Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism in Photoautotrophic Cell Suspension Cultures Grown at Low and High CO(2)

Photosynthetic carbon metabolism was characterized in four photoautotrophic cell suspension cultures. There was no apparent difference between two soybean (Glycine max) and one cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cell line which required 5% CO₂ for growth, and a unique cotton cell line that grows at ambient CO₂ (660 microliters per liter). Photosynthetic characteristics in all four lines were more like C₃ mesophyll leaf cells than the cell suspension cultures previously studied. The pattern of ¹⁴C-labeling reflected the high ratio of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity and showed that CO₂ fixation occurred primarily by the C₃ pathway. Photorespiration occurred at 330 microliters per liter CO₂, 21% O₂ as indicated by the synthesis of high levels of ¹⁴C-labeled glycine and serine in a pulse-chase experiment and by oxygen inhibition of CO₂ fixation. Short-term CO₂ fixation in the presence and absence of carbonic anhydrase showed CO₂, not HCO₃⁻, to be the main source of inorganic carbon taken up by the low CO₂-requiring cotton cells. The cells did not have a CO₂-concentrating mechanism as indicated by silicone oil centrifugation experiments. Carbonic anhydrase was absent in the low CO₂-requiring cotton cells, present in the high CO₂-requiring soybean cell lines, and absent in other high CO₂ cell lines examined. Thus, the presence of carbonic anhydrase is not an essential requirement for photoautotrophy in cell suspension cultures which grow at either high or low CO₂ concentrations.     

Effect of Different Sugars on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Photoautotrophic Tomato Suspension Cell Cultures

The effects of metabolisable sugars sucrose and glucose along with non-metabolisable isomers of sucrose palatinose and turanose were tested. Rate of oxygen evolution (P), electron transport rate (ETR), and photochemical quenching (q_p) showed substantial decrease after 24 and 48 h by glucose and sucrose treatments, whereas there was no effect on all these parameters by the treatment with palatinose and turanose. Also the F_v/F_m ratio remained constant through the time of studies revealing that the maximal photochemical capacity of the cells was unchanged. Non-photochemical quenching (q_N) showed a decrease compared to the control values by all the treatments. Hence P and Chl fluorescence parameter were affected only by those sugars which are used in the metabolic pathways and not by sugar analogues.     

External pH Modifies the Intracellular pH and the Mode of Photosynthetic CO2-Assimilation in Photoautotrophic Cell Suspension Cultures of Chenopodium rubrum L.

Photoautotrophic cell supension cultures of C. rubrum exhibit a C₃-type of photosynthesis. Yet, up to 20% of total CO₂-fixation is directly incorporated into malate and aspartate during short-term photosynthesis. The rate of ¹⁴C-labeling of malate and aspartate was doubled if the pH of the medium of the cells was increased from the normal value of 4.5 to 6.0 or 7.0. In vivo ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that an increase in the external pH from 4.5 to 6.3 increased the cytosolic pH by 0.3 units and the vacuolar pH by about 1.3 units. Possible mechanisms for the effect of extracellular pH on intracellular pH and PEP-carboxylase-dependent carboxylation reactions are discussed.     

Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO(2) in Five C(3) Species

The effect of long-term (weeks to months) CO₂ enhancement on (a) the gas-exchange characteristics, (b) the content and activation state of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco), and (c) leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll, and dry weight per area were studied in five C₃ species (Chenopodium album, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and Brassica oleracea) grown at CO₂ partial pressures of 300 or 900 to 1000 microbars. Long-term exposure to elevated CO₂ affected the CO₂ response of photosynthesis in one of three ways: (a) the initial slope of the CO₂ response was unaffected, but the photosynthetic rate at high CO₂ increased (S. tuberosum); (b) the initial slope decreased but the CO₂-saturated rate of photosynthesis was little affected (C. album, P. vulgaris); (c) both the initial slope and the CO₂-saturated rate of photosynthesis decreased (B. oleracea, S. melongena). In all five species, growth at high CO₂ increased the extent to which photosynthesis was stimulated following a decrease in the partial pressure of O₂ or an increase in measurement CO₂ above 600 microbars. This stimulation indicates that a limitation on photosynthesis by the capacity to regenerate orthophosphate was reduced or absent after acclimation to high CO₂. Leaf nitrogen per area either increased (S. tuberosum, S. melongena) or was little changed by CO₂ enhancement. The content of rubisco was lower in only two of the five species, yet its activation state was 19% to 48% lower in all five species following long-term exposure to high CO₂. These results indicate that during growth in CO₂-enriched air, leaf rubisco content remains in excess of that required to support the observed photosynthetic rates.     

Descriptions of Five Polynoid Species (Polychaeta) from the Coasts of Norway and Sweden, Including Three New Species, One New Genus and One New Generic Name

Malmgrenia furcosetosa sp.n. Harmothoe viridis sp.n. , Bylgides acutisetis sp.n. Neopolynoe paradoxa (Storm) comb.n. and Diplaconotum paucidentatum (Eliason) comb.n. are described. Neopolynoe is a new name for the genus Eupolynoe Bidenkap, preoccupied by M c Intosh. The genus Diplaconotum is erected for Macellicephala paucidentata Eliason and is included in the subfamily Polaruschakovinae Pettibone.     

Two New Species of Ruscus (Liliaceae)

Two new species of Ruscus with unbranched stems are described. Their differences from R. hypoglossum, R. hypophyllum and R. microglossum (a taxon of uncertain status, known to the author only in the female form) are listed.     

Two New Species and Two Newly Recorded Species of Anthribidae (Coleoptera) from Korea

This paper describes two new species of the Anthribidae from Korea, Euparius koreanus n. sp. and Uncifer angulatus n. sp. Two other species, Eucorynus crassicornis (Fabricius) and Habrissus analis Morimoto are new to the fauna of Korea. Their important features are illustrated. The genera, Uncifer, Eucorynus, and Habrissus are newly recognized from Korea.     

长尾小蜂属Torymus二新种记述(膜翅目:长尾小蜂科)

记述采自浙江、江苏、福建和贵州的长尾小蜂属Torymus Dalman 2新种：浙江长尾小蜂Torymus zhejiangensis,sp．nov．和斑翅长尾小蜂Torymus maculatus．sp．nov．。模式标本保存在浙江大学农业与生物技术学院应用昆虫研究所。     

中国蔓藓科两新种和五新分布种

报道我国蔓藓科植物2新种：云南灰气藓Aerobryopsis yunnanensis X.J.Li et D.C.Zhang,sp.nov.芒叶灰气藓Aerobryopsis aristifolia X.J.Li,S.H.Wu et D.C.Zhang,sp.nov.以及5个新记录：波叶毛扭藓Aerobryidium crispifolium (Broth.et Geh.)Fleisch,ex Broth,膜叶灰气藓Aerobryopsis membranacea(Mitt.Broth.纤细灰气藓Aerobryopsis subleptostigmata Broth.et Par.,卷叶悬藓Barbella convolvens(Mitt.)Broth,斯氏悬藓Barbella stevensii(Ren.et Card.)Fleisch.ex Broth.     

中国天牛科五新记录种

记述天牛科Cerambycidae天牛亚科Cerambycinae5中国新记录种,即绿虎天牛属Chlorophorus中的碎点绿虎天牛Chlorophorus fraternus Holzschuh,卡氏绿虎天牛Chlorophorus kanoiHayashi,栗绿虎天牛Chorophorus varius varius(Muller)。柄天牛属Aphrodisium中的紫胸柄天牛Aphrodisium seipur pureum Pic和绿天牛属Chelidonium中的二斑绿天牛Chelidonium binotatiolle Pic。     

Soil Ciliates from Saudi Arabia, Including Descriptions of Two New Genera and Six New Species

Six soil samples from natural and cultivated sites of Saudi Arabia were investigated for ciliate diversity, using the non-flooded Petri dish culture method, live observation, and silver impregnation. We identified 135 species, all new for the fauna of Saudi Arabia, of which seven were undescribed: Spathidium alqasabi nov. spec.; Enchelyodon alqasabi nov. spec.; Metauroleptus arabicus nov. gen., nov. spec.; Pseudohemisincirra arabica nov. gen., nov. spec.; Saudithrix terricola? Berger, Al-Rasheid and Foissner, 2006; Oxytricha arabica nov. spec.; and Erimophrya monostyla nov. spec. Based on Spathidium alqasabi, S. seppelti foissneri? Vd'a?ny et al., 2006 and S. seppelti etoschense? Foissner et al., 2002 are raised to species rank; for the latter, a new name is required to avoid homonymy: Spathidium fraterculum nov. nom. The new genus Metauroleptus, which possesses two long and two to three short ventral cirral rows, generates all dorsal kineties intrakinetally and produces caudal cirri exclusively in dorsal kinety 1. Metauroleptus belongs to the hypotrichs, while family classification remains doubtful. The same applies to the new hypotrich genus Pseudohemisincirra, which has frontoventral and transverse cirri, while buccal cirri and caudal cirri are absent. The number of species contained in Saudi Arabian soils, including sand dunes, is in the range reported from other regions of the earth, suggesting that ciliates are well adapted to dry habitats, possibly mainly by their ability to produce very resistant resting cysts, most surviving for a long time due to reduced metazoan predation.     

Effects of CO(2)-Enrichment and of Aminoacetonitrile on Growth and Photosynthesis of Photoautotrophic Calli of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia

Photoautotrophic calli of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia were grown for 3 weeks under two CO₂ concentrations (500 and 20,000 microliters of CO₂ per liter). Calli cultured at high CO₂ exhibited a two-fold higher rate of growth. At CO₂ test levels, these calli were characterized by a lower net photosynthetic capacity than calli cultured at low CO₂. This diminution due to CO₂ adaptation could be ascribed to a 170% stimulation of dark respiration, a 40% decrease in total ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity, and also to a feedback inhibition of photosynthesis: high CO₂ grown calli contained about 5.5-fold more sucrose and three-fold less orthophosphate (Pi) than low CO₂ grown calli. Whether the decrease in Rubisco activity is related to the accumulation of sucrose and to the Pi limitation is discussed. Both calli exhibited a Warburg-effect showing the existence of active photorespiration at low CO₂. In calli grown at low CO₂ with 5 millimolar aminoacetonitrile (AAN), an inhibitor of the glycolate pathway, fresh weight decreased by 25% and chlorophyll content by 40%, dark respiration increased by 50% and net CO₂ uptake decreased by about 60% at 340 microliters of CO₂ per liter and 35% at 10,000 microliters of CO₂ per liter. In these calli, glutamine and glutamate contents were half of control calli. In contrast, AAN did not provoke any noticeable effect in calli grown at high CO₂. In photoautotrophic calli, the inhibition of the glycolate pathway by AAN results in severe perturbations in glutamate metabolism and in chlorophyll biosynthesis.     

重庆赤车属一新种和楼梯草属二新种

描述了自重庆市江津区四面山发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种和楼梯草属二新种：（1）四面山赤车,与融安赤车近缘,区别在于新种的叶的二级脉较少,2枚雌花被片有短角状突起,以及长圆形瘦果;（2）稀柱毛楼梯草,可能与托叶楼梯草近缘,区别在于新种的叶较小,雌总苞苞片,以及雄、雌小苞片均在背面具龙骨状突起,柱头由只3~4根毛组成;（3）四面山楼梯草,与长尖楼梯草近缘,区别在于新种茎的顶端被短柔毛,雄头状花序的花序梗较短,以及雄总苞苞片呈条状船形,背面具龙骨状突起。     

Characteristics of Spermatozoa from Five Gall-Midge Species (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

The gall-midge family Cecidomyiidae is one of the largest within the animal kingdom. Its characteristics include, among others, a chromosome elimination during spermiogenesis and a bewildering diversity in sperm ultrastructure. The sperm tail, in particular, is unusual in that it deviates from the conventional 9+2 pattern of microtubules. We describe here the spermatozoa of five gall-midge species, all belonging to the same supertribe Cecidomyiidi. In Bremia more than 100 microtubular doublets form a tight spiral around a central mitochondrion. In an undetermined binomen many doublets form a spiral around the mitochondria in the distal end of the sperm tail, but a single row along a peripheral cistern in the main part of the tail. In Coquillettomyia caricis a peripheral row of doublets resides in the proximal part and tightly packed doublets distally. In Arthrocnodax sp. the many doublets also form a peripheral single or double row around a central mitochondrion. In Massalongia bachmaieri there are more than 500 doublets which form several rows around the nucleus and tightly packed doublets distally. The nuclear membrane forms bundles of extensive outpocketings. There is no acrosome. The nucleus consists of both condensed and dispersed material. Only outer dynein arms are present in all this species and the spermatozoa are motile. Cecidomyiidi species that have been examined for sperm structure fall into two groups: those where the mitochondria are confined to the centre of the tail and those in which the mitochondria lie in the head region and have a peripheral location. Most species belong to the first group, while Massalongia belongs to the second one.     

Photosynthetic Capacities and Growth Characteristics of Nicotiana tabacum (cv. Xanthi) Cell Suspension Cultures

Photoheterotrophic growth of cell suspensions of Nicotiana tabacum L. (cv. Xanthi) in organic culture medium enriched in sucrose (30 g per liter) showed a classical sigmoid growth curve. The cells developed functional chloroplast structures during the exponential growth phase, when their chlorophyll content increased steadily. A limited drop (30%) in the chlorophyll amount and structural changes of the plastids (starch accumulation) were observed during the lag phase. The measurements of photosynthetic capacities (O₂ evolution and CO₂ fixation) during the growth cycle revealed changes in the photosynthetic ratio (O₂/CO₂), which was near 1 during the lag and stationary phases and near 2 during exponential growth. During exponential growth there was also a rapid NO₃^? uptake. Analysis of label distribution among the products of ¹⁴CO₂ fixation showed that both CO₂ assimilation pathways, linked to the ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase (the autotrophic pathway) and to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (the non-autotrophic pathway) were operative with an important increase of the capacity of the latter during the exponential growth phase. Maximum rate of oxygen evolution, either endogenous or with p-benzoquinone as Hill reagent, as well as the increased CO₂ Fixation capacity via the non-autotrophic pathway during the exponential phase were concomitant with a high cyanide inhibited O₂ uptake.     

小腹茧蜂属二新种一新记录种（膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科）

记述采自辽宁、河南、山东、浙江等省的小腹茧蜂属Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ Ｌａｔｒｅｉｌｌｅ２新种和１中国新记录种;刻胸小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｐｕｎｃｔｉｔｈｏｒａｘ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、玉主螟小茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｏｓｔｒｉｎｉａｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和平原小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ Ｔｏｂｉａｓ１９６４,ｎｅｗ ｒｅｃｏｒｄ。模式标本保存在浙江大河保护系昆虫标本     

CO2浓度升高对两种沈阳城市森林树种光合特性的影响

利用开顶式气室,研究了CO2浓度升高条件下城市森林主要树种油松(Pinus tabulaefomis)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba)主要光合特性的变化.结果表明,整个生长季,CO2浓度升高(700μmol·mol-1)条件下2树种叶片的净光合速率、可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白含量均接近或高于相应对照(自然CO2浓度)值,但不同树种增加的幅度不同;而2树种的叶绿素含量和Chl a/Chl b值对CO2浓度升高反应不一,表现为CO2浓度升高条件下油松的叶绿素含量较对照值高,Chl a/Chl b值降低,银杏的叶绿素含量为前期升高,后期降低,Chl a/Chl b值变化与之正好相反,说明城市森林组成树种对CO2浓度升高的响应具有复杂性.CO2浓度升高条件下,两树种均未发生光合适应现象.     

Photosynthetic CO(2) Fixation at Air Levels of CO(2) by Isolated Spinach Chloroplasts

A system has been developed for the study of photosynthetic CO₂ fixation by isolated spinach chloroplasts at air levels of CO₂. Rates of CO₂ fixation were typically 20 to 60 micromoles/milligrams chlorophyll per hour. The rate of fixation was linear for 10 minutes but then declined to less than 10% of the initial value by 40 minutes. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) levels remained unchanged during this period, indicating that they were not the cause for the decline. The initial activity of the RuBP carboxylase in the chloroplast was high for 8 to 10 minutes and then declined similar to the rate of CO₂ fixation, suggesting that the decline in CO₂ fixation may have been caused by deactivation of the enzyme.     

阔柄跳小蜂属一新种及二中国新记录种记述（膜翅目：跳小蜂科）

记述采自中国东北地区的阔柄跳小蜂属1新种及2中国新记录种。新种长索阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus longifuniculus,sp.nov.育自辽宁省普兰店槲栎Quercus alien上的栎绛蚧Kermes sp.;纯黄阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycusalbopleuralis(Ashmead)育自黑龙江省哈尔滨市糖戚盔蚧Parthenolecaniumcorni(Bouche)、槐花球蚧Eulecanium kuwanai(Kanda)和吉林省长春市榆树上的1种蚧虫;软蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus insidiosus(Mercet)育自黑龙江省尚志市刺五加上的1种软蚧。模式标本保存于东北林业大学昆虫标本室。     

四川乌头属二新种

描述了自四川西部发现的毛茛科乌头属二新种,细盔乌头和疏叶乌头,并给出其等与近缘种的区别特征。