植物引起的栖息地变化十分敏感。互花米草自引入中国沿海以来,其分布区域不断扩散,多数研究认为互花米草入侵造成本地生物多样性降低和生态系统退化。系统梳理了互花米草入侵对鸟类栖息地、食物资源、繁殖、群落等方面的生态影响。主要负面影响有:(1)植被群落结构不利于鸟类栖息、筑巢、觅食;(2)鸟类食物资源丰度和多样性下降;(3)本地鸟类种群数量和物种多样性显著下降。在我国东部沿海湿地,互花米草入侵已经显著改变了植被与鸟类分布格局。但随着入侵历史的增长,少数小型雀形目鸟类却可以逐渐适应互花米草生境。互花米草入侵为某些非本地鸟类提供了空白生态位,在一定程度上丰富了本地物种多样性,对互花米草的快速清除反而可能不利于已适应并依赖互花米草生境的鸟类。综上,认为互花米草入侵对鸟类群落甚至整个生态系统的影响可能需要更多研究进行综合评价,应开展长期、大尺度、多因子的监测研究和多物种比较研究,建立生态评价模型并制定科学有效的互花米草管理对策。     

全球气候变化与生物入侵

近年来,人们能越来越明显地感受到全球气候的变化,例如气温升高、降水量增加和极端气候事件增多等。而生物入侵由于对生物多样性和经济造成了巨大影响,也逐渐受到研究人员和各国政府的重视。全球气候变化因素众多,不可避免地影响到了生物入侵进程和成功率,而大规模生物入侵对森林和海滨生态系统的破坏反过来也将对全球气候造成影响。本文探讨了全球气候变化与生物入侵的关系,以及造成这些关系的相关机理。     

生物入侵及其影响

生物入侵是物种进入其在进化史上未分布过的地域而且能在该地繁衍.生物入侵是一种十分普遍的现象.生物入侵的影响大,危害严重.生物入侵的影响有:①对生物个体的影响;②对遗传的影响; ③对种群动态的影响;④对群落的影响;⑤对生态系统进程的影响.不同的生物入侵造成的影响不一样,应该有区别地分析.     

生物入侵

生物入侵造成的经济损失、对人类健康的影响、对生态和环境的破坏,使之成为全球共同关注的问题。生物入侵是由引入、定居、建群、扩散和爆发组成的复杂链式过程,人类行为起着重要作用。生物入侵的相关理论研究滞后,争议多于结论。目前主要根据成功入侵的个案研究入侵过程的动态规律和调控机制,建立并完善生物入侵预警系统,从而摆脱被动应付生物入侵的局面。     

风电场对盐城珍禽国家自然保护区鸟类的影响

利用保护区历年鸟类监测数据,以及短期野外实地调查数据,结合保护区生态环境特点,研究了风电场建设对盐城珍禽国家自然保护区鸟类的影响。结果表明:风电场建立通过占用鸟类栖息地而间接影响风电场周围鸟类的栖息和觅食,但总体来说,其影响较小;风机转速较慢及保护区鸟类飞行高度均高于风机高度,风机与鸟类的碰撞风险较低;为了保护鸟类的安全及保障其正常生存,需要采取合理布局风电场、建立鸟类观测站、协调区域滩涂及邻近地区的开发建设等措施。     

生物入侵的进化生物学

生物入侵(Biological invasion) 是指一种生物在人类活动的影响下,从原产地进入到一个新的栖息地,并通过定居(Colonizing) 、建群( Establishing) 和扩散(Diffusing) 而逐渐占领该栖息地,从而对当地土著生物和生态系统造成负面影响的一种生态现象。       

鹭科鸟类群落的空间生态和种间关系

本文应用空间生态位理论,分析了浙江汰公山常绿落叶针阔混交林鹭类繁殖季节的群落结构。鹭类群落由池鹭Ａｒｄｅｏｌａ ｂｃｃｈｕｓ、白鹭Ｅｇｒｅｔｔａ ｇａｒｚｅｔｔａ、夜鹭Ｎｙｃｔｉｃｏｒａｘ ｎｙｃｔｉｃｏｒａｘ、牛背Ｂｕｂｕｌｃｕｓ ｉｂｉｓ组成。根据鹭类的水平分布、垂直分布、栖位分布的生态位宽度值,采用Ｓｃｈｏｅｎｅｒ（１９６８）生态位重叠,Ｃｏｄｙ（１９７４）“总和α”的方法制作了落落矩陈表和     

浅谈生物入侵的条件及其两面性

外来入侵生物日益影响着生态系统和人类的生存环境,引起人们的广泛关注。生物入侵的条件是适应性强、繁殖力强、缺少天敌且入侵地的生态系统比较脆弱。生物入侵虽然在一定程度上给人类带来许多不利因素,增加了不必要的劳力和财力,但在获得当地生态系统的"包容"后,又能产生一定的生物学和经济学价值。在避害除弊的同时,合理管理和利用入侵外来生物,可减少其危害程度,增加可用性。基于现状/危害评估的应对机制和基于国情/地区实情的应对机制,可以采取生物入侵综合控制与管理的措施。     

Allee effects in biological invasions

Understanding the dynamics of small populations is obviously important for declining or rare species but is also particularly important for invading species. The Allee effect, where fitness is reduced when conspecific density is low, can dramatically affect the dynamics of biological invasions. Here, we summarize the literature of Allee effects in biological invasions, revealing an extensive theory of the consequences of the Allee effect in invading species and some empirical support for the theory. Allee effects cause longer lag times, slower spread and decreased establishment likelihood of invasive species. Expected spatial ranges, distributions and patterns of species may be altered when an Allee effect is present. We examine how the theory can and has been used to detect Allee effects in invasive species and we discuss how the presence of an Allee effect and its successful or unsuccessful detection may affect management of invasives. The Allee effect has been shown to change optimal control decisions, costs of control and the estimation of the risk posed by potentially invasive species. Numerous ways in which the Allee effect can influence the efficacy of biological control are discussed.     

Exploiting Allee effects for managing biological invasions

Biological invasions are a global and increasing threat to the function and diversity of ecosystems. Allee effects (positive density dependence) have been shown to play an important role in the establishment and spread of non-native species. Although Allee effects can be considered a bane in conservation efforts, they can be a benefit in attempts to manage non-native species. Many biological invaders are subject to some form of an Allee effect, whether due to a need to locate mates, cooperatively feed or reproduce or avoid becoming a meal, yet attempts to highlight the specific exploitation of Allee effects in biological invasions are surprisingly unprecedented. In this review, we highlight current strategies that effectively exploit an Allee effect, and propose novel means by which Allee effects can be manipulated to the detriment of biological invaders. We also illustrate how the concept of Allee effects can be integral in risk assessments and in the prioritization of resources allocated to manage non-native species, as some species beset by strong Allee effects could be less successful as invaders. We describe how tactics that strengthen an existing Allee effect or create new ones could be used to manage biological invasions more effectively.     

Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon sequestration

There has been a rapidly developing literature on the effects of some of the major drivers of global change on carbon (C) sequestration, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂) enrichment, land use change, nitrogen (N) deposition and climate change. However, remarkably little attention has been given to one major global change driver, namely biological invasions. This is despite growing evidence that invasive species can dramatically alter a range of aboveground and belowground ecosystem processes, including those that affect C sequestration. In this review, we assess the evidence for the impacts of biological invaders on forest C stocks and C sequestration by biological invaders. We first present case studies that highlight a range of invader impacts on C sequestration in forest ecosystems, and draw on examples that involve invasive primary producers, decomposers, herbivores, plant pathogens, mutualists and predators. We then develop a conceptual framework for assessing the effects of invasive species on C sequestration impacts more generally, by identifying the features of biological invaders and invaded ecosystems that are thought to most strongly regulate C in forests. Finally we assess the implications of managing invasive species on C sequestration. An important principle that emerges from this review is that the direct effects of invaders on forest C are often smaller and shorter‐term than their indirect effects caused by altered nutrient availability, primary productivity or species composition, all of which regulate long‐term C pools and fluxes. This review provides a conceptual basis for improving our general understanding of biological invaders on ecosystem C, but also points to a paucity of primary data that are needed to determine the quantitative effects of invaders on ecosystem processes that drive C sequestration.     

An evolutionary perspective of biological invasions

The workshop on the Evolutionary Perspective of Biological Invasions in Terrestrial Ecosystems was held in Halle, Germany from 30 September to 3 October 2002.     

The evolutionary consequences of biological invasions

A major challenge of invasion biology is the development of a predictive framework that prevents new invasions. This is inherently difficult because different biological characteristics are important at the different stages of invasion: opportunity/transport, establishment and spread. Here, we draw from recent research on a variety of taxa to examine the evolutionary causes and consequences of biological invasions. The process of introduction may favour species with characteristics that promote success in highly disturbed, human-dominated landscapes, thus exerting novel forms of selection on introduced populations. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that multiple introductions can often be critical to the successful establishment and spread of introduced species, as they may be important sources of genetic variation necessary for adaptation in new environments or may permit the introduction of novel traits. Thus, not only should the introduction of new species be prevented, but substantial effort should also be directed to preventing the secondary introduction of previously established species (and even movement of individuals among introduced populations). Modern molecular techniques can take advantage of genetic changes postintroduction to determine the source of introduced populations and their vectors of spread, and to elucidate the mechanisms of success of some invasive species. Moreover, the growing availability of genomic tools will permit the identification of underlying genetic causes of invasive success.     

Different climatic envelopes among invasive populations may lead to underestimations of current and future biological invasions

Aim We explore the impact of calibrating ecological niche models (ENMs) using (1) native range (NR) data versus (2) entire range (ER) data (native and invasive) on projections of current and future distributions of three Hieracium species. Location H. aurantiacum, H. murorum and H. pilosella are native to Europe and invasive in Australia, New Zealand and North America. Methods Differences among the native and invasive realized climatic niches of each species were quantified. Eight ENMs in BIOMOD were calibrated with (1) NR and (2) ER data. Current European, North American and Australian distributions were projected. Future Australian distributions were modelled using four climate change scenarios for 2030. Results The invasive climatic niche of H. murorum is primarily a subset of that expressed in its native range. Invasive populations of H. aurantiacum and H. pilosella occupy different climatic niches to those realized in their native ranges. Furthermore, geographically separate invasive populations of these two species have distinct climatic niches. ENMs calibrated on the realized niche of native regions projected smaller distributions than models incorporating data from species’ entire ranges, and failed to correctly predict many known invasive populations. Under future climate scenarios, projected distributions decreased by similar percentages, regardless of the data used to calibrate ENMs; however, the overall sizes of projected distributions varied substantially. Main conclusions This study provides quantitative evidence that invasive populations of Hieracium species can occur in areas with different climatic conditions than experienced in their native ranges. For these, and similar species, calibration of ENMs based on NR data only will misrepresent their potential invasive distribution. These errors will propagate when estimating climate change impacts. Thus, incorporating data from species’ entire distributions may result in a more thorough assessment of current and future ranges, and provides a closer approximation of the elusive fundamental niche.     

Analysing ecological dynamics with relational event models: The case of biological invasions

Aims

Spatio-temporal processes play a key role in ecology, from genes to large-scale macroecological and biogeographical processes. Existing methods studying such spatio-temporally structured data either simplify the dynamic structure or the complex interactions of ecological drivers. The aim of this paper is to present a generic method for ecological research that allows analysing spatio-temporal patterns of biological processes at large spatial scales by including the time-varying variables that drive these dynamics.

Location

Global analysis at the level of 272 regions.

Methods

We introduce a method called relational event modelling (REM). REM relies on temporal interaction dynamics that encode sequences of relational events connecting a sender node to a recipient node at a specific point in time. We apply REM to the spread of alien species around the globe between 1880 and 2005, following accidental or deliberate introductions into geographical regions outside of their native range. In this context, a relational event represents the new occurrence of an alien species given its former distribution.

Results

The application of relational event models to the first reported invasions of 4835 established alien species outside of their native ranges from four major taxonomic groups enables us to unravel the main drivers of the dynamics of the spread of invasive alien species. Combining the alien species first records data with other spatio-temporal information enables us to discover which factors have been responsible for the spread of species across the globe. Besides the usual drivers of species invasions, such as trade, land use and climatic conditions, we also find evidence for species-interconnectedness in alien species spread.

Conclusions

Relational event models offer the capacity to account for the temporal sequences of ecological events such as biological invasions and to investigate how relationships between these events and potential drivers change over time.     

杂草生防作用物对本土生物群落的影响

传统生物防治是治理外来入侵杂草危害切实可行的有效策略和途径,近来对传统生物防治的批评主要集注于,引进的生防作用物攻击威胁本土非靶标生物。引进的生防作用物可能对本土非靶标生物产生直接和间接影响,这类影响通过不同营养级生物之间的取食关系,以及通过同一营养级内生物间的竞争关系,而影响本土非靶标生物群落。列举若干杂草生物防治案例对以上影响方式及其发生途径进行了评述。就防范杂草生防作用物对非靶标生物的负面影响,提出了以下对策:(i)把引进天敌防治外来入侵生物作为最后的有效手段;(ii)适当增加对非靶标生物潜在影响的生态学评估;(iii)选择寄主专一性强而且能有效控制靶标杂草的天敌;(iv)加强对杂草传统生物防治的生态学研究。