在生长、功能和萎退各期’大鼠乳腺形态学的观察

近年来有关乳腺的实验研究,大部分集中在乳腺生理和病理两个方面。前者主要是探讨乳腺发育和乳汁分泌的机制,后者以乳腺瘤肿问题的研究为重心。无论工作目的是在于那一方面,乳腺组织学的研究,都是有着重要意义的。关于实验动物乳腺的组织学,前人已经作了不少工作。在大鼠乳腺方面,Myers(1916—1919)的工作是比较早的,他观察的材料是     

催乳素对大鼠前列腺细胞合成酸性磷酸酶的作用及其机制的研究

本文利用无血清培养的末成年大鼠前列腺上皮细胞模型研究了催乳素(PRL)和性激素对前列腺细胞分泌前列腺特异的酸性磷酸酶(PAP)功能的作用,并对其作用途径进行了探讨。结果表明:PRL 显著促进前列腺细胞PAP的合成和分泌,但与双氢睾酮(DHT)或雌二醇(E_2)无协同作用,单独的DHT 或E_2对PAP 的合成和分泌也无显著作用。在PRL 的作用过程中,腺苷酸环化酶未活化;PRL 和前列腺素E_2或F_(2α)有协同作用,消炎痛能阻断PRL 的作用。综合实验结果,本实验证明了PRL 对前列腺细胞的分泌功能有直接的刺激作用,在PRL 的作用过程中,可能有前列腺素的参与。     

高温酸性磷酸酶acp基因的克隆、表达和功能的初步鉴定

从高温塘泥(温度在40～85℃之间)中分离到一组嗜热微生物,提取环境基因组DNA,通过随机测序,发现许多基因与Thermus属的DNA相似性很高,根据Genbank上Thermus thermophilusHB8基因组序列中推定的酸性磷酸酶基因(TTHA1616),设计引物,PCR扩增得到一段798bp的DNA序列,测序结果与Thermus thermophilusHB8基因组中酸性磷酸酶基因相似性达98%,含有完整的酸性磷酸酶保守区,于是将该基因在大肠杆菌中表达,得到一条约33KD的特异蛋白条带,酶活检测证实该推定蛋白具有酸性磷酸酶活力。     

吗啡对备用根大鼠脊髓Ⅱ板层背根终未的影响——抗氟化物酸性磷酸酶组化定量研究

应用酶组化方法和图象分析探讨脊髓Ⅱ板层无髓传入纤维终末标记物——抗氟化物酸性磷酸酶(fluoride-resistant acid phoshatase,FRAP)活性的变化,从而了解吗啡对备用根大鼠的侧支出芽有无促进作用。结果显示:备用根大鼠手术侧L_3、L_4和L_5节段Ⅱ板层FRAP阳性反应物面积因切除了大部分腰段背根于17天时下降到最低水平,于34天时L_3平面开始回升,即其阳性面积比17天时增大5倍多。吗啡备用根大鼠17天时其术侧Ⅱ板层阳性反应物面积也降到最低水平,唯L_3Ⅱ板层的阳性面积比17天备用根者大4倍,表明17天时阳性面积已开始回升;而到34天时术侧L_4Ⅱ板层阳性面积比17天时增大75％,比34天备用根大鼠增大一倍。表明吗啡促进了背根无髓纤维的侧支出芽,而出芽的纤维更快地分布到L_4节段,稍后也分布到L_4节段Ⅱ板层。     

新生大鼠窦房结组织、培养细胞的glycogen,LDH和SDH定量形态学研究

本实验采用窦房结细胞纯化培养、ＰＡＳ、Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ和Ｐｒｅｓｔｏｎ反应以及图像分析等方法,研究了新生ＳＤ大鼠窦房结细胞的糖原（ｇｌｙｃｏｇｅｎ）、琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）,和乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）的分布和含量。结果显示,在窦房结组织中的糖原（／）与心房中（／）、心室中（）含量近似;ＳＤＨ含量和活性（＋／）与心房中（＋／）几乎相等,但明显低于心室中（／）;ＬＤＨ的含量和活性（／）比心房中（／＋）的稍高,但明显高于心室中（＋／－）。图像分析结果是：培养窦房结细胞ＳＤＨ含量和活性显著低于心室肌细胞中的ＳＤＨ（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而ＬＤＨ含量和活性显著高于心室肌细胞中的ＬＤＨ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文还对ＳＤＨ、ＬＤＨ在窦房结的分布及生理作用进行了讨论。     

连续4次(每次间隔36h)部分肝切除对大鼠肝ACP、AKP、HSC70/HSP68和PCNA的影响

在分析了连续 3次 (每次间隔 4h)部分肝切除对肝细胞生化和增殖的影响后 ,本文又以连续 4次 (每次间隔 3 6h)部分肝切除 (shortintervalsuccessivepartialhepatectomy ,SISPH)大鼠为模型 ,分析了SISPH对肝脏酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)、碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、构成性热休克蛋白 70 /诱导性热休克蛋白 68(HSC70 /HSP68)和增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)活性和含量的影响。结果表明 ,第 1次切除肝的左外叶后恢复 3 6h ,ACP和AKP活性及HSC70 /HSP68和PCNA表达量均增加 ;第 2、 3、 4次分别切除左中叶和中叶、右叶、尾状叶 (每次间隔 3 6h)后 ,AP活性和PCNA含量与AKP活性和HSC70 /HSP68含量呈负相关性 ;间隔 3 6h的连续部分肝切除延缓了细胞分化时间。根据上述实验中ACP和AKP在细胞内位置和活性变化推测 :AKP和ACP可能共同参与了细胞的增殖启动 ;PCNA和AKP可能参与了DNA合成和细胞增殖 ;ACP和HSC70 /HSP68可能在蛋白质转运、选择性降解和细胞结构、功能重建中起重要作用。     

大豆黄酮促进妊娠大鼠乳腺发育和泌乳的实验研究

研究大豆黄酮（Ｄａ）对妊娠大鼠乳腺发育和泌乳的作用及其与神经内分泌的关系，结果表明；妊娠期口服大豆黄酮，能显著提高泌乳前期大鼠乳腺重量、ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ含量和ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ值，同时极显著地提高大鼠的泌乳量、血清ＧＨ和ＰＲＬ含量及乳腺胞浆雌二醇受体的数目和亲和力；相反．妊娠后期口服多巴胺激动剂溴隐亭，能显著降低泌乳前期乳腺重量、ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ含量及泌乳量，并显著降低血清ＧＨ和ＰＲＬ含量及乳腺雌二醇受体的数目和亲和力；但连续两周口服Ｄａ后再口服澳隐亭一周，溴隐亭的上述作用被阻断。结果提示：Ｄａ促进大鼠乳腺发育和泌乳的作用与其抑制或站抗多巴胺对垂体ＰＲＬ、ＧＨ分泌的抑制作用有关。     

STIMULATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS BY ISOPROTERENOL IN RAT SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND DURING POSTNATAL GROWTH

The post-natal growth of rat submandibular gland and the effect of isoproterenol on this process were studied. Between 2 and 42 days of age the DNA content of the gland increased linearly but the increase in RNA and protein content was more rapid after 29 days of age. The RNA: DNA and protein: DNA ratio increased linearly with age. The proliferative activity, measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, was maximum in the gland of 7-day-old rats. It declined steadily to a low level in 42-day-old rats. A single injection of isoproterenol had no effect on thymidine incorporation in 2-day-old rats. The drug, however, stimulated DNA synthesis in older animals and the degree of stimulation was inversely correlated with the proliferative activity in control rats. Small doses of isoproterenol given to rats for 4 days between 2 and 5 days of age produced a hypertrophy of the submandibular gland. The same treatment between 7 and 10 days of age caused both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gland. It is concluded that both the regulation of growth and the regulation of induced cell proliferation are a function of cellular differentiation and that cell proliferation can be induced only in cells that reached a certain degree of differentiation.     

INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN RAT LIVER CELLS

1. Cytochemical studies of the intracellular distribution of alkaline phosphatase in rat liver have been made, using a fractionation procedure recently developed in this laboratory (8) and a similar but modified method not described previously. Aqueous media were used in both cases. 2. The alkaline phosphatase was found to consist of two forms, one of which is strongly activated by magnesium and one of which is not sensitive to this metal. 3. The form of the enzyme that is not activated by magnesium occurs mainly in the nuclear fraction, where it seems to be rather firmly bound. Some of this form of the enzyme is also found in the microsomes, but very little if any occurs in the soluble supernatant fraction. 4. The form of alkaline phosphatase which is activated by magnesium occurs mainly in the soluble supernatant fraction, but what is believed are significant amounts also occur in nuclei. A significant portion of this form of the enzyme can be extracted from the isolated nuclei with cold, isotonic saline solution. Some activity of this form of the enzyme is also found in the microsomal fraction. 5. Mitochondria appear to contain relatively little alkaline phosphatase of either kind. 6. The concept of a porous nuclear membrane has been invoked to explain some of the results obtained in this work. It is postulated that part at least of the form of the enzyme that is activated by magnesium is free to diffuse back and forth through pores in the nuclear membrane, whereas this is considered not to be possible for the form of the enzyme that is insensitive to magnesium as a result of the firm binding of the latter to nuclear substance.     

妊娠小鼠子宫腺细胞区的碱性磷酸酶与酸性磷酸酶的研究

小鼠子宫系膜三角区在妊娠后出现上皮样细胞群,群内的细胞称颗粒子宫腺细胞(granu-lated metriial gland cells,GMG细胞),该区改称子宫腺细胞区(metriial gland cell area,MGCA).取孕12～19天MGCA,液氮速冻,恒冷箱切片,偶氮偶联法显示碱性磷酸酶(ALP)与酸性磷酸酶(ACP).结果为,ALP主要分布于GMG细胞群间的疏松结缔组织中;GMG细胞为阴性反应.ACP主要位于GMG细胞内,群间结缔组织含量较少.两种酶的活性随胎龄增加而减弱.ALP与ACP的定位与活性变化特性显示它们与GMG细胞功能关系密切.     

PROTEIN METABOLISM AND AMINO ACID ACCUMULATION IN THE RAT SUBMAXILLARY GLAND DURING REDUCED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY

Abstract— Unilateral sympathetic decentralization of the superior cervical ganglion of rats was performed 3 days prior to the experiments. A two-compartment kinetic model was proposed to describe the effect of decentralization on (1) the uptake of a nonphysiological amino acid from plasma to the submaxillary gland and (2) the incorporation of a physiological amino acid from precursor pool into protein. The calculations based on the model showed that the fractional rate constant for efflux of the nonphysiological amino acid, α-[3-¹⁴C] aminoisobutyric acid, was greater in the decentralized than in the normal gland. However, efflux rate was equal in the two glands because the extrapolated zero time value of the initial concentration was greater in the normal gland.
The labelled physiological amino acid, [¹⁴C]leucine, was used in initial experiments to assess turnover rate of the gland proteins but it was rapidly metabolized to many other radioactive compounds. Therefore, arginine[¹⁴C]guanido was employed-arginine being the only labelled amino acid found after injection. Since the steady state content of submaxillary gland proteins was not changed but the fractional rate constant of conversion of free arginine into protein (k_p) was greater in the decentralized gland (k_p= 0-40 h^_l) than in the normal (k_p= 0-27 h⁻¹), we can conclude that decentralization increases protein turnover rate; thus, assuming that arginine[¹⁴C]guanido is homogeneously distributed in the tissue pools of free arginine, the rate of protein turnover is greater in the sympathetically decentralized gland than in the normal.     

THE EFFECT OF ADVANCE IN LACTATION AND GESTATION ON MAMMARY ACTIVITY

The rate of milk secretion in farrow cows may be expressed as See PDF for Equation, in which y = yield and t = time from calving. Pregnancy causes a decrease in yield which may be expressed as See PDF for Equation, in which i = inhibition or decrease in yield and p = time from conception. The constant K appears to be the same for various groups but b is roughly proportional to a. The decrease in yield associated with pregnancy is interpreted as due to a hormone. The hormone hypothesis also affords an interpretation of the increasing rate of milk secretion which occurs for a short time following parturition.     

小麦受精过程中酸性磷酸酶的超微细胞化学定位

小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ ）受精前成熟胚囊,除胚囊中央细胞的合点端细胞质中有酸性磷酸酶外,其余部位均未发现酸性磷酸酶。受精时期,以下部位存在酸性磷酸酶活性：卵细胞的细胞核内一部分染色质和细胞质中大部分线粒体;精、卵核融合时两核的核周腔内;退化助细胞合点端细胞质和一些液泡内;进入雌性细胞中的两个精核;胚囊各成员细胞的细胞壁及胚囊周围珠心细胞的细胞壁。二细胞原胚中未见有酸性磷酸酶。早期胚乳游离核染色质上有酸性磷酸酶。小麦受精过程酸性磷酸酶的分布特点可能与卵细胞生理状态的变化和细胞质中线粒体的改组、助细胞的退化、精核的生理状态以及精核与卵核的核膜融合等有关。     

DIGESTION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE IN BLEPHARISMA

Suspensions of Blepharisma intermedium were fed latex particles for 5 min and then were separated from the particles by filtration. Samples were fixed at intervals after separation and incubated to demonstrate acid phosphatase activity. They were subsequently embedded and sectioned for electron microscopy. During formation of the food vacuole, the vacuolar membrane is acid phosphatase-negative. Within 5 min, dumbbell-shaped acid phosphatase-positive bodies, possibly derived from the the acid phosphatase-positive Golgi apparatus, apparently fuse with the food vacuole and render it acid phosphatase-positive. A larger type of acid phosphatase-positive, vacuolated body may also fuse with the food vacuole at later stages. At about 20 min after formation, acid phosphatase-positive secondary pinocytotic vesicles pinch off from the food vacuoles and approach a separate system of membrane-bounded spaces. By 1 hr after formation, the food vacuole becomes acid phosphatase-negative, and the undigested latex particles are voided into the membrane-bounded spaces. The membrane-bounded spaces are closely associated with the food vacuole at all stages of digestion and are generally acid phosphatase-negative. Within the membrane-bounded spaces, dense, pleomorphic, granular bodies are found, in which are embedded mitochondria, paraglycogen granules, membrane-limited acid phosphatase-containing structures, and Golgi apparatuses. The granular bodies may serve as vehicles for the transport of organelles through the extensive, ramifying membrane-bounded spaces.     

菓蝇变态过程中磷酸酶的性质和变化

昆虫变态是一个复杂的生物学过程。经过这个过程,完全变态的昆虫从幼虫转变为成虫。由于幼虫和成虫的生活方式截然不同,在变态时发生了幼虫组织的退化和破坏以及成虫组织的新生和分化。这也就是一般所谓组织分解(Histolysis)和组织发生(Histogenesis)两个现象。关于变态的生物学和生理学,人们已积累了相当数量的知