光强转换对不同生长环境下桑树叶片光化学效率的影响

以桑树品种‘蒙古桑’为试验材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术研究了光强转换对生长在不同光强下的桑树叶片实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)的影响,分析了非光化学淬灭(NPQ)3个组分的变化.结果表明:当光强从黑暗或弱光转换到自然光条件下,自然光桑树叶片的光量子转化效率高于弱光叶片,ΦPSⅡ、ETR诱导平衡较快,NPQ诱导呈先升后降趋势.自然光叶片在强光下状态转换淬灭组分(qT)占NPQ的18%,而弱光叶片qT仅占NPQ的7%.与弱光桑树叶片相比,自然光桑树叶片可以通过较高的光量子转化效率和较强的调节激发能在PSⅠ和PSⅡ之间的分配能力来适应光强的变化.     

干旱胁迫对沙冬青叶片防御光破坏机制的影响

沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f.)是生长在沙漠及干旱荒漠地区的常绿灌木.在夏季,其叶片经常遭受中午强光(超过1 500 μmol*m-2*s-1) 胁迫,出现明显的光抑制现象.我们利用便携式光合测定系统(CIRAS-1)和脉冲调制荧光仪(MFMS-2)测定了自然形成的干旱胁迫条件下沙冬青光合和荧光参数的日变化,主要探讨了干旱胁迫对沙冬青叶片防御强光破坏机制的影响.结果表明,正常水分和干旱胁迫下,沙冬青叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、 PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率(ΦPSⅡ)在中午都明显降低;相对正常水分条件而言,干旱胁迫下初始荧光(Fo)先下降后上升,荧光的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)上升较快并在一定水平上维持不变.由此推断晴天中午沙冬青叶片在正常水分条件下主要采取依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散机制;而在干旱胁迫条件下主要采取了依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散和PSⅡ反应中心可逆失活两种保护机制.     

干旱胁迫对沙冬青叶片防御光破坏机制的影响

沙冬青 (Ammopiptanthusmongolicus (Maxim .)Chengf.)是生长在沙漠及干旱荒漠地区的常绿灌木。在夏季 ,其叶片经常遭受中午强光 (超过 15 0 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1)胁迫 ,出现明显的光抑制现象。我们利用便携式光合测定系统 (CIRAS_1)和脉冲调制荧光仪 (MFMS_2 )测定了自然形成的干旱胁迫条件下沙冬青光合和荧光参数的日变化 ,主要探讨了干旱胁迫对沙冬青叶片防御强光破坏机制的影响。结果表明 ,正常水分和干旱胁迫下 ,沙冬青叶片的净光合速率 (Pn)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率 (ΦPSⅡ)在中午都明显降低 ;相对正常水分条件而言 ,干旱胁迫下初始荧光 (Fo)先下降后上升 ,荧光的非光化学淬灭 (NPQ)上升较快并在一定水平上维持不变。由此推断晴天中午沙冬青叶片在正常水分条件下主要采取依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散机制 ;而在干旱胁迫条件下主要采取了依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散和PSⅡ反应中心可逆失活两种保护机制。     

复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草(Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下(3 μmol photons*m-2*s-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化.结果发现:脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累.经过3 d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qP 和 NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP 和 NPQ值只有部分恢复.说明脱水的牛耳草离体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用.     

复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草（Boea hygrometrica(Bunge)R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下（3μmol photons.m^-2.s^-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化,结果发现：脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际量子产率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学淬灭（qP）和非光化学淬灭（NPQ）值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累,经过3d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm,ΦPSⅡ,qP和NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP和NPQ值能完全恢复。说明脱水的牛耳草主体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用。     

依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散对茶树叶片防御强光破坏的相关试验研究

经叶黄素循环抑制剂——二硫苏糖醇(DIT)处理的茶树叶片,以850μmol．m^-2．s^-1的PFD照射120min后,福鼎大白茶的叶黄素循环组分中的环氧玉米黄素(A)和玉米黄素(Z)含量之和降低了76．5％,结果导致非光化学猝灭(NPQ)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的光化学效率(Fv／Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ψPSⅡR)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)明显下降,而F0显著上升,暗恢复后Fv／Fm恢复程度小于未经DIT处理的叶片。自然光强下,NPQ与与叶黄素循环的脱环氧化程度(A Z)/(V A Z)比值呈明显的正线性关系(R=0．9488^***)。这些结果充分证明依赖与叶黄素循环的热耗散是茶树叶片光合器官防御强光破坏的主要途径。     

高温胁迫对转反义LeGPAT番茄PSⅡ光化学活性的影响

以冷敏感植物番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)为材料,研究高温胁迫下转反义番茄甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶基因(LeGPAT)的番茄叶片膜脂含量、光合速率、荧光参数和叶黄素循环等的变化,以探讨LeGPAT表达与番茄植株耐热性的关系.结果表明:转反义基因株系磷脂酰甘油(PG)的饱和脂肪酸含量(16∶0+16∶1+18∶0)显著高于野生型;但不饱和脂肪酸含量(18∶1+18∶2+18∶3)却显著低于野生型.在45℃高温处理过程中,野生型和转反义基因的番茄植株净光合速率(Pn)、暗中最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率ΦPSⅡ都显著降低,但野生型番茄降低幅度更大;同时野生型和转反义基因株系的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)及叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)都增加,但反义株系比野生型增加更明显.研究发现,转基因番茄植株LeGPAT的表达被抑制,其饱和脂肪酸含量升高,而不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,高温胁迫下PSⅡ受到的伤害较轻光化学活性更高,植株抵抗高温的能力更强.     

亚热带人工针叶林叶绿素荧光参数日变化及其与植被生产力的关系

叶绿素荧光技术能够快速、灵敏、无损地测定植物光合功能对环境变化的响应,已成为当前植物光合能力测定的重要技术手段之一,但是探讨亚热带森林叶绿素荧光参数在不同季节日变化特征受环境因子影响的研究较少,更缺乏与植被生产力关系的研究。以亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象,利用2016年叶绿素荧光测量和涡度相关通量观测数据,分析了不同季节湿地松和马尾松叶片荧光参数实际光化学效率(Photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ,Φ_(PSⅡ))和非光化学淬灭(Non-photochemical quenching,NPQ)的日变化特征,并结合增强回归树等统计方法,定量化环境因子对其影响,最后探讨了荧光参数与总初级生产力(Gross primary productivity,GPP)和光能利用率(Light use efficiency,LUE)的关系。结果表明,Φ_(PSⅡ)日变化总体上呈现"U型",早晚高午间低,而NPQ先升后降,午间达到峰值,与Φ_(PSⅡ)的日变化显著负相关。研究发现,光照是影响亚热带人工针叶林Φ_(PSⅡ)日变化最主要的环境因子,Φ_(PSⅡ)随着光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)的升高而降低,PAR对湿地松和马尾松叶片Φ_(PSⅡ)的相对贡献率分别为83.0%和51.1%。PAR对湿地松叶片NPQ日变化的相对贡献率也最高(77.2%),但马尾松的NPQ主要受叶片温度(Leaf temperature,T_(leaf))的影响(59.6%)。此外,GPP与Φ_(PSⅡ)显著负相关,而与NPQ有显著的正相关关系。LUE随着Φ_(PSⅡ)增长,但存在Φ_(PSⅡ)高而LUE低的情况,LUE与NPQ显著负相关,热耗散的比例越高,光能利用效率也相应降低。     

低氧胁迫下黄瓜植株热耗散途径

采用营养液栽培,研究了低氧(营养液溶氧浓度为0.9～1.1 mg·L-1)胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用热耗散与叶黄素循环的关系.结果表明:低氧胁迫下,黄瓜叶片PSⅡ的实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)、饱和光强下的净光合速率(Pn)、表观量子效率(AQY)和PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均显著降低,表明黄瓜植株的光合作用受到了光抑制;同时,光化学猝灭系数(qp)降低,而热耗散(NPQ)和天线耗散能量(D)的比值显著升高,说明黄瓜叶片热耗散增强;NPQ与叶黄素脱环氧化状态(DEPS)呈显著正相关,且两者均被抗坏血酸(AsA)所促进,被二硫苏糖醇(DTT)所抑制,说明低氧胁迫下,叶黄素循环是黄瓜植株光合作用热耗散的主要途径.     

濒危植物长序榆(Ulmus elongata)幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的初步研究

用Li-6400XT便携式光合作用仪对濒危植物长序榆幼苗的各叶绿素荧光参数的日变化和快速光响应曲线进行了测定。结果发现,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)在整个白天阶段较稳定,下午18:00显著下降。光化学淬灭(qP)先增大后减小。非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈现出与光化学淬灭(qP)相反的变化趋势,中午最低,说明长序榆幼苗光能利用率较高。快速光曲线表明实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭(qP)随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增大而减小,电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增大而增大。使用幂函数能够很好的拟合实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和电子传递速率(ETR)随光强的变化,而对数函数能较好的拟合实际光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)随光强的变化。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.