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1.
Madihah Md Salleh Liew Shiau Tsuey Arbakariya Bin Ariff 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2008,13(1):33-39
The profile of enzymes relevant to solvent production during direct fermentation of sago starch by Clostridium saccharobutylicum P262 in a 2 L stirred tank fermenter was determined utilizing different pH control strategies. During fermentation without
pH control (initial pH of 6), the specific activity of crotonase, thiolase, and β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase increased
proportionally with solvent production. The highest crotonase (3,450.7 kat) and phosphotransbutyrylase activity (1,475.6 kat)
was observed in fermentation where pH was maintained at 5 during the acidogenic phase and corresponded to a fairly high acid
accumulation but low solvent production. During fermentation with a controlled pH of 5.25 during the sol-ventogenic phase,
the highest thiolase specific activity (255.7 kat) was obtained and corresponded to the highest production of acetone. On
the other hand, the highest specific activities of crotonase, β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, and phosphotransbutyrylase
were observed at pH 5.5 and corresponded to the highest production of ethanol and butanol. Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase had no
significance role in solvent fermentation. These results suggested that pH control strategies were important for improvement
of solvent production during direct fermentation of sago starch by C. saccharobutylicum. 相似文献
2.
Andrew Chojecki Hans P. Blaschek 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1986,1(1):63-67
Summary An examination into the effect of different carbohydrate sources indicated that the production of extracellular alpha-amylase and glucoamylase was under similar biosynthetic control inClostridium acetobutylicum SA-1. Cell-associated starch-hydrolytic enzymes may be more important than extracellular enzymes in the processing of the starch molecule. 相似文献
3.
Dennis L. Bryant Hans P. Blaschek 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1988,3(1):49-55
Summary The objective of this work was to optimize butanol formation in the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by examining the level of buffering as it affects the dissociation of butyric acid to the less toxic butyrate anion. Experiments were carried out in batch culture using chemically defined (P2) or complex media containing various buffering agents. These included salts of acetate, citrate, phosphate, nitrate, or bicarbonate, representing a range of pK
a values and buffering capacities. Growth in highly buffered medium was found to increase the stationary phase cell density, carbohydrate utilization, and the final butanol concentration. At higher levels of buffering, increased growth and elevated concentrations of butyric acid were required to initiate solventogenesis, suggesting the involvement of a critical threshold level of undissociated butyric acid. 相似文献
4.
A O Ejiofor Y Chisti M Moo-Young 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1996,16(2):102-109
A fermentation medium based on millet (Pennisetum typhoides) flour hydrolysate and a four-phase feeding strategy for fed-batch production of baker's yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are presented. Millet flour was prepared by dry-milling and sieving of whole grain. A 25% (w/v) flour mash was liquefied with a thermostable 1,4--d-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.1) in the presence of 100 ppm Ca2+, at 80°C, pH 6.1–6.3, for 1 h. The liquefied mash was saccharified with 1,4--d-glucan glucohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.3) at 55°C, pH 5.5, for 2 h. An average of 75% of the flour was hydrolysed and about 82% of the hydrolysate was glucose. The feeding profile, which was based on a model with desired specific growth rate range of 0.18–0.23 h–1, biomass yield coefficient of 0.5 g g–1 and feed substrate concentration of 200 g L–1, was implemented manually using the millet flour hydrolysate in test experiments and glucose feed in control experiments. The fermentation off-gas was analyzed on-line by mass spectrometry for the calculation of carbon dioxide production rate, oxygen up-take rate and the respiratory quotient. Off-line determination of biomass, ethanol and glucose were done, respectively, by dry weight, gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. Cell mass concentrations of 49.9–51.9 g L–1 were achieved in all experiments within 27 h of which the last 15 h were in the fedbatch mode. The average biomass yields for the millet flour and glucose media were 0.48 and 0.49 g g–1, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the dough-leavening activities of the products of the test and the control media and a commercial preparation of instant active dry yeast. Millet flour hydrolysate was established to be a satisfactory low cost replacement for glucose in the production of baking quality yeast.Nomenclature
C
ox
Dissolved oxygen concentration (mg L–1)
-
CPR
Carbon dioxide production rate (mmol h–1)
-
C
s0
Glucose concentration in the feed (g L–1)
-
C
s
Substrate concentration in the fermenter (g L–1)
-
C
s.crit
Critical substrate concentration (g L–1)
-
E
Ethanol concentration (g L–1)
-
F
s
Substrate flow rate (g h–1)
-
i
Sample number (–)
-
K
e
Constant in Equation 6 (g L–1)
-
K
o
Constant in Equation 7 (mg L–1)
-
K
s
Constant in Equation 5 (g L–1)
-
m
Specific maintenance term (h–1)
-
OUR
Oxygen up-take rate (mmol h–1)
-
q
ox
Specific oxygen up-take rate (h–1)
-
q
ox.max
Maximum specific oxygen up-take rate (h–1)
-
q
p
Specific product formation rate (h–1)
-
q
s
Specific substrate up-take rate (g g–1 h–1)
-
q
s.max
Maximum specific substrate up-take rate (g g–1 h–1)
-
RQ
Respiratory quotient (–)
-
S
Total substrate in the fermenter at timet (g)
-
S
0
Substrate mass fraction in the feed (g g–1)
-
t
Fermentation time (h)
-
V
Instantaneous volume of the broth in the fermenter (L)
-
V
0
Starting volume in the fermenter (L)
-
V
si
Volume of samplei (L)
-
x
Biomass concentration in the fermenter (g L–1)
-
X
0
Total amount of initial biomass (g)
-
X
t
Total amount of biomass at timet (g)
-
Y
p/s
Product yield coefficient on substrate (–)
-
Y
x/e
Biomass yield coefficient on ethanol (–)
-
Y
x/s
Biomass yield coefficient on substrate (–)
Greek letters
Moles of carbon per mole of yeast (–)
-
Moles of hydrogen atom per mole of yeast (–)
-
Moles of oxygen atom per mole of yeast (–)
-
Moles of nitrogen atom per mole of yeast (–)
-
Specific growth rate (h–1)
- crit
Critical specific growth rate (h–1)
-
E
Specific ethanol up-take rate (h–1)
- max.E
Maximum specific ethanol up-take rate (h–1) 相似文献
5.
An integrated solvent (ABE) fermentation and product removal process was investigated. A stable solvent productivity of 3.5 g/L h was achieved by using cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum immobilized onto a packed bed of bonechar, coupled with continuous product removal by pervaporation. Using a concentrated feed solution containing lactose at 130g/L, a lactose value of 97.9% was observed. The integrated fermentation and product removal system, with recycling of the treated fermentor effluent containing only low amount of solvents (/but lactose and acids), leads to only low acid losses. Therefore, most of the acids are converted to solvents, and this results in a high solvent yield of 0.39 g solvents/g lactose utilized. The pervaporation system provided a high product removal rate even at low solvent concentrations. A solvent membrane flux of 7.1 g/m(2) h with a selectivity of 5 was achieved during these investigations. The system proved to be very reliable. 相似文献
6.
Growth kinetics and astaxanthin production of Phaffia rhodozyma on glycerol as a carbon source during batch fermentation 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Endang Kusdiyantini Philippe Gaudin Gérard Goma Philippe J. Blanc 《Biotechnology letters》1998,20(10):929-934
Glycerol was studied as a substrate for astaxanthin by Phaffia rhodozyma PR 190. With co-utilisation of yeast extract and peptone, the maximum specific growth rate was 0.24 ± 0.02 h–1. Astaxanthin percentage in total pigment is constant (0.78 mg/g) and its yield from glycerol is always 0.97 mg/g. The yield of biomass from glycerol alone is 0.50 ± 0.02 g/g. The specific rate of astaxanthin production versus the cell growth rate reached a maximum for an optimal specific growth rate of 0.075 h–1. For this optimal value, the maximum specific astaxanthin production rate is 0.09 ± 0.01 mg/g.h. The best astaxanthin results were : 33.7 mg/l, 0.2 mg/l.h and 1.8 mg/g yeast after a fermentation term of 168 hours. Our results suggest a strategy of astaxanthin production in fed batch culture or chemostat at a growth rate of 0.075 h–1. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998 相似文献
7.
Summary
Clostridum propionicum is a chemical autotroph that metabolizes alanine to propionic acid (reduction product) and acetic acid (oxidation product). The ratio of propionate/acetate predicted by the electron balance is 2:1. This study reports the effect of pH on growth and organic acid production by this organism when grown in both test tube cultures initially buffered from pH 7.0 to 5.0, and in fermentors maintained at pH 7.0 and 6.5. Highest growth and organic acid production was found at pH 7.0 in both cases. HPLC analysis showed that at pH 7.0, the ratios of propionate to acetate were 0.45:1 (stationary tube, 24 h). The highest ratio observed was 1.8:1 (stationary tube, pH 6.0, 24h). This tube produced 8.5% of the acids produced in the pH 7.0 culture tube. The identify of the major portion of the reduction products of the organism remains unknown. 相似文献
8.
Arrowroot (Marantha arundinacea) starch as a new low-cost substrate for alkaline protease production
The feasibility of arrowroot (Marantha arundinacea) starch for alkaline protease production using an alkalophilic Bacillus lentus isolate was evaluated in batch fermentations in shake flasks and in a bioreactor under a range of conditions. A new arrowroot starch-casein medium (pH 10.2) was formulated having a composition (%, w/v): arrowroot starch 1, casein 1, sodium succinate 0.25, NH4Cl 0.05, NaCl 0.05, KH2PO4 0.04, K2HPO4 0.03, MgCl2 0.01, yeast extract 0.01 and Na2CO3 1.05. The isolate produced a maximum protease yield (6754.7 U ml–1) in this medium when grown for 72 h at 250 rev/min and 37 °C. Scaling-up studies in a bioreactor showed a 5-fold increase in alkaline protease yields (31899 U ml–1) at a lower production time of 45 h, aeration of 1 v/v/m and agitation of 400 rev/min at 37 °C. 相似文献
9.
10.
Continuous cultures of two strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum were stable for over 70 d when grown on glucose/glycerol mixtures. Butanol was the major fermentation end-product, accounting for 43 to 62% (w/w) of total products. Low-grade glycerol [65% (w/v) purity] could replace commercial glycerol [87% (w/v) purity], leading to a similar fermentation pattern: a butanol yield of 0.34 (mol/mol), a butanol productivity of 0.42 g l–1 h–1 and a 84% (w/w) glycerol consumption were attained when cultures were grown at pH 6 and D = 0.05 h–1; butanol accounted for 94% (w/w) of total solvents. These values are among the highest reported in literature for C. acetobutylicum simple chemostats. 相似文献
11.
A method is evaluated that employs variation in stable C and N isotopes from fractionations in C and N acquisition and growth
to predict root biomasses of three plant species in mixtures. Celtis laevigata Willd. (C3), Prosopis glandulosa Torr. (C3, legume) and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (C4), or Gossypium hirsutum L. (C3), Glycine max (L.) Merr. (C3 legume), and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (C4) were grown together in separate, three-species combinations. Surface roots (0–10 cm depth) of each species from each of
the two combinations were mixed in various proportions, and the relative abundances of 15N and 14N and 13C and 12C in prepared mixtures, surface roots of single species, and roots extracted from the 80-cm soil profile in which each species
combination was grown were analyzed by mass spectrometry. An algebraic determination which employed the δ 13C, % 15N, and C and N concentrations of root subsamples of individual species accounted for more than 95% of the variance in biomass
of each species in prepared mixtures with G. max, G. hirsutum, and S. bicolor. A similar analysis demonstrated species-specific differences in rooting patterns. Root biomasses of the C4 monocots in each combination, S. scoparium and S. bicolor, were concentrated in the upper 20 cm of soil, while those of G. hirsutum and the woody P. glandulosa were largest in lower soil strata. Analyses of stable C and N isotopes can effectively be used to distinguish roots of species
which differ in ratios of 15N to 14N and 13C to 12C and thus to study belowground competition between or rooting patterns of associated species with different C and N isotope
signatures. The method evaluated can be extended to quantify aboveground and belowground biomasses of component species in
mixtures with isotopes of other elements or element concentrations that differ consistently among plants of interest. 相似文献
12.
[目的]探究丙酮丁醇梭菌硫氧还蛋白系统在生长和代谢过程中的功能.[方法]使用ClosTron系统对硫氧还蛋白系统中的硫氧还蛋白还原酶基因(trxB)进行插入失活,得到突变株,通过Southern杂交方法验证插入内含子的拷贝数;在基本培养基中进行分批发酵,比较并分析突变株的生长特点;通过pH控制,利用限磷的连续发酵方法使... 相似文献
13.
Specific activities of eight enzymes involved in glycerol metabolism were determined in crude extracts of three strains ofNeurospora crassa after growth on six different carbon sources. One of the strains was wild type, which grew poorly on glycerol as sole carbon source; the other two were mutant strains which were efficient glycerol utilizers. A possible basis for this greater effeciency of glycerol utilization was catabolite repression of glyceraldehyde kinase by glycerol in wild type, and two-fold higher glycerate kinase activity in the mutant strains after growth on glycerol, thus apparently allowing two routes for glyceraldehyde to enter the glycolytic pathway in the mutant strains but only one in wild type. The preferential entry of glyceraldehyde to the glycolytic pathway through glycerate was suggested by the lack of glyceraldehyde kinase in all three strains after growth on one or more of the carbon sources and the generally higher levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase and of glycerate kinase than of glyceraldehyde kinase. 相似文献
14.
Luis M. Lubián Olimpio Montero Ignacio Moreno-Garrido I. Emma Huertas Cristina Sobrino Manuel González-del Valle Griselda Parés 《Journal of applied phycology》2000,12(3-5):249-255
Pigment composition and its variation with culture agewere analyzed in six strains of Nannochloropsis(Eustigmatophyceae). The capacity for accumulationof the ketocarotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthinwas higher in N. salina and N. gaditanathan in the other strains studied here. Theinfluence of salinity (15 to 100 practical units) onpigment production was studied in N. gaditana,where a defined pattern of variation could not befound apart from a notable increase in zeaxanthin at100. In cultures grown in a photobioreactor and athigh cell densities of about 109 cells mL-1,pigment production reached: 350 mg L-1 forchlorophyll a, 50 mg L-1 for violaxanthin,5 mg L-1 for canthaxanthin, 3 mg L-1 forastaxanthin. The highest contents of canthaxanthin andastaxanthin obtained in experiments with N.gaditana were 19.4 and 14.6 ng pigment (106cells)-1, respectively, which accounts for 0.7%dry weight. By means of xanthophyll cycle inductionthrough exposure of cells to high irradiance and at40 °C, conversion of violaxanthin intozeaxanthin may attain up to 70% of the violaxanthincontent, which corresponds to 0.6% dry weight. Theresults indicate that interest in Nannochloropsis as a source of valuable pigments isnot related to its capacity for single pigmentaccumulation, but the availability of a range ofpigments such as chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin,canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, each with highproduction levels. 相似文献
15.
Clostridium acetobutylicum was unable to keep a constant pH inside the cells when grown on a phosphatelimited synthetic medium which allowed production of organic acids in a first phase and of solvents in a second phase. At external pH values between 5.9 and 4.3, the cells kept a constant pH of 0.9 to 1.3. A similar pH was measured in continuous culture under solventproducing conditions. The pH was abolished by protonovorous uncouplers, such as tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) or carbonyl-p-trifluormethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). n-Butanol at concentration of 150 mM and above led also to a complete abolition of the pH gradient.The internal pH stayed above 5.5 in cultures that shifted from acid to solvent formation. It is concluded that this is a prerequisite for the shift. The possible function of high internal concentrations of butyrate, butyryl phosphate and butyryl coenzyme A in the triggering mechanisms of the shift is discussed.Abbreviations TCS
Tetrachlorosalicylanilide
- FCCP
carbonyl-p-trifluormethyoxyphenylhydrazone 相似文献
16.
Weiying Mao Renrui Pan David Freedman 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1992,11(1):1-6
Summary High production (9016 U/ml) of alkaline protease byBacillus licheniformis has been achieved. A 49% increase in production was achieved by the method used as compared with a batch process. By using a synthetic medium and a fed-batch operation controlled by the Advanced Fermentation Software (AFS) package, it was found that the keys to high production of protease are: (i) to maintain a low concentration of glucose (<0.43 g/l) in the medium; (ii) to control pH at a certain level (pH 6.50) in the culture; and (iii) to use rough type colonies as the starting culture. Our fed-batch fermentation process successfully simulates and surpasses ordinary batch fermentation processes. By using ammonium sulfate instead of soy bean flour as the only nitrogen source, an expected benefit was the elimination of unpleasant odors caused by natural organic nitrogenous components in the media. This would improve the industrial production environment. 相似文献
17.
González-Pajuelo M Andrade JC Vasconcelos I 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2004,31(9):442-446
Growth inhibition of Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 by raw glycerol, obtained from the biodiesel production process, was evaluated. C. butyricum presents the same tolerance to raw and to commercial glycerol, when both are of similar grade, i.e. above 87% (w/v). A 39% increase of growth inhibition was observed in the presence of 100 g l–1 of a lower grade raw glycerol (65% w/v). Furthermore, 1,3-propanediol production from two raw glycerol types (65% w/v and 92% w/v), without any prior purification, was observed in batch and continuous cultures, on a synthetic medium. No significant differences were found in C. butyricum fermentation patterns on raw and commercial glycerol as the sole carbon source. In every case, 1,3-propanediol yield was around 0.60 mol/mol glycerol consumed. 相似文献
18.
J. M. Chung A. N. Spencer K. H. Gahm 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1989,159(2):173-181
Summary High performance liquid chromatography of alumina extracts of several tissues inPolyorchis penicillatus show the presence of dopamine and a catecholamine resembling norepinephrine. Dopamine is found in the highest concentrations in nerve-rich tissue (120 fmol·mg wet wt–1), at intermediate concentrations in endoderm-rich tissue (30 fmol·mg–1), and at the lowest concentrations in the mesoglea (10 fmol·mg–1). The presence of dopamine was confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization, but norepinephrine and epinephrine could not be detected in nerve-rich tissue. 相似文献
19.
20.
Homoserine lactone (HSL) is a ubiquitous product of metabolism. It is generated by all known biota during the editing of certain
mischarged aminoacyl-tRNA reactions, and is also released as a product of quorum signal degradation by bacterial species expressing
acyl-HSL acylases. Little is known about its environmental fate over long or short periods of time. The mammalian enzyme paraoxonase,
which has no known homologs in bacteria, has been reported to degrade HSL via a lactonase mechanism. Certain strains of Variovorax and Arthrobacter utilize HSL as a sole source of nitrogen, but not as a sole source of carbon or energy. In this study, the enrichment and
isolation of four strains of soil bacteria capable of utilizing HSL as a carbon and energy source are described. Phylogenetic
analysis of these isolates indicates that three are distinct members of the genus Arthrobacter, whereas the fourth clusters within the non-clinical Burkholderia. The optimal pH for growth of the isolates ranged from 6.0 to 6.5, at which their HSL-dependent doubling times ranged from
1.4 to 4 h. The biodegradation of HSL by these 4 isolates far outpaced its chemical decay. HSL degradation by soil bacteria
has implications for the consortial mineralization of acyl-homoserine lactones by bacteria associated with quorum sensing
populations. 相似文献