水分胁迫对玉米苗期生理和形态特性的影响

水分胁迫下3个玉米品种苗期形态和生理特征变化的研究结果表明,在中度水分胁迫下,鲁单981、赤单202和郑单958三个品种在株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积等形态指标方面变化不大,与正常供水下生长的玉米几个参数基本一致,而重度水分胁迫下,鲁单981的株高、茎粗和总叶面积均小于赤单202和郑单958.测定结果还表明鲁单981的光合速率和蒸腾速率受水分胁迫的影响最大,而郑单958和赤单202受到的影响相对较小;水分胁迫在一定程度上能够提高玉米的水分利用效率,增幅与品种关系较大,抗旱型品种增幅明显,耗水型品种增幅相对较少.     

弱光胁迫对不同耐荫型玉米果穗发育及内源激素含量的影响

2010—2011年以耐荫性较弱的玉米杂交种豫玉22和耐荫性较强的玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,在抽雄前3 d开始进行弱光胁迫处理,吐丝后10 d恢复自然光照,研究弱光胁迫及光恢复对不同耐荫型玉米果穗生长发育及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明:弱光胁迫下,玉米果穗生长发育明显减缓,穗长、穗粗和果穗干物质积累显著减小,秃尖度变大;穗行数、穗粒数和籽粒库容显著降低;吐丝期果穗顶部小穗子房发育停滞,已有败育迹象的籽粒在恢复自然光照后无明显改善;豫玉22果穗和籽粒性状在处理间的差异程度均大于郑单958。弱光胁迫下,两玉米杂交种果穗的ABA和ZR含量均升高,而GA含量和GA/ABA比值均降低;IAA含量和IAA/ABA比值在郑单958果穗中表现为升高,而豫玉22则表现为下降。     

叶片淋洗对NaCl胁迫下玉米生长和矿质营养的影响

研究了叶片淋洗对NaCl胁迫下玉米生长和体内矿质营养含量的影响 .结果表明 ,无盐或低盐浓度下(0、5 0mmol·L-1) ,淋洗处理与对照的生物量没有差异 ,高盐浓度下 (10 0、2 0 0mmol·L-1) ,淋洗处理的生物量提高 ,pH3 .5淋洗液的淋洗效果好于 pH 7.0 .无盐胁迫时 ,淋洗处理的茎叶K含量高于对照 ,2 0 0mmol·L-1盐胁迫时则低于对照 ;在高盐胁迫时 ,淋洗处理的茎叶Na含量低于对照 ;无盐胁迫时 ,淋洗处理茎叶中Ca、Mg含量高于对照 .根系K、Na、Ca、Mg含量以及植株相对水分含量在淋洗和对照之间基本无明显差别 ,说明淋洗可以减轻中高度盐胁迫下玉米植株的受害程度 ,其原因与淋洗降低茎叶中Na含量有关 .     

施肥对干旱胁迫下夏玉米根系提水的调节作用研究

以耐旱性玉米品种'郑单958号'为材料,采用两室分根土培装置,通过时域反射计(TDR)对上下土层土壤含水量进行控制和观测,研究施肥对干旱胁迫条件下玉米根系提水作用的影响.结果表明,玉米根系在土层上干下湿条件下(即上下层土壤存在一定水势差时)存在明显提水作用;玉米根系提水量在整个生育期呈单峰变化,并以吐丝期最大;上层土壤施肥可以调节玉米根系提水作用强弱,整个生育期根系总提水量表现为NP配施>单施P>CK>单施N, NP配施处理全生育期单株提水量(1 948.6 g)分别是单施P处理、CK和单施N处理的1.5倍、3.1倍和3.5倍.玉米整个生育期根系总提水量与收获期不同层次根系干重和体积存在极显著正相关关系,也与其地上部分生物量和籽粒产量呈极显著或显著正相关关系.可见,玉米根系的提水作用强弱因生育期和施肥处理而变化,施肥主要通过影响根系生长来调节其提水作用;在一定水分环境条件下,玉米根系提水作用能促进作物生长,提高其籽粒产量.     

低温胁迫对玉米苗期根系特征及电导率的影响

苗期低温是限制黑龙江省玉米高产稳产主要因素之一。为了探讨苗期低温对玉米幼苗根系的影响,选取耐低温型(郑单958)、中间型(先玉335)、低温敏感型(丰禾1)3个品种,分别设置昼/夜温度为20℃/11℃(CK)、18℃/9℃、16℃/7℃和14℃/5℃温度处理,处理时间为2、4、6、8、10 d,处理后分析根系特征及其电导率的变化。结果表明:随温度胁迫程度加强,各品种的根系干重(RDW)、根长(RL)、根表面积(SA)、根长密度(RLD)、根重密度(DRWD)增长率均降低,电导率均升高,5℃时根系几乎停止生长;低温对根系的抑制作用表现为丰禾1先玉335郑单958,低温下根系细胞膜的透性表现为丰禾1先玉335郑单958;低温抑制根系生长,增加根系细胞膜的透性;耐冷性品种表现出较好的根系生长状态、较稳定的根系质膜系统和较低的渗透率。     

施氮时期对高产夏玉米氮代谢关键酶活性及抗氧化特性的影响

选用玉米品种登海661和郑单958为材料,研究了高产条件下施氮时期对夏玉米产量、氮素利用率、氮代谢相关酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:拔节期一次性施氮不利于夏玉米产量提高和氮素积累,分次施氮且增施花粒肥显著提高了植株和籽粒的吸氮量,并提高了籽粒产量.拔节期、10叶期、花后10d按2∶4∶4施氮,登海661产量最高可达14123.0kg· hm-2;基肥、拔节期、10叶期、花后10 d按1∶2∶5∶2施氮,郑单958产量最高可达14517.1 kg· hm-2,这2种施氮方式较拔节期一次性施氮分别增产14.5％和17.5％.花前分次施氮可以显著提高开花期硝酸还原酶活性;登海661和郑单958在花后0～42 d中,施氮处理的谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶活性分别平均提高了32.6％、47.1％、50.4％和14.5％、61.8％、25.6％,减缓了其下降趋势;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性提高了22.0％、36.6％和13.4％、62.0％,丙二醛含量显著降低.在高产条件下,分次施氮且适当增加花粒肥施入比例可以提高氮代谢相关酶活性,延缓植株衰老,促进氮素吸收利用,进而提高籽粒产量.     

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇对盐度适应生理的研究 Ⅱ.不同生态型芦苇的光合气体交换特点

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇光合速率和气孔导度有明显差异 ,随生境盐度的增加而降低 ,气孔限制因素是盐胁迫下芦苇光合降低的原因之一。低盐度生境中生长的芦苇的 Rn BPCase活性均大于高盐度下的 ,而 PEPCase活性均小于高盐度下的 ,表明在盐渍条件下 ,叶肉光合器官光合活性的降低也限制芦苇的光合速率。随盐度升高 ,Ru BPCase与PEPCasc活性之比降低。高 PFD下 ,盐胁迫加剧 Fv/Fm降低程度。此外 ,在高盐度下由于叶片蒸腾下降而导致的叶温较高也可能与光合活性降低有关。     

盐胁迫对不同品种玉米苗期生长与叶片光合特性的影响

为研究盐胁迫对不同玉米品种玉米苗期生理性状的影响, 以玉米杂交种隆平206、秦龙14以及隆平206亲本(母本L239和父本L7221)为试验材料, 设置不同盐浓度处理, 分析玉米苗期生长与叶片光合特性的变化。结果表明, 盐胁迫下玉米植株高和地上部分鲜重显著下降, 随着盐浓度的增加, 其下降幅度增加; 两杂交种品种比较, 盐胁迫对秦龙14的影响较隆平206大; 隆平206两亲本比较, 盐胁迫对父本L7221较母本L239植株高与地上部分鲜重的影响更大。与对照相比, 盐胁迫显著增加玉米叶片色素含量, 且随着盐浓度的增加, 其增幅逐渐增加。盐胁迫显著增加叶片净光合速率, 但单叶光合速率逐渐降低, 两杂交种品种表现一致。可见虽然盐胁迫下单叶光合速率下降, 单位面积叶片的光合作用对玉米有一定的补偿作用。盐胁迫对秦龙14单叶光合速率的影响较隆平206大, 隆平206两亲本比较, 盐胁迫对父本L7221的影响较母本L239更大。     

复水对旱后不同玉米品种植株生长恢复能力及其生理响应特性的影响

该研究选用2个抗旱能力相似但旱后恢复能力存在显著差异的玉米品种‘P3’和‘郑单958’为材料,采用盆栽称重控水法在苗期进行干旱及复水处理,通过测定其生长、水分状况、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及叶绿素含量在干旱及复水过程中的变化规律,探讨干旱及复水过程中生理生化响应与旱后恢复能力的关系。结果发现:(1)抗旱性相同的2个玉米品种在干旱复水后的生长恢复能力表现为‘P3’显著强于‘郑单958’。(2)干旱胁迫后,‘郑单958’和‘P3’的叶片相对含水量差异不显著,但‘P3’能维持较高的叶水势、PSⅡ最大光化学效率和叶绿素含量。(3)经干旱胁迫复水后,‘P3’的净光合速率,PSⅡ最大光化学效率和气孔导度恢复速度快于‘郑单958’,说明‘P3’光合损失恢复能力高于‘郑单958’。研究表明,玉米品种‘P3’的旱后复水生长恢复能力较强,因‘P3’在干旱胁迫下能维持较高的Fv/Fm值和叶绿素含量,光系统的损伤较轻,而且复水后也能较快的恢复;在干旱过程中减轻干旱胁迫对植物光合系统的伤害是旱后复水快速恢复生长的基础,而在复水后快速修复光系统损失能够加快植物复水的恢复速度。     

壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系生长及叶片光合的影响

本试验采用营养液水培法,以玉米品种"郑单958"(镉不敏感型)和"东农253"(镉敏感型)为试验材料,研究在80 mg·L~(-1)Cd~(2+)胁迫下100 mg·L~(-1)壳聚糖对玉米幼苗干鲜重、根系特征(根长、根表面积、根体积、平均直径、总根尖数)、根系细胞膜透性、根系抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性、叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数(P_n、G_s、T_r、C_i)及最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)的影响,探究壳聚糖提高玉米幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的生理生化机制。结果表明:80mg·L~(-1)Cd~(2+)抑制了玉米幼苗的生长,破坏了根系细胞膜的稳定性和抗氧化酶活性,抑制了叶片光合作用;壳聚糖缓解了镉胁迫对玉米根系生长的抑制,增加了幼苗的根长、根表面积、根体积;增强了根系的渗透调节能力,降低了根系的MDA含量和相对电导率;抑制了根系活性氧的产生,增加了SOD和POD活性;提高了叶片的光合作用,增加了叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)含量、净光合速率(P_n)和F_v/F_m,从而缓解了镉胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,且对"东农253"(镉敏感型)的缓解效果更好,为壳聚糖应用到玉米抗镉胁迫生产上提供了依据。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.