耐盐紫甘薯花色苷组分分析和抗氧化性研究

利用高效液相色谱与二极管阵列检测器/电喷雾质谱联用技术研究了耐盐紫甘薯Z103中的花色苷类化合物,确定该品种含有15种花色苷,主要为被咖啡酸、阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸等芳香酸酰化的矢车菊苷和芍药苷,其中矢车菊素3-O-对羟基苯甲酰-槐糖苷-5-O-葡糖苷、芍药素3-O-对羟基苯甲酰-槐糖苷-5-O-葡糖苷、芍药素3-O-阿魏酰-槐糖苷-5-O-葡糖苷为首次报道;同时进一步考察了不同体系中,紫甘薯花色苷抑制脂质过氧化能力和对DPPH·、O-·2和HO·的清除作用,结果表明紫甘薯花色苷具有较强的抗氧化能力,且均具有量效关系。紫甘薯花色苷(0.4 mg/mL)对脂质体氧化的抑制率为83.24%,对DPPH·(0.20 mg/mL)、O-·2(4 mg/mL)和HO·(30μg/mL)的清除率分别为94.06%、96.62%和96.12%。     

鸳鸯茉莉开花过程中花青素组成的变化

为了解鸳鸯茉莉(Brunfelsiaacuminata)花色变化的机理,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)体系检测其开花过程中花青素组成的变化。结果表明,优化的HPLC体系为:流速为0.8 mL min–1,流动相A为7.5%甲酸乙腈,流动相B为7.5%甲酸水,洗脱程序为0 min,8%A;15 min,18%A;25 min,23%A;45 min,40%A;50 min,8%A。利用优化体系检测到鸳鸯茉莉花瓣中含有锦葵色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素葡萄糖苷和飞燕草素葡萄糖苷3种花青苷,其中锦葵色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量最高,飞燕草素葡萄糖苷含量最低,且在花色由深变浅的过程中3种花青苷的含量均降低。因此,鸳鸯茉莉的呈色与这3种花青苷有关,且锦葵色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷起主导作用。     

外源咖啡酸和阿魏酸对黑莓汁中花色苷的辅色研究

为增强黑莓汁中花色苷的稳定,添加适量咖啡酸和阿魏酸到黑莓清汁中,采用可见吸收光谱和高效液相色谱-质谱研究其对黑莓花色苷的辅色作用。研究结果表明:黑莓汁中添加咖啡酸和阿魏酸显著增加了花色苷的最大吸收值(Aλmax),最大吸收波长(λmax)红移,说明咖啡酸和阿魏酸对黑莓汁中花色苷产生了辅色作用,辅色效应随时间的延长和咖啡酸、阿魏酸浓度的增加显著增强。HPLC-DAD-MS分析发现,咖啡酸辅色产生了两种新的花色苷衍生物(矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基儿茶酚和矢车菊-3-O-草酸酐酰葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基儿茶酚),阿魏酸辅色产生了三种新的花色苷衍生物(矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚、矢车菊-3-O-草酸酐酰葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚和矢车菊-3-O-阿拉伯糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚),这些衍生物均为羟苯基-吡喃花色苷。     

蔷薇属植物花青素苷的测定及其对花瓣呈色的影响

通过目测法及比色卡进行表型观测并选取8种不同花色的蔷薇属植物作为研究对象,利用分光色差仪测定花色表型,采用高效液相色谱质谱联用技术对花青素苷进行定性定量分析,探讨蔷薇属植物花色与花青素苷之间的关系。结果表明,8种蔷薇属植物材料首次检测出8种花青素苷成分,分别为矢车菊素-3-（咖啡酰基）-葡萄糖苷（Cy3CafG）、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷（Cy3Gal）、芍药素-3-（咖啡酰基）-葡萄糖苷（Pn3CafG）、矢车菊素-3-（顺式-咖啡酰基）-二甲基葡萄糖苷（Cy3(cis Caf)DmG）、矢车菊素-3-（反式-咖啡酰基）-二甲基葡萄糖苷（Cy3(trans Caf)DmG）、矢车菊素-3-二甲基-葡萄糖苷（Cy3DmG）、芍药素-3-（顺式-咖啡酰基）-芸香苷（Pn3(cis Caf)Ru）、芍药素-3-（反式-咖啡酰基）-芸香苷（Pn3(trans Caf)Ru）。8种花青素苷的生物修饰类型包含半乳糖糖基化、甲基化修饰和咖啡酰基化修饰3种,这3种生物修饰类型均在蔷薇属植物中首次报道。花青素苷与CIELab参数相关性结果显示Cy3CafG、Cy3(cis Caf)DmG与花瓣红度（...     

耐寒睡莲花瓣中花青素苷组成及其与花色的关系

睡莲(Nymphaea spp.)为多年生水生观赏花卉。以耐寒睡莲不同花色的119个栽培品种为材料, 利用高效液相色谱(HPLC-DAD)和液质联用技术(HPLC-ESI-MSⁿ)测定了其花瓣中的花青素苷成分。采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡(RHSCC)和国际照明委员会(CIE)制定的CIEL^*a^*b^*表色系统测量了57个品种的花色, 运用多元线性回归方法分析花色与花青素苷组成之间的关系。结果表明: 耐寒睡莲花瓣中含有14种花青素苷, 其中飞燕草素-3-半乳糖-5-乙酰-半乳糖苷(Dp3Ga5acetylGa)、飞燕草素-3-鼠李糖-(1→2)-半乳糖苷(Dp3Rh(1→2)Ga)、矢车菊素-3-半乳糖-(1→2)-半乳糖苷(Cy3Ga(1→2)Ga)、矢车菊素-3-乙酰-半乳糖-(1→2)-半乳糖苷(Cy3acetylGa(1→2)Ga)、矢车菊素-3-没食子酰-半乳糖苷(Cy3galloylGa)、飞燕草素-3-乙酰-葡萄糖苷(Dp3acetylG)、飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷(Dp3G)和矢车菊素-3-半乳糖-半乳糖-半乳糖苷(Cy3GaGaGa)8个组分在耐寒睡莲中为首次报道。Dp3Ga、Dp3galloylGa、Cy3Ga(1→2)Ga和Cy3galloylGa是决定耐寒睡莲呈色的关键花青素苷。     

黑果枸杞中花色苷的提取与结构鉴定

采用紫外-可见光谱法并结合高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱对黑果枸杞中花色苷的组成及结构进行了鉴定。结果显示:(1)黑果枸杞花色苷在0.1%盐酸-甲醇溶液中呈紫红色表明花色苷中的主要成分可能是飞燕草色素、牵牛花色素、锦葵色素及其衍生物中的一种或几种;向提取溶液中加入5%Al Cl3甲醇溶液后无红移现象表明花色苷结构B环上无邻位酚羟基;A440nm/Aλmax比值小于20%表明该色素是3,5位均带有糖苷键的双取代花色苷;在304 nm处有一最大吸收峰表明该色素分子内含有酰基;色素水解后主要生成葡萄糖。由上述可初步推测出黑果枸杞色素中主要为酰基化的锦葵色素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷;(2)经紫外分光光度法、质谱和文献报道综合分析鉴定出黑果枸杞中含有8种花色苷,分别是:飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-5-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰)芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰-3-O-乙酰)-5-O-二葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰)葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷和锦葵色素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷,其含量依次为0.86%、1.17%、2.38%、11.79%、68.35%、0.63%、5.24%、9.58%。花色苷是黑果枸杞中重要的组成成分,该试验可为黑果枸杞的质量控制提供依据。     

云南马铃薯地方彩色品种“剑川红”和“转心乌”的花色苷主成分分析

彩色马铃薯富含花色苷,是一种天然抗氧化食品.本研究采用高效液相色谱质谱联用技术以引进品种“黑美人”为对照分析了云南马铃薯地方特色品种“剑川红”和“转心乌”花色苷的主要成分.结果表明:“剑川红”色素主要为酰化天竺葵色素类花色苷,其主要成分为天竺葵素3-[ 6-O-( 4-O-E-p-香豆酰-O-α-吡喃鼠李糖苷)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷]-5-O-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷.“转心乌”和“黑美人”所含色素相似,主要为酰化矮牵牛色索、锦葵色素、芍药色素类衍生物,主要成分均为矮牵牛花色素3-[ 6-O-( 4-O-E-p-香豆酰-O-α-吡喃鼠李糖苷)-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷]-5-O-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定楠竹叶提取物中的4种黄酮

采用高效液相色谱法同时测定楠竹叶提取物中的4种主要黄酮成分：荭草苷、牡荆苷、牡荆苷-4′-O-葡萄糖苷、牡荆苷-2′-O-鼠李糖苷。通过实验,得到了同时测定4种主要黄酮成分的最佳条件。采用Kromasil-C18(5 μm,4.6 mm×250 mm,Akzol Nobel,Sweden)进行测定,最佳检测条件为：以四氢呋喃∶乙腈∶甲醇∶0.5%醋酸水溶液=10.3∶1∶0.7∶88为色谱流动相等度洗脱;检测波长360 nm;柱温25℃,流速：1.0 mL·min^-1。荭草苷、牡荆苷、牡荆苷-4′-O-葡萄糖苷和牡荆苷-2′-O-鼠李糖苷的平均回收率分别为98.5%、98.1%、99.1%和98.7%,相对标准偏差分别为0.8%、0.7%、0.8%和0.6%(n=5)。该方法分离效率高、分析速度快、检测灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于楠竹叶成分的检测分析。     

欧洲卫矛叶片花色素苷组分鉴定及稳定性分析

以欧洲卫矛的品种"矮生卫矛"为试验材料,采用高效液相色谱-VWD检测-电喷雾电离质谱连用技术(HPLC-VWD-ESI-MS)分析欧洲卫矛叶片花色素苷组分,探讨花色素苷最佳的浸提条件和不同理化因子对叶片花色素苷稳定性的影响,以期为欧洲卫矛叶片花色素苷的开发提供参考。结果表明,欧洲卫矛叶片中共有6种花色素苷,分别是飞燕草-3-丙二酸酰葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-乙酰葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素-3-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-香豆酰葡芸香糖苷;叶片花色素苷的提取液以1%盐酸甲醇最佳,适宜提取时间为9～10 h;在黑暗及自然光下稳定性高于日光灯条件下;强酸性条件下能保持高稳定性;花色素苷在低于35℃时稳定性好,高温利于花色素苷的显色;对氧化剂、还原剂的耐受性差,随着氧化还原剂浓度的上升,提取液颜色逐渐变浅;大多数金属离子对花色素苷有较好的护色效果,Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)、Cu~(2+)对花色素苷溶液呈色影响较大。     

槐角化学成分及其抗骨质疏松作用研究

研究槐角的化学成分及其抗骨质疏松作用。利用硅胶柱、ODS反相硅胶柱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱和半制备型高效液相等色谱技术对槐角进行分离纯化,并结合化合物的理化性质和波谱数据确定化合物的结构。从槐角中分离得到15个化合物,分别为染料木素(1)、山萘酚(2)、鸢尾苷(3)、芒柄花苷(4)、α-鼠李异洋槐素(5)、鹰嘴豆芽素A-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、南酸枣苷(7)、thevetiaflavon(8)、香豌豆酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、山萘酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、槲皮苷(11)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-槐糖苷(12)、染料木素-7,4'-双葡萄糖苷(13)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-槐糖苷(14)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-槐糖-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(15)。其中化合物6~12、14为首次从该种植物中分离得到,化合物7、8、10、14为首次从该属植物中分离得到。对所分离的化合物进行了抗骨质疏松体外药理活性筛选,结果表明除化合物7和15以外,其他化合物均具有促进成骨细胞增殖作用。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.