Incomplete protein disulphide bond conformation and decreased protein expression result from high cell growth during heterologous protein expression in Pichia pastoris

Previous report has shown that the expression of recombinant human consensus interferon-α mutant (cIFN) in Pichia pastoris in bioreactor is limited with respect to the incorrectly folded cIFN with incomplete disulfide bond, which lead to the degradation and aggregation of cIFN. In this study, the origin of incorrectly folded cIFN is firstly studied. Fed-batch fermentation in bioreactor shows that the incorrectly folded cIFN is formed intramolecularly and secreted to the extracellular environment. Further chemostat cultures indicate that the specific growth rate is the critical factor for the production of incorrect cIFN. In addition, cell shows reduced expression level of cIFN at high specific growth rate. We also demonstrate that the incorrectly folded cIFN could form aggregates intracellularly and these aggregates are non-covalent forms. Taken together, these results suggest that the efficient heterologous expression of cIFN is limited by high cell growth that is unique from expression limitations seen for soluble proteins. A balance has to be found between the increase for high efficient expression of heterologous proteins and requirement of the high cell growth during the expression of recombinant proteins in P. pastoris.     

Multiple gene copy number enhances insulin precursor secretion in the yeast Pichia pastoris

We have found a direct relationship between protein production in Pichia pastoris and the number of introduced synthetic genes of miniproinsulin (MPI), fused to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pre-pro alpha factor used as secretion signal, and inserted between the alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter and terminator sequences. Two consecutive approaches were followed to increase the number of integrated cassettes: the head-to-tail expression cassette multimerization procedure and re-transformation with a dominant selection marker. This increased expression from 19 to 250 mg l^–1 when about 11 copies have been integrated. Further, the correct position of one of the disulphide bridges of the purified molecule was verified by digestion with Glu-C endoprotease, followed by mass spectrometry of the isolated fragments.     

重组人kallistatin蛋白在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及生物活性分析

为了研究kallistatin(Kal)的生物活性,本实验构建了可分泌表达Kal的毕赤酵母菌株。首先通过PCR方法从pAAV-Kal中扩增出KalcDNA,并克隆至酵母表达载体pPIC9,得到甲醇酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9-Kal,然后将载体线性化并电击转化毕赤酵母GS115(his4),通过MD平板筛选出阳性表达菌株。阳性表达菌株在BMMY培养基(pH7.0)中29℃培养,经2%甲醇诱导表达96h,摇瓶表达量可达14mg/L。表达上清经PhenylSuperose、Heparin SepharoseFF分离纯化,目的蛋白纯度达到98%,分子量为58kDa。生物活性实验显示,所得到的Kal蛋白具有较好的抗氧化活性,过氧化物酶活性达到(163±4)U/(mg·min),可有效降低H2O2对LX-2细胞的氧化损伤。另外,重组产生的Kal还能抑制HUVEC细胞的增殖。本研究首次成功地利用毕赤酵母表达系统分泌表达了有生物活性的Kal,为继续开展其抗肿瘤活性奠定了基础。     

影响外源基因在巴氏毕赤酵母中表达的因素

要在一种宿主表达系统中成功表达外源蛋白并获得较高产量,必须要较为全面地了解影响其表达的许多因素。影响外源基因在巴氏毕赤酵母中表达的因素主要包括：外源基因的特性、表达框的染色体整合位点和方式、宿主菌的甲醇利用表型、基因剂量、分泌信号、产物稳定性和翻译后修饰等。本文就这些因素进行分析,并提出一定的对策和建议。     

Antibody expression kinetics in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris

Growth of the antibody market has fueled the development of alternative expression systems such as glycoengineered yeast. Although intact antibody expression levels in excess of 1 g L^?1 have been demonstrated in glycoengineered yeast, this is still significantly below the titers reported for antibody fragments in fungal expression systems. This study presents a simplified approach to estimate antibody secretion kinetics and oxygen uptake rate requirements as a function of growth‐rate controlled by a limiting methanol feed rate in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. The yield of biomass from methanol and the specific oxygen requirements predicted in this study compare well with values reported in the literature for wild‐type P. pastoris, indicating the intrinsic nature of these yields independent of glycoengineering or the heterologous protein expressed. Specific productivity was found to be a non‐linear function of specific growth rate. Based on comparison with relationships between specific growth rate and specific productivity reported in the literature this correlation seems empirical in nature and cannot be established a priori. These correlations were then used in a simple mass balance based model to predict the cultivation performance of carbon limited cultivations under oxygen transfer limited conditions to indicate the usefulness of this approach to predict large scale performance and aid in process development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 918–927. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

太平洋牡蛎防御素在毕赤酵母中的重组表达及其抑菌活性

防御素是一类富含精氨酸和半胱氨酸的内源性阳离子抗菌肽,是软体动物抵御各种病原微生物侵染的重要免疫因子。太平洋牡蛎防御素(Crassostrea gigas defensin,CgD)近羧基端的43个氨基酸残基构成了其成熟肽区域,决定了CgD的生物学活性。首先通过逆转录PCR和设计特异性引物从太平洋牡蛎外套膜中分离并扩增到3?端添加和不添加6×His标签的两种目的基因CgDH~+和CgDH–;与pPICZαA连接后构建的重组表达载体(pPICZαA-CgDH~+和pPICZαA-CgDH–)电转至毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris X-33中,使用1.0%甲醇诱导表达目的蛋白CgDH~+和CgDH–,最适培养条件为29℃、250 r/min、72 h;通过固化金属离子亲和层析(IMAC)获得分子量为5.78 kDa的纯化的重组蛋白CgDH~+,根据其蛋白质浓度推算表达量为2.32 mg/L。经MALDI-TOF-TOF质谱分析证明纯化产物即为预期的目的蛋白。抑菌试验结果显示分别含重组蛋白CgDH~+和重组蛋白CgDH–的培养液上清对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus和铜绿假单孢菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa都具有抑菌活性,表明重组蛋白中6×His标签的存在与否并不影响其生物学活性。     

Heterologous expression of the plant cysteine protease bromelain and its inhibitor in Pichia pastoris

Expression of proteases in heterologous hosts remains an ambitious challenge due to severe problems associated with digestion of host proteins. On the other hand, proteases are broadly used in industrial applications and resemble promising drug candidates. Bromelain is an herbal drug that is medicinally used for treatment of oedematous swellings and inflammatory conditions and consists in large part of proteolytic enzymes. Even though various experiments underline the requirement of active cysteine proteases for biological activity, so far no investigation succeeded to clearly clarify the pharmacological mode of action of bromelain. The potential role of proteases themselves and other molecules of this multi‐component extract currently remain largely unknown or ill defined. Here, we set out to express several bromelain cysteine proteases as well as a bromelain inhibitor molecule in order to gain defined molecular entities for subsequent studies. After cloning the genes from its natural source Ananas comosus (pineapple plant) into Pichia pastoris and subsequent fermentation and purification, we obtained active protease and inhibitor molecules which were subsequently biochemically characterized. Employing purified bromelain fractions paves the way for further elucidation of pharmacological activities of this natural product. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:54–65, 2017     

桦褐孔菌膜二肽酶在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

本研究利用巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris蛋白表达体系表达了药用担子菌桦褐孔菌的一个二肽酶基因。该二肽酶基因编码区全长1814bp,包含6个内含子,编码465个氨基酸。生物信息学分析发现,二肽酶基因编码的蛋白中不含信号肽序列,但在第55–77位氨基酸之间存在一个跨膜结构。将含跨膜结构和去跨膜结构蛋白的cDNA序列分别克隆到酵母分泌型表达载体pPICZαA上,电转化至巴斯德毕赤酵母X-33中,用1%(V/V)甲醇诱导重组菌株表达目标蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测表达蛋白。结果显示,巴斯德毕赤酵母可表达含跨膜结构的完整基因,但目标蛋白不能分泌到胞外,存在于破碎细胞的沉淀中,且没有催化活性;而去跨膜结构的蛋白则可分泌表达到胞外,并具有催化活性。Ni-NTA纯化去跨膜结构的桦褐孔菌二肽酶浓度可达0.12mg/mL,并发现其在pH 7.3、反应温度50℃、反应时间2h的条件下,以Gly-Gly为底物时,其比活为433U/mg。同时检测到其对Ile-Leu、Trp-Trp和Phe-Phe具有较高的水解活性。     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶毕赤酵母表达载体的构建及其表达

目的构建毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9-ZEN-jjm,筛选高效分泌表达活性目的蛋白的菌株。方法克隆ZEN-jjm基因,经EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切连接至pPIC9中,电转化至毕赤酵母GS115。利用RDB培养基和甲醇诱导表达进行筛选。HPLC检测表达蛋白降解玉米赤霉烯酮的活性。结果测序表明ZEN-jjm成功插入pPIC9中,SDS-PAGE表明获得1株高效表达目的蛋白的重组酵母,其分子量约29 kDa。HPLC表明其能有效地降解玉米赤霉烯酮。结论玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶在毕赤酵母中获得了高效分泌表达。     

Enzymatic characterization of an extracellular glucoamylase from Tricholoma matsutake and its cloning and secretory expression in Pichia pastoris

ABSTRACT

A glucoamylase from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake (TmGLA) was purified 33.2-fold to homogeneity as a single monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 63.9 kDa. Maximum activity was observed at 60°C and pH 5.0. The enzyme is active down to 50°C and in the pH range of 4.0–6.0, and its activity is strongly inhibited by Ag⁺. It degrades α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in various polysaccharides. Its gene (TmGlu1) was cloned using information from the enzyme’s internal amino acid sequences and the whole genome sequence of T. matsutake NBRC 30605. The deduced amino acid sequence showed clear homology with those of GH family 15 proteins. Pichia pastoris transformed with TmGlu1 secreted the active enzyme in a glycosylated form, and its characteristics were the same as the native enzyme.     

人Tumstatin在毕赤酵母中的表达和活性分析

利用PCR技术从重组质粒pET-3c-tum中扩增人tumstatin的cDNA片段,连入pPICZαA酵母表达载体,获得的重组质粒pPICZα-tum电激法转化毕赤酵母GS115。经表型鉴定、诱导表达筛选,得到可分泌表达人tumstatin的重组酵母转化子,表达蛋白质的相对分子量约30kD,表达量约25mg/L。表达上清经超滤浓缩和离子交换法初步纯化,所得产物具有免疫活性,能够抑制内皮细胞增殖,诱导其发生细胞凋亡,并能抑制鸡胚尿囊膜血管生成。     

利用游离型表达质粒强化毕赤酵母表达木聚糖酶

巴斯德毕赤酵母是用途广泛的蛋白表达系统。目前用于毕赤酵母的质粒主要以整合型质粒为主,很少见到游离的质粒用于外源基因的表达。文中通过将来源于酵母自身的自主复制序列连接到酵母整合型表达载体pGAP中构成自主复制的游离型表达载体pGAPZαA-PARS,将该载体用于表达木聚糖酶基因。转化毕赤酵母后同传统的整合型表达菌株相比,以甘油为碳源时最高酶活达到343 U/mL,比整合型表达提高了45.9%。同时游离载体表达重组酶比活相对整合表达提高了81.2%。为了节约发酵成本,进一步研究了分别以甘油、葡萄糖、蔗糖、混合碳源(蔗糖︰甘油=1︰2)等不同碳源下游离型重组菌株的表达水平。发现甘油表达水平最高,蔗糖最低,但是以工业葡萄糖为碳源时产酶成本最低。由于pGAP载体不需要以甲醇为碳源,因而文中所构建的游离载体pGAPZαA-PARS极大促进了毕赤酵母在食品行业中的应用。同时,游离型载体可大幅度提高表达水平,为进一步研究提高GAP启动子的高效表达奠定了基础。     

Optimisation of the expression of a Trametes versicolor laccase gene in Pichia pastoris

A cDNA encoding a laccase enzyme was isolated from a Trametes versicolor cDNA library. The gene was subcloned into the Pichia pastoris expression vector pPIC3.5 and transformed into the P. pastoris strains KM71 and GS115. Laccase-secreting transformants were selected by their ability to oxidise the substrate ABTS. No difference in laccase activity was observed between culture supernatants from GS115 (proteolytic) and KM71 (nonproteolytic) strains. The presence of at least 200 μM copper was necessary for optimal laccase activity in the culture supernatants. During growth of P. pastoris on minimal medium the pH of the medium was reduced to <3.0. If alanine was added to the medium the pH reduction was not as pronounced and at alanine concentrations >0.6% w/v the pH was kept constant for >7 days. Cultures in which the pH was maintained by alanine metabolism produced higher levels of laccase activity than those grown in the absence of alanine. This study describes the development of a medium that allows convenient pH control of P. pastoris without the need for continuous neutralisation. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 29, 55–59 doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000268 Received 08 August 2001/ Accepted in revised form 18 April 2002     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶多拷贝毕赤酵母菌株的构建及高效表达

通过密码子优化、体外多拷贝构建实现玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)降解酶基因(zlhy-6)在毕赤酵母GS115菌株中的高效表达。按酵母密码子偏好性优化zlhy-6基因的密码子,与α因子信号肽编码序列一起合成,插入到pAO815质粒中,通过酶切酶连构建含1–6个表达盒的表达质粒,将其转入毕赤酵母GS115菌中,获得ZEN降解酶重组菌株。重组蛋白分子量为28.9 kDa,与预期一致。重组菌用甲醇诱导3 d,蛋白浓度达最高,之后下降;在pH 5.0、4.5条件下诱导培养,表达量最高;每天添加0.8%的甲醇、接种量10%表达水平最高;4拷贝的转化子表达水平最高,三角瓶发酵3 d,酶活性达到10 U/mL。在1 g玉米渣中添加0.1–0.5 mL发酵上清液,水解24 h,玉米渣中ZEN的降解率为44.08%–75.51%。研究结果为ZEN降解酶工业生产及在食品饲料中的应用奠定了基础。     

Constitutive expression of human pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 in Pichia pastoris

High-level constitutive expression of the human pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (HPLRP1) was achieved using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The HPLRP1 cDNA, including its original leader sequence, was subcloned into the pGAPZB vector and further integrated into the genome of P. pastoris X-33 under the control of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) constitutive promoter. A major protein with a molecular mass of 50 kDa was found to be secreted into the culture medium and was identified using anti-HPLRP1 polyclonal antibodies as HPLRP1 recombinant protein. The level of expression reached 100-120 mg of HPLRP1 per liter of culture medium after 40 h, as attested by specific and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A single cation-exchange chromatography sufficed to obtain a highly purified recombinant HPLRP1 after direct batch adsorption onto S-Sepharose of the HPLRP1 present in the culture medium, at pH 5.5. N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis were carried out to monitor the production of the mature protein and to confirm that its signal peptide was properly processed.     

aiiA基因表达载体的构建及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

构建携带N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶基因(aiiA)的重组毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC3.5K-aiiA,采用电转化方法转入毕赤酵母GS115,经营养缺陷型培养基、表型鉴定和高G418浓度筛选获得高拷贝表达盒的酵母转化子,用0.5%甲醇诱导表达,RT-PCR鉴定可检测到重组酵母中编码目的基因成熟肽的mRNA,SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明,aiiA基因在毕赤酵母中成功表达,用指示菌紫色杆菌CV026检测发现目的蛋白具有降解N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯的活性。     

人血管内皮细胞生长抑制因子在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

血管内皮细胞生长抑制因子抑制肿瘤部位新生血管的形成,切断肿瘤细胞营养供应及废物排泄通道,抑制肿瘤细胞恶性增殖。将编码成熟的人血管内皮细胞生长抑制因子基因克隆到表达载体pPICZα中,电转化P.pastorisGS115菌株,抗生素ZeocinTM浓度梯度筛选高抗性转化子,PCR筛选阳性重组菌株。经表型鉴定后,用甲醇进行诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western印迹杂交结果证实了表达产物为重组人血管内皮细胞生长抑制因子-his6融合蛋白,表达量约为5mg/L。经细胞毒性试验测定,表达产物对人脐静脉内皮细胞HUVEC增殖具有较明显的抑制作用。     

Heterologous protein expression in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

During the past 15 years, the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris has developed into a highly successful system for the production of a variety of heterologous proteins. The increasing popularity of this particular expression system can be attributed to several factors, most importantly: (1) the simplicity of techniques needed for the molecular genetic manipulation of P. pastoris and their similarity to those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the most well-characterized experimental systems in modern biology; (2) the ability of P. pastoris to produce foreign proteins at high levels, either intracellularly or extracellularly; (3) the capability of performing many eukaryotic post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, disulfide bond formation and proteolytic processing; and (4) the availability of the expression system as a commercially available kit. In this paper, we review the P. pastoris expression system: how it was developed, how it works, and what proteins have been produced. We also describe new promoters and auxotrophic marker/host strain combinations which extend the usefulness of the system.