Phenylketonuria—Experience at One Center in the First Year of Screening in California

One year''s experience with phenylketonuria during the calendar year 1966, the first year for compulsory newborn screening in California, was reviewed. The over-all prevalence rate from reported cases in California during this period was one case per 19,500 persons tested. Fifty-seven persons suspected of having pku were evaluated, and 25 of them were determined to be phenylketonuric. Eleven of the 25 were infants in whom the abnormality was detected through the newborn screening program or because it was detected in a sibling through a screening program. All the newborn phenylketonuric patients were developing normally at the time of last report (although the follow-up periods were short).In nine of the other children, pku was detected because they were retarded. Five retarded children who were diagnosed as phenylketonuric at another clinic were given dietary assistance.Five additional infants had elevated serum phenylalanines but did not have the classic biochemical findings of pku and are being evaluated further. Nine infants with positive screening tests exhibited biochemical and clinical findings consistent with transient tyrosinemia. Eighteen other children were evaluated and found to have no metabolic abnormality.The newborn screening program for pku is of decided benefit in early identification of a group of infants who have a high rate of potentially serious metabolic disease. Early identification permits treatment soon enough to prevent mental retardation. Newly identified patients should be evaluated in a medical setting capable of careful pediatric, biochemical and nutritional surveillance.     

THE SHORT-DOYLE ACT—California Community Mental Health Services Program: Background and Status After One Year

The Short-Doyle Act seeks to encourage the treatment of a patient suffering from a psychiatric disorder in his home community, with the assistance of local medical resources. One corollary of this program is the closer working together of the psychiatrist and the rest of the medical profession.A second goal of the act is the application of the public health principles to mental illnesses and mental retardation. Educational and consultative services provide implementation of these principles.     

One Health——应对新发传染病的新理念

近几十年来,多种新发和再发传染病在世界各地不断造成暴发流行,其中超过75%为人兽共患病,对人类和动物健康均造成威胁,同时食源性人兽共患病还引起多种食品安全问题。随着全球范围的交流越来越频繁,这些传染病的传播速度逐渐加快,传播范围也逐渐扩大,传统单一的控制策略已无法对其进行有效防控。在此背景下,One Health理念逐渐形成。该理念倡导使用多学科交流、多部门协作及跨地域合作的策略来控制传染病,已在多个国家和地区成功应用。本文就One Health理念在国内外的发展及应用实例进行简要概述。     

Mixing Languages during Learning? Testing the One Subject—One Language Rule

In bilingual communities, mixing languages is avoided in formal schooling: even if two languages are used on a daily basis for teaching, only one language is used to teach each given academic subject. This tenet known as the one subject-one language rule avoids mixing languages in formal schooling because it may hinder learning. The aim of this study was to test the scientific ground of this assumption by investigating the consequences of acquiring new concepts using a method in which two languages are mixed as compared to a purely monolingual method. Native balanced bilingual speakers of Basque and Spanish—adults (Experiment 1) and children (Experiment 2)—learnt new concepts by associating two different features to novel objects. Half of the participants completed the learning process in a multilingual context (one feature was described in Basque and the other one in Spanish); while the other half completed the learning phase in a purely monolingual context (both features were described in Spanish). Different measures of learning were taken, as well as direct and indirect indicators of concept consolidation. We found no evidence in favor of the non-mixing method when comparing the results of two groups in either experiment, and thus failed to give scientific support for the educational premise of the one subject—one language rule.     

PR—蛋白与高等植物的诱导抗性

一某些过敏性寄主植物在感染病毒或其它病原物后,以牺牲局部叶片(在接种叶片上形成局部枯斑或坏死)而使全侏免遭罹难,当相关性或非相关性病原物再次侵染时,植株即表面出抗性。这种抗性不同于植物本身所固有的先天抗性,由于它是在受病原物侵染(或化学药物处理)后诱导产生的,故称之为诱导抗性(或获得抗性)。诱导抗性的共同特征是作用的非持异性,即由病毒诱导的抗性不仅可以抵抗非相关病毒的侵染,还可以抵抗