湿沙催芽对脱毒马铃薯原原种的生长及产量的影响

过对脱毒荷兰马铃薯原原种（品种名：Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ拉丁名：ＳｏｌａｎｕｍｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍＬ．）在播种前进行的两种不同催芽处理的对比试验,发现湿沙催芽的种薯生长势及单株产量明显高于普通散射光催芽的种薯。湿沙催芽对种薯地上部生长的作用主要表现在：增加了地上部茎数;提高了茎的生长速率（单位时间内生长量）,植株高度明显高于普通催芽的种薯;主茎叶龄的增长速率虽然相同,但经过湿沙催芽种薯主茎叶龄比未经湿沙埋藏处理的提前生长一片叶。湿沙催芽对种薯地下部分生长的作用主要表现在提高了单株结薯数和单个薯块的均匀度。在脱毒马铃薯种薯生产序列中（原原种→原种→生产种）湿沙催芽对马铃薯原种的薯块形体和产量具有积极的意义。     

湿沙催芽对脱毒马铃薯原原种的生产及产量的影响

通过对脱毒荷兰马铃薯原原种（品种名：Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ拉丁名：ＳｏｌａｎｕｍｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍＬ．）在播种前进行的两种不同催芽处理的对比试验,发现湿沙催芽的种薯生长及单株产量明显地普通散射光催芽的种薯。湿沙催芽对种薯地上部生长的作用主要表现为增加了地上部茎数;提高了茎的生长速率（单位时间为生长量）,植株高度明显高于普通催芽的种薯,主茎叶龄的增长速率虽然相同,但经过湿沙催芽种薯主茎叶龄比未经湿沙埋藏处     

外源激素对脱毒马铃薯扦插苗生长及生理效应研究

以‘早大白’马铃薯脱毒苗为试验材料,通过人工温室苗床栽培探讨外源激素萘乙酸(NAA)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)和硼酸生根处理对扦插脱毒苗生长和生理特征的影响,为马铃薯微型薯的实际生产提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)外源激素生根处理较对照扦插苗根系长势好,根活力、根系可溶性蛋白含量增加。(2)外源激素生根处理较对照脱毒扦插苗光合速率提高、叶绿素含量增加,光合物质的形成与积累增多。(3)外源激素生根处理较对照叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性和游离氨基酸含量均表现出不同程度的上升,MDA含量下降,衰老减缓。(4)外源激素生根处理有利于小区产量和单株结薯数的增加。研究表明,不同外源激素生根处理可改善脱毒马铃薯扦插苗农艺性状和生理指标,并以NAA 100mg/L+IBA 50mg/L+硼酸17.5mg/L配方处理植株的长势最好,叶绿素含量、保护酶活性及游离氨基酸含量最高,净光合速率大、小薯膨大速度快且单株结薯数量及产量增加显著,更利于发挥脱毒薯的增产优势。     

马铃薯的MT作为原原种在加利福尼亚得到认可

麒麟啤酒公司11月宣布该公司开发的马铃薯微茎块(MT)作为原原种得到美国加利福尼亚州认可。其结果,于1993年销售以马铃薯茎块为亲本的马铃薯种薯,估计1994年可在世界上收获由MT培养的马铃薯。日本由于守旧的植物防疫法,政府独揽了马铃薯原原种管理,民间方面即使占优势的组织培养技术培育的完全无病的种薯也不允许事业化。因此,该公司与美国Calgene公司于90年3月成立合并事业PlantGenetics-Kirin Parthership,在美国接受MT实用化的挑战。以保护农家为名义而设立的植物防疫法使日本农民无法蒙受生物技术恩惠。麒麟啤酒公司向美国提供30多个MT培养罐,大量生产MT。这次的原原种认可是为了证明该公司的     

光质对马铃薯试管薯形成的影响

以两个试管薯形成能力不同的马铃薯脱毒试管苗为材料,研究不同光质(白光、红光、蓝光)对马铃薯试管苗生长和试管薯形成的影响.结果表明：红光下试管苗叶片的净光合速率、可溶性糖含量和生物量最高,试管苗叶片数多.蓝光对试管苗干物质含量和试管苗发育后期的结薯数量以及结薯期提前有明显促进作用,但对试管苗株高有明显抑制作用.白光下试管苗净光合速率和干物质含量最低.不同品种试管薯的形成对光质的要求有一定差异.总之,壮苗培养阶段采用红光,试管薯诱导阶段采用蓝光处理利于提高试管薯产量.     

促肝细胞生长素对肝损伤小鼠脂质过氧化的影响

将脱毒甘薯叶节苗基端于布洛芬液浸10min然后扦插,能有效地促使薯苗生根,增加根数和根干重,提高根系活力;并能促使薯苗生长,茎叶干重和腋芽发育成的枝数增加,茎节繁殖系数提高。布洛芬的最适作用浓度为1000mg·L-1。     

布洛芬对脱毒甘薯叶节苗生根和生长的影响

将脱毒甘薯叶节苗基端于布洛芬液浸 1 0min然后扦插 ,能有效地促使薯苗生根 ,增加根数和根干重 ,提高根系活力 ;并能促使薯苗生长 ,茎叶干重和腋芽发育成的枝数增加 ,茎节繁殖系数提高。布洛芬的最适作用浓度为 1 0 0 0mg·L-1 。     

黄土高原西部旱农区不同品种马铃薯集雨限灌效应

通过大田试验研究了集雨限灌对同薯23号和大西洋两个马铃薯品种的补灌效应.结果表明：集蓄雨水在苗期补灌能显著提高旱作马铃薯的产量,且大西洋增产幅度高于同薯23号;在薯块膨大期补灌同薯23号的产量增加不显著,而大西洋减产.低额补灌（补灌45 mm）有利于同薯23号水分利用效率（WUE）和灌水利用效率（IWUE）的提高.大西洋苗期补灌的WUE和IWUE均高于薯块膨大期.补灌提高了同薯23号的大薯率、中薯率和单株薯产量,降低了小薯率, 但绿薯率、烂薯率有所增加;大西洋的大薯率和小薯率增加,中薯率稍有下降,烂薯率增加.     

赤霉素破除马铃薯脱毒原原种休眠的研究(简报)

赤霉素能有效地破除马铃薯脱毒原原种的休眠。用１０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１赤素和５ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１赤霉素＋１％硫脲混合液喷湿处理收获后贮存１５ｄ的原原种效果最好。用已萌芽的脱毒原帮种播种长出的幼苗生长健壮。质量浓度３０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的赤霉素节同伸长,长成纤细苗。     

转PVY外壳蛋白基因马铃薯及其田间实验

报道了将马铃薯Ｙ 病毒（ＰＶＹ）中国分离株的外壳蛋白基因通过农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍ ｅｆａ－ｃｉｅｎｓ）介导转入马铃薯（Ｓｏｌａｎｕｍ ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍ Ｌ．）的生产品种“Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ”、“虎头”和“克４”,在获得大量再生植株的基础上经过ＰＣＲ检测和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交证明,大部分株系中ＰＶＹ 外壳蛋白基因的表达框架已完整整合到马铃薯的染色体上。人工接种ＰＶＹ 病毒（２０ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ）后一些转基因株系对ＰＶＹ 病毒的侵染表现较强的抗性,同时其单株结薯数和平均薯重有所增加。在田间实验中,转基因马铃薯植株生长良好而且部分转基因株系产量高于未转基因的脱毒马铃薯,从这些株系中有希望得到抗病性好而且高产的马铃薯品系     

Translocation of Assimilates Within and Between Potato Stems

Three aspects of translocation in potato were examined: (i)translocation within stems (ii) translocation between individualstems of a plant (iii) translocation between tubers followinginjection of ¹⁴C sucrose into a single daughter tuber. Assimilatesexported from single leaves of evenly illuminated potato stemsremained confined to the same side of the stem as the sourceleaf in a pattern consistent with the internal arrangement ofvascular bundles in the stem, and tubers borne on stolons verticallybelow the source leaf contained higher concentrations of ¹⁴Cthan those on the opposite side. Consequently ¹⁴C import intothe tubers bore little relationship to tuber growth rates. However,alteration of source/sink relations by pruning stems to a singlesouce leaf resulted in an even distribution of ¹⁴C throughoutthe vascular bundles of the stem and ¹⁴C import into the tubersbore a stronger relationship to tuber growth rates than to thephyllotactic relationship of the tubers with the source leaf. Labelling one stem of a potato plant resulted in little or nomovement of ¹⁴C into tubers on other unlabelled stems. However,removal of the unlabelled stems at ground level induced a significantmovement of ¹⁴C from the labelled stem to the tubers on unlabelledstems, this movement occurring via the mother tuber. Shadingthe unlabelled stems had less effect than stem removal. ¹⁴C sucrose injected into single daughter tubers was translocatedto other tubers on the same stem and also to tubers on a secondstem at the opposite end of the mother tuber. The sucrose wasconverted to starch in these tubers. The results favour the view that each potato stem functionsas an independent unit with potential for assimilate redistributionwithin a stem but with little or no carbon exchange occurringbetween stems, unless under severely altered source/sink patterns. Assimilates, ¹⁴C, autoradiography, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), tuber growth     

Effects of common scab (Streptomyces scabies) on potatoes

Seed tubers with severe (71% cover) or slight (12% cover) common scab selected from a badly infected crop of cv. Maris Piper were boxed for sprouting in November and February and planted in field experiments at Woburn and Rothamsted in 1980. The severely scabbed seed lost more moisture than the slightly scabbed seed during sprouting and sprouted from a larger number of eyes but total stem numbers were greater on plants from the slightly scabbed seed. Plant growth during the first 6–9 wk after planting was less from the severely scabbed than from the slightly scabbed seed. This was shown by records of ground cover, leaf area index, fresh weights of stems and leaves, total tuber yield (18% lower at 9 wk) and tuber number. Subsequently these differences became non-significant. Seed with slight scab boxed in November produced smaller numbers of progeny tubers than that boxed in February but there were no other consistent effects of boxing date on growth and yield. Scab incidence on progeny tubers was very slight and unrelated to the severity of disease on the seed tubers. It seems unlikely that severe scab infection of seed tubers would significantly decrease tuber yields except perhaps in early potato production.     

Growth and biomass production in potato grown in the hot tropics as influenced by paclobutrazol

Two similar field trials were carried out during 2003 in a hot tropical region of eastern Ethiopia to investigate the effect of leaf and soil applied paclobutrazol on the growth, dry matter production and assimilate partitioning in potato. A month after planting paclobutrazol was applied as a foliar spray or soil drench at rates of 0, 2, 3, and 4 kg a.i. paclobutrazol ha^–1. Plants were sampled during treatment application and subsequently 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after treatment application. The data was analyzed using standard growth analyses techniques. None of the growth parameters studied was affected by the method of paclobutrazol application. Paclobutrazol decreased leaf area index, crop growth rate, and total biomass production, and increased specific leaf weight, tuber growth rate, net assimilation rate, and partitioning coefficient of potato. At all harvesting stages, paclobutrazol reduced the partitioning of assimilate to the leaves, stems, and roots and stolons and increased allocation to the tubers. Although paclobutrazol decreased the total biomass production it improved tuber yield by partitioning more assimilates to the tubers. Paclobutrazol improved the productivity of potato under tropical conditions by redirecting assimilate allocation to the tubers.     

Healthier seed potatoes. I. Effects of inoculating stem cutting stocks with Polyscytalum pustulans and Rhizoctonia solani on growth, yield and disease

Potato seed tubers of seven cultivars derived from stem cuttings in 1965 (healthier seed) were grown in 1969–72 at two sites, one clay with flints soil (Rothamsted) and the other sandy loam soil (Woburn). Inoculating sprouted tubers at planting with Polyscytalum pustulans did not affect the number of stems/plant or total yield but increased stem base and tuber infection. The yields of large tubers (57–83 cm) were increased and small tubers (>57 cm) decreased, indicating a decrease in tuber numbers. Rhizoctonia solani inoculated at planting decreased numbers of stems/plant and yield by up to 14% at Woburn but not at Rothamsted. At both sites, yields of large tubers were increased with cvs Majestic and Record and decreased with Pentland Crown. Stem canker and tuber infection were increased but infection was also prevalent on tubers from non-inoculated seed at Woburn. When both pathogens were inoculated together yields of large tubers were increased in cvs King Edward, Majestic and Record and decreased in Pentland Crown. Infection of stem bases and tubers was sometimes less than when either pathogen was inoculated singly.     

The effect of infection with potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) on yield and some of its components in a variety of potato (Solanum tuberosum)

In a trial of over 2000 potato plants 11 -8% of them were found to be infected with potato leaf roll virus. Infection caused reduction in the number of stems and reduced the number, weight and mean weight of both chats and ware tubers produced per hill. It also reduced the number and weight of ware tubers produced per stem. The health status of neighbouring plants was found to influence the weight and mean weight of ware tubers of healthy, but not of infected plants. This yield compensation is described in an appendix.     

The nature and distribution of various forms of nitrogen in the potato

The distribution of nitrogen fractions in the organs of King Edward potato plants harvested at intervals during the growing season has been determined. A general picture of the nitrogen distribution is presented and certain problems suggested by the data are discussed.
Each organ of the plant shows a uniformity in its nitrogenous composition during the whole season of active growth. The seed tubers are characterized by their high content of non-protein nitrogen. This fraction yields the greater part of the nitrogen withdrawn from the seed tubers; the amide, amino and 'other nitrogen' fractions all being markedly depleted. The severely depleted tubers retain some 20% of their initial nitrogen content.
The roots are rich in non-protein nitrogen, in which nitrate nitrogen is an important fraction. The roots from ammonium sulphate-treated plots had a higher total nitrogen content than those from untreated plots, due to accumulation of ammonia nitrogen.
The 'tops' have a higher nitrogen content and a higher proportion of protein than the roots. There is an increase in protein content and a decrease in non-protein nitrogen in passing from stems, to petioles, to leaf laminae. The depleted tubers and roots and stems have a uniform low-protein content of the order 0.4-0.6 mg. protein nitrogen per g. fresh weight.
Asparagine and glutamine occur in approximately equal amounts in the seed tubers and roots. Glutamine is more completely withdrawn than asparagine from the tubers, and in the 'tops' it constantly exceeds asparagine in amount.
A study of the concentration gradients, from leaves to petioles, to stems, to stem bases and new tubers, of the fractions of the non-protein nitrogen focuses attention upon the 'other nitrogen' as containing the organic nitrogen most actively involved in translocation.
The concentration and total content of the glycoside solanine in the different organs has been determined at each sampling.     

Modification of growth habit of Majestic potato by growth regulators applied at different times

The effect of gibberellic acid, CCC (2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride) and B 9 (N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid) was studied on growth of potato plants in pots. Growth was analysed on four occasions and changes in habit defined in terms of internode lengths, leaf areas and growth of lateral branches. Soaking seed pieces for 1 hr. in GA solution caused six internodes to elongate greatly, an effect not prevented by CCC applied when the shoot emerged from the soil. The effects on internode extension were determined by the length of the interval between GA treatment and CCC treatment. Treatment at emergence with CCC shortened all internodes and more CCC applied 4 weeks later had no effect. Late application of CCC or B9 shortened the top two lateral branches, usually very long in untreated plants. The regulators affected leaf growth differently from internode growth: usually growth regulators had less effect on leaf growth. Effects on growth depended on when the regulators were applied. Treatment with GA alone inhibited bud development at higher nodes than in untreated plants; when followed by late treatment with CCC, lateral growth at higher nodes was also less. CCC retarded development of lateral branches especially when applied early. B9 had a similar effect to CCC applied late. When regulators retarded growth of lower laterals, upper laterals often grew more than in untreated plants. Treatments did not affect the number of leaves on the main stem at first but later GA hastened senescence. GA increased the number of leaves on lateral stems, and the effect was enhanced by CCC. CCC alone increased the number of first- and second-order lateral leaves. GA lengthened and CCC shortened stolons. The effect of CCC persisted throughout the life of the plant. CCC or B 9 shortened stolons whenever applied. CCC hastened tuber initiation but slowed tuber growth. CCC at first retarded formation of lateral tubers but had no effect on the ultimate numbers of lateral and terminal tubers. The value of E (net assimilation rate) did not alter with time. CCC applied at emergence increased E, probably because it hastened tuber initiation and temporarily increased sink capacity. Although tubers formed earlier with CCC, their growth was slower and their demand for carbohydrate was also less. The increase in second-order laterals in CCC-treated plants indicates that they utilize carbohydrate that would normally go to tubers. This experiment also demonstrates that crowding leaves by shortening stems did not diminish E, possibly because another over-riding process (bigger sinks) offsets the effect of shading.     

The Influence of the Inoculum Source of Rhizoctonia solani on Development of Black Scurf on Potato

Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of stem canker and black scurf on potato, survives as sclerotia on tubers, in soil and in plant residues. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the importance of inoculum source on disease development. Disease‐free minitubers and seed tubers contaminated with low levels of R. solani were planted in fumigated or artificially inoculated growth mixture in greenhouse experiments. Black scurf incidence and severity were significantly higher when the inoculum was present in both seed tubers and soil, compared with either of them separately. The severity of disease symptoms on the subterranean parts of the plant also were significantly higher in plots where both seed tubers and soil were contaminated, compared with plots where the inoculum source was either the seed tubers or the soil. Thus, both major sources of inoculum, seed tubers and soil, are important in disease development. However, when both sources are present, black scurf incidence and severity are increased, leading to economical damage to tuber yield and quality. Additional results from field trials support these findings. Disease incidence and severity on daughter tubers were correlated with levels of contamination in seed tubers and soil. When seed tubers and soil were heavily infested, the levels of black scurf incidence and severity on daughter tubers were very high; when seed tuber and soil infestation were very low, black scurf incidence and severity on progeny were also lower. Disease levels were reduced by in‐furrow fungicide treatment, but were less effective when the initial levels of the fungus on the seed tubers and in the soil were high.     

An analysis of the effects of nutrient supply on the growth of potato crops

Fertilizer nitrogen did not delay tuber initiation by the potato variety King Edward in the field, but slowed the early growth of tubers. Later, N hastened tuber growth and the largest amounts prolonged it. Leaf and stem growth were increased by N from an early stage. Leaf area index (L) reached maxima of 2.5 to 3.0 with the largest amounts of N, and 1.0 with no nitrogen: L decreased after late July, faster with increased N, and only the largest amount prolonged the life of the haulm. N increased leaf area duration (D) by up to 125% in both years. D was 21% greater in 1964 than 1963, and net assimilation rate in August and September was larger; consequently mean yield was 50% more in 1964. Uptake of nitrogen and N % of dry matter were increased by increasing nitrogen. The N % of tuber dry weight remained constant or increased slightly from about 2 weeks after tuber formation, while N % of the leaves and stems decreased rapidly, and much N was transferred from tops to tubers. The 1964 results suggest that tuber growth depends on continued nitrogen uptake by the plant. P and K had small effects compared with those of N. K increased leaf area duration by 9% in 1963 and 3% in 1964, and yield by 11 and 8% respectively. P increased leaf area duration by 17% and yield by 9% in 1964. K had very small effects until the end of the season, when it prolonged the period of growth. P increased growth rates of all parts of the plant up to 4 weeks from emergence, and the differences in dry weight at that time persisted to maturity but did not increase.