紫芝蛛网病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

2021年6月,广西南宁一紫芝培养基地出现疑似蛛网病危害。为明确引起紫芝蛛网病的病原菌,采用组织分离法对病样进行分离纯化,利用多位点基因(ITS,RPB2,TEF1)系统发育学分析、形态学特征观察和致病性测定对分离纯化后的菌株进行鉴定,并开展病原菌的生物学特性研究。明确引起广西南宁紫芝蛛网病的病原菌为凸出枝葡霉Cladobotryum protrusum。该菌菌丝生长的最适培养基为PDA,最佳碳、氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和酵母粉,最适生长温度为25℃,pH为6,黑暗有利于菌丝生长。这是首次报道由C. protrusum引起的紫芝蛛网病。     

余甘子采后软腐病菌的分离鉴定及其细胞壁水解酶活性

【背景】药食同源的余甘子果实在采后贮藏过程中极易软腐变质,严重影响其品质和经济价值。【目的】明确引起余甘子果实软腐病的病原菌种类及其生长特性和产细胞壁水解酶活性,为余甘子采后软腐病的控制及延长其贮藏期奠定基础。【方法】采用组织块分离法从采后发病的余甘子果实分离病原菌,按照科赫法则确定分离菌株的致病性;采用形态学特征结合rDNA-ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,测定病原菌菌丝生长和产孢特性,检测产胞外细胞壁水解酶活性。【结果】从具有软腐症状的余甘子果实中分离得到32株真菌,其中菌株DQ23是余甘子采后软腐病的致病菌,通过形态特征结合rDNA-ITS序列将其鉴定为Penicillium choerospondiatis。其菌丝在酵母膏葡萄糖琼脂培养基(YDA)上生长最快,在马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基(PSA)上产孢最多。该菌能有效利用多种碳、氮源,适宜产孢的碳源为蔗糖、葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨、牛肉膏、酵母膏。菌丝生长的最适温度和pH范围分别为25°C和3.0-5.0,产孢的最适温度和pH范围分别为25°C和4.0-7.0。光照均利于菌丝生长和产孢。该菌具有分解果胶、纤维素的能力,无分解蛋白质、鞣质的能力。【结论】Penicillium choerospondiatis是余甘子果实软腐病的病原菌,研究结果为该病害的防控奠定了基础。     

落葵新病害——匍柄霉叶斑病病原菌的生物学特性

为进一步了解落葵上一种新病害的发病规律,文中对其病原菌落葵匍柄霉(Stemphylium basellae)进行了生物学特性研究。结果表明:病原菌菌丝生长的最适培养基为PDA,最适的碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖和硝酸钾,菌丝在15~35℃范围内适宜生长,最适温度25℃,最适p H 5.0,黑暗条件更利于病原菌菌丝生长;病原菌在落葵煎汁培养基上产孢最多,产孢最适碳氮源、最适温度、最适p H和光照条件与菌丝相同。病原菌菌丝和分生孢子的致死条件分别为45℃处理15 min和43℃处理15 min。     

海南豇豆枯萎病病原鉴定及生物学特性初步研究

从海南乐东豇豆地采集到的枯萎病病样,经形态学观察、致病性测定和真菌ITS序列分析,将其病原鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌菜豆专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.phaseolus)。生物学特性分析表明:该病原菌菌丝生长适宜温度为20~30℃,最适温度为25℃,50℃时不能生长;适宜p H为6~10,最适p H值为8.0;全黑暗和全光照有利于菌丝的生长;可利用多种碳、氮源,最适碳源为果糖和D-甘露醇,氮源为蛋白胨和硝酸钠。     

香菇蛛网病病原菌树状枝葡霉生物学特性

香菇是我国产量最高的食用菌之一,因其独特浓郁的风味而广受赞誉。然而随着香菇栽培面积的不断扩大,其各种病害的发生也日趋频繁。近期在浙江省庆元县多个菇棚内发现一种新病害。为了明确致病菌,本研究通过对罹病香菇子实体进行组织分离和单孢分离获得纯化菌株QS02,随后结合形态学特征和分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定,并通过柯赫氏法则的验证,确定该病原菌为树状枝葡霉Cladobotryum dendroides。同时,本文还对该病原菌展开了生物学特性研究,结果表明:病原菌菌丝生长最适培养基为PDA培养基,最适温度为25℃,最适碳源为可溶性淀粉,最适氮源为牛肉膏,最适pH区间为5–6;光照对该菌菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用。这是由树状枝葡霉引起的香菇蛛网病在国内的首次报道。     

柑桔全爪螨高致病力菌株芽枝状枝孢霉的生物学特性研究

【目的】明确柑桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(Mc Gregor)高致病力菌株芽枝状枝孢霉Cladosporium cladosporioides(CQBBW3)的生物学特性。【方法】通过单因素试验,测试了不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度及pH对CQBBW3菌株生长和产孢的影响。【结果】CQBBW3菌株的LC50为4.66×108个孢子/m L,LT50为6.2353 d。最佳生长培养基是淀粉琼脂培养基,最适产孢培养基为察氏培养基;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源为甘露醇和甘氨酸,产孢最适碳源和氮源为乳糖和赖氨酸;最适生长温度为25℃,最适产孢温度为15℃和30℃;最适生长pH值为6.0~8.0,最适产孢pH值7.0。【结论】CQBBW3菌株对柑桔全爪螨有较好的杀虫活性,喜好25℃、中性、富含有机营养的环境。本研究为菌株快速培养及其真菌杀虫制剂的开发与田间应用奠定基础。     

一株乙草胺降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

【目的】分离获得一株能有效降解乙草胺的菌株,并研究其降解乙草胺的影响因素,为乙草胺生物修复提供微生物资源。【方法】通过富集培养和分离培养,从样品中筛选能以乙草胺为唯一碳氮源的菌株。通过划线培养获得单菌落,并采用革兰氏染色法和16S r RNA基因测序进行菌株的初步鉴定和系统分类。通过单因素试验研究初始乙草胺浓度、外加碳氮源对其降解乙草胺的影响,并基于正交设计进行优化。【结果】分离获得的一株菌为革兰氏阴性菌,初步确定为Pseudomonas sp.,能有效利用乙草胺进行生长。单因素试验证明在乙草胺初始浓度为10 mg/L时降解率最高;外加碳氮源能提高乙草胺降解率,其中葡萄糖和蛋白胨分别最为有效。正交设计表明在最优条件下,其对乙草胺降解率可以达到80.2%。【结论】菌株A-1能有效利用乙草胺进行生长,其降解乙草胺受多种因素影响。本研究将为利用进行该菌株进行乙草胺污染修复提供菌种资源。     

一株油菜菌核病拮抗真菌的鉴定及生物学特性研究

从兰科植物羊耳蒜根部分离并筛选对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum具有较强拮抗作用的内生真菌,确定其分类地位,并对其体外培养特性进行研究。利用常规PDA培养法进行内生真菌的分离、培养,采用平板对峙法筛选具有较强抑菌活性的菌株并对其进行种类鉴定,同时设定不同碳源、氮源、温度和p H值条件研究该菌株的生物学特性。通过筛选获得1株对油菜菌核病菌具有较强抑制作用的真菌菌株,结合形态学特征和ITS分子序列分析将其鉴定为多节孢属Nodulisporium sp.。该菌株对碳源要求不严格,以麦芽糖、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖为碳源均能良好生长。氮源对该菌株生长具有显著影响,最适氮源为牛肉膏。其最适培养温度为25℃,且温度低于10℃或高于30℃时菌丝生长均受到明显抑制。同时该菌株能耐受较广的酸碱度范围,在p H5-9范围内均生长良好。     

大口黑鲈白皮病病原菌的分离鉴定及药物敏感性试验

【背景】近年,广东、广西等多地养殖的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)在苗种期间极易暴发白皮病,并且与已报道的症状不同,严重危害大口黑鲈苗种的生产。【目的】确定大口黑鲈苗种白皮病的病原,通过分析生长特性、毒力因子、致病性、组织病理与敏感药物筛选试验,为该病的研究与防控提供科学参考。【方法】从患白皮病大口黑鲈的病灶处分离细菌,结合形态观察、生理生化指标、16S rRNA基因和gyrB基因序列分析等鉴定菌株;绘制菌株的生长曲线,分析温度、盐度及pH对生长的影响;采用平板法检测菌株毒力因子活性,PCR方法检测携带毒力基因的情况;通过浸泡感染试验验证菌株的致病性及其组织病理特征;采用微量稀释法测定菌株对水产常用的10种抗菌药物和6种消毒剂的敏感性。【结果】从患病的大口黑鲈白皮处肌肉分离纯化到优势菌株ZJS18004,经形态特征、生理生化特性、16S rRNA基因和gyrB基因序列分析,鉴定为维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii);菌株ZJS18004的最适生长温度为30°C,最适pH值为8.0,最适盐度为5‰;在30°C时的生长曲线显示0-1 h是迟缓期,1-5...     

菜豆红粉病菌的鉴定及其碳氮源利用能力测定

【目的】为菜豆红粉病菌的诊断和综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】按照常规组织分离法和柯赫氏法则从菜豆上分离出致病菌并进行致病性测定。结合形态学特征和ITS序列分析鉴定致病菌,确定其分类地位。采用生长速率法对病原菌碳氮源的利用能力进行测定。【结果】该病菌主要为害菜豆豆荚,在豆荚表面形成圆形或近圆形褐色、凹陷的病斑,且病斑表面后期出现粉红色霉层;病原菌分生孢子倒梨形,单孢,无色,成熟孢子中间有一隔膜,大小(6.23?12.42) μm×(12.07?24.67) μm,经rDNA-ITS序列相似性分析,该病原菌与已报道的粉红单端孢菌Trichothecium roseum (KC816070)相似性达99%以上,结合形态特征,将其鉴定为粉红单端孢菌Trichothecium roseum。该病原菌对不同碳氮源的利用程度有差异,其菌落在麦芽糖培养基上生长速度最快,且在各种碳源培养基上的生长速度均显著高于对照(P<0.05);在不同氮源培养基上,含L-亮氨酸培养基上菌落生长速度最快,含L-精氨酸和尿素上的生长速度显著小于对照(P<0.05)。【结论】研究结果对粉红单端孢菌引起的其他植物病害的研究有一定的参考价值。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.