多肽:N-乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶2在SGC7901细胞中同时定位于高尔基体顺面囊和反面囊

多肽:N.乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶(ppGalNAcT)在高尔基体中催化粘蛋白型O-糖基化的第一步.首先进行了人ppGalNAcT2多克隆抗体的制备和鉴定,进一步通过对分离的亚细胞结构进行蛋白质印迹分析,免疫细胞化学后共聚焦显微镜观察此抗体和两个高尔基体标记GS28(顺面高尔基体的分子标志)和TGN38(反面高尔基体的分子标志)来研究ppGalNAcT2在SGC7901细胞株中的亚细胞定位.结果表明:约有60%的ppGalNAcT2信号和Gs28共定位,大约36%的ppGalNAcT2信号和TGN38共定位.约有34%的TGN38和ppGalNAcT2信号重叠,而约38%的反面高尔基体标志和ppGalNAcT2重叠.结论是:在SGC7901中,ppGalNAcT2同时定位于高尔基体顺面囊和反面囊中,实验证实了在高尔基体中进行粘蛋白型O-糖基化的起始反应.     

多肽∶N-乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶2在SGC7901细胞中同时定位于高尔基体顺面囊和反面囊

多肽∶N-乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶(ppGalNAcT)在高尔基体中催化粘蛋白型O-糖基化的第一步．首先进行了人ppGalNAcT2多克隆抗体的制备和鉴定,进一步通过对分离的亚细胞结构进行蛋白质印迹分析,免疫细胞化学后共聚焦显微镜观察此抗体和两个高尔基体标记GS28(顺面高尔基体的分子标志)和TGN38(反面高尔基体的分子标志)来研究ppGalNAcT2在SGC7901细胞株中的亚细胞定位．结果表明：约有60%的ppGalNAcT2信号和GS28共定位,大约36%的ppGalNAcT2信号和TGN38共定位．约有34%的TGN38和ppGalNAcT2信号重叠,而约38%的反面高尔基体标志和ppGalNAcT2重叠．结论是：在SGC7901中,ppGalNAcT2同时定位于高尔基体顺面囊和反面囊中,实验证实了在高尔基体中进行粘蛋白型O-糖基化的起始反应．     

pten敲除小鼠中转录上调基因pdd87编码蛋白定位于高尔基体

为了明确pten敲除小鼠中转录上调基因pdd87编码蛋白在细胞中的定位,构建PDD87与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的融合蛋白表达载体pEGFP-C1-padS7,利用Lipofectamine2000转染该载体于体外培养的NIH3T3细胞中,采用高尔基体特异探针BODIPY TR C5-Ceramide染色显示高尔基体,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察到PDD87-GFP融合蛋白定位于高尔基体,提示pdd87基因编码的蛋白定位于高尔基体。     

植物表达分泌蛋白的运输及定位

分泌途径主要由内膜系统构成,内质网和高尔基体对于分泌蛋白的运输及定位具有重要作用。分泌蛋白的运输包括顺行途径和逆行途径。蛋白质通过质流和受体介导的途径运输到小泡中。在植物中,分泌蛋白的运输主要通过小泡和相连的小管来完成。分子伴侣和质量控制不仅能优化新合成蛋白的折叠和组装,而且去除了有折叠缺陷的蛋白。分泌蛋白的定位需要特定的信号肽,而高尔基体固有蛋白以依赖跨膜长度的方式,沿着分泌途径的细胞器分布。本文对植物表达分泌蛋白的分泌途径及定位、相关的分子伴侣和质量控制进行了综述。     

百合花粉与花粉管中类高尔基体58K蛋白

动物细胞中,高尔基体往往位于微管组织中心(MTOC)附近,它们的位置部分地被58K蛋白所决定.通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和免疫印迹方法,我们发现川百合花粉与花粉管内存在类高尔基体58K蛋白,其分子量与动物细胞内58K蛋白类似,约为60 ku.通过免疫荧光标记方法,在共焦激光扫描显微镜下观察发现,花粉与花粉管内类高尔基体58K蛋白主要存在于一些颗粒状的细胞器上.这些颗粒状细胞器的分布与植物细胞内高尔基体的分布是一致的.进而通过免疫金标和透射电镜观察发现,花粉与花粉管内类58K蛋白主要存在于高尔基体附近的囊泡膜上.     

肽链的翻译后加工：5.在反式高尔基体中发生的一些包装和激活过程

肽链的翻译后加工５．在反式高尔基体中发生的一些包装和激活过程王克夷（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词肽链加工,反式高尔基体许多分泌蛋白和活性小肽的前体由ＥＲ进入高尔基体后经过的途径基本相同,但在反式高尔基体内遇到了不同的加工和修...     

胃癌细胞高尔基体的蛋白质组学技术平台的建立

采用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心法分离纯化高尔基体,双向凝胶电泳（2-DE）分离高尔基体蛋白质,用ImageMaster 2D软件分析所得图谱,基质辅助激光解吸离子化飞行时间质谱(MALDI—TOF MS)鉴定蛋白质点等一系列亚细胞器蛋白质组学方法建立胃癌细胞内高尔基体的蛋白图谱。结果显示分离出的纯度较高的高尔基体建立了分辨率和重复性均较好的双向电泳图谱,运用质谱技术鉴定出12个蛋白质,包括蛋白合成相关蛋白、膜融合蛋白、调节蛋白、凋亡相关蛋白、运输蛋白、细胞增殖分化相关蛋白。通过亚细胞器分离纯化,双向电泳的蛋白分离及MALDI-TOF MS蛋白鉴定分析,首次成功建立了胃癌细胞SGC7901中高尔基体的蛋白质组学技术路线,为胃癌细胞内高尔基体功能的深入研究奠定了基础。     

高尔基体参与干细胞特性的维持

最近,Zhou等发现,高尔基体中的一种蛋白可以作为Numb的伴侣,在有丝分裂过程中参与细胞命运的决定过程,维持细胞的干细胞性。这项研究首次确定高尔基体参与细胞命运的决定,发现了高尔基体一个独特的、全新的重要功能。     

受体介导式入胞的分子机理(2)

早期内体除了接受来自细胞膜的囊泡之外,还接受来自高尔基体和晚期内体的囊泡,并且将内体中的物质以囊泡的形式重新分配到细胞膜、高尔基体和晚期内体(如图1,见本刊第11期第13页),这种重新分配也称分选。例如,细胞膜上的脂质和膜蛋白能够被早期内体分选,一部分回到胞膜重新利用,另一部分被转运到溶酶体降解。     

基于支持向量机识别亚高尔基体蛋白质的定位

研究表明,许多神经退行性疾病都与蛋白质在高尔基体中的定位有关,因此,正确识别亚高尔基体蛋白质对相关疾病药物的研制有一定帮助,本文建立了两类亚高尔基体蛋白质数据集,提取了氨基酸组分信息、联合三联体信息、平均化学位移、基因本体注释信息等特征信息,利用支持向量机算法进行预测,基于5-折交叉检验下总体预测成功率为87.43%。     

Targeting of proteins to the Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus maintains a highly organized structure in spite of the intense membrane traffic which flows into and out of this organelle. Resident Golgi proteins must have localization signals to ensure that they are targeted to the correct Golgi compartment and not swept further along the secretory pathway. There are a number of distinct groups of Golgi membrane proteins, including glycosyltransferases, recyclingtrans-Golgi network proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, receptors and viral glycoproteins. Recent studies indicate that there are a number of different Golgi localization signals and mechanisms for retaining proteins to the Golgi apparatus. This review focuses on the current knowledge in this field.     

Signal-anchor sequences are an essential factor for the Golgi-plasma membrane localization of type II membrane proteins

Despite studies of the mechanism underlying the intracellular localization of membrane proteins, the specific mechanisms by which each membrane protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane in the secretory pathway are unclear. In this study, a discriminant analysis of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane-localized type II membrane proteins was performed using a position-specific scoring matrix derived from the amino acid propensity of the sequences around signal-anchors. The possibility that the sequence around the signal-anchor is a factor for identifying each localization group was evaluated. The discrimination accuracy between the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane-localized type II membrane proteins was as high as 90%, indicating that, in addition to other factors, the sequence around signal-anchor is an essential component of the selection mechanism for the Golgi and plasma membrane localization. These results may improve the use of membrane proteins for drug delivery and therapeutic applications.     

ZFPL1, a novel ring finger protein required for cis-Golgi integrity and efficient ER-to-Golgi transport

The Golgi apparatus occupies a central position within the secretory pathway, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for its assembly and organization remain poorly understood. We report here the identification of zinc finger protein-like 1 (ZFPL1) as a novel structural component of the Golgi apparatus. ZFPL1 is a conserved and widely expressed integral membrane protein with two predicted zinc fingers at the N-terminus, the second of which is a likely ring domain. ZFPL1 directly interacts with the cis-Golgi matrix protein GM130. Depletion of ZFPL1 results in the accumulation of cis-Golgi matrix proteins in the intermediate compartment (IC) and the tubulation of cis-Golgi and IC membranes. Loss of ZFPL1 function also impairs cis-Golgi assembly following brefeldin A washout and slows the rate of cargo trafficking into the Golgi apparatus. Effects upon Golgi matrix protein localization and cis-Golgi structure can be rescued by wild-type ZFPL1 but not mutants defective in GM130 binding. Together, these data suggest that ZFPL1 has an important function in maintaining the integrity of the cis-Golgi and that it does so through interactions with GM130.     

ARL1 Plays a Role in the Binding of the GRIP Domain of a Peripheral Matrix Protein to the Golgi Apparatus in Plant Cells

ARF GTPases play a central role in regulating membrane dynamics and protein transport in eukaryotic cells. ARF-like (ARL) proteins are close relatives of the ARF regulators of vesicular transport, but their function in plant cells is poorly characterized. Here, by means of live cell imaging and site-directed mutagenesis, we have investigated the cellular function of the plant GTPase ARL1. We provide direct evidence for a role of this ARL family member in the association of a plant golgin with the plant Golgi apparatus. Our data reveal the existence of key residues within the conserved GRIP-domain of the golgin and within the GTPase ARL1 that are central to ARL1–GRIP interaction. Mutations of these residues abolish the interaction of GRIP with the GTP-bound ARL1 and induce a redistribution of GRIP into the cytosol. This indicates that the localization of GRIP to the Golgi apparatus is strongly influenced by the interaction of GRIP with Golgi-localized ARL1. Our results assign a cellular role to a member of the Arabidopsis ARL family in the plant secretory pathway and propose mechanisms for localization of peripheral golgins to the plant Golgi apparatus. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

Mon1a protein acts in trafficking through the secretory apparatus

Mon1a was originally identified as a modifier gene of vesicular traffic, as a mutant Mon1a allele resulted in increased localization of cell surface proteins, whereas reduced levels of Mon1a showed decreased secretory activity. Here we show that Mon1a affects different steps in the secretory pathway including endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi traffic. siRNA-dependent reduction of Mon1a levels resulted in a delay in the reformation of the Golgi apparatus after Brefeldin A treatment. Endoglycosidase H treatment of ts045VSVG-GFP confirmed that knockdown of Mon1a delayed endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi trafficking. Reductions in Mon1a also resulted in delayed trafficking from Golgi to the plasma membrane. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis showed that Mon1a associates with dynein intermediate chain. Reductions in Mon1a or dynein altered steady state Golgi morphology. Reductions in Mon1a delayed formation of ERGIC-53-positive vesicles, whereas reductions in dynein did not affect vesicle formation. These data provide strong evidence for a role for Mon1a in anterograde trafficking through the secretory apparatus.     

Post Golgi apparatus structures and membrane removal in plants

Summary In nongrowing secretory cells of plants, large quantities of membrane are transferred from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane without a corresponding increase in cell surface area or accumulation of internal membranes. Movement and/or redistribution of membrane occurs also in trans Golgi apparatus cisternae which disappear after being sloughed from the dictyosome, and in secretory vesicles which lose much of their membrane in transit to the cell surface. These processes have been visualized in freeze-substituted corn rootcap cells and a structural basis for membrane loss during trafficking is seen. It involves three forms of coated membranes associated with the trans parts of the Golgi apparatus, with cisternae and secretory vesicles, and with plasma membranes. The coated regions of the plasma membrane were predominantly located at sites of recent fusion of secretory vesicles suggesting a vesicular mechanism of membrane removal. The two other forms of coated vesicles were associated with the trans cisternae, with secretory vesicles, and with a post Golgi apparatus tubular/vesicular network not unlike the TGN of animal cells. However, the trans Golgi network in plants, unlike that in animals, appears to derive directly from the trans cisternae and then vesiculate. The magnitude of the coated membrane-mediated contribution of the endocytic pathway to the formation of the TGN in rootcap cells is unknown. Continued formation of new Golgi apparatus cisternae would be required to maintain the relatively constant form of the Golgi apparatus and TGN, as is observed during periods of active secretion.     

Green light for the secretory pathway

Summary Since the advent of green-fluorescent protein (GFP) technology there has been an explosion of interest in applying this molecule to cell biology. This review summarizes new insights in secretory membrane traffic obtained by the use of GFP fusion proteins. Transport steps between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, intra-Golgi traffic, and transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane are discussed. In addition, insights into the dynamics of the Golgi compartment in plant cells and in mitotic mammalian cells have been included. We conclude that membrane traffic in the secretory pathway appears to be much more dynamic and diverse than previously thought and that GFP promises to be a powerful means to unravel these complex processes.     

Multi‐step down‐regulation of the secretory pathway in mitosis: A fresh perspective on protein trafficking

The secretory pathway delivers proteins synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to various subcellular locations via the Golgi apparatus. Currently, efforts are focused on understanding the molecular machineries driving individual processes at the RER and Golgi that package, modify and transport proteins. However, studies are routinely performed using non‐dividing cells. This obscures the critical issue of how the secretory pathway is affected by cell division. Indeed, several studies have indicated that protein trafficking is down‐regulated during mitosis. Moreover, the RER and Golgi apparatus exhibit gross reorganization in mitosis. Here I provide a relatively neglected perspective of how the mitotic cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK1) could regulate various stages of the secretory pathway. I highlight several aspects of the mitotic control of protein trafficking that remain unresolved and suggest that further studies on how the mitotic CDK1 influences the secretory pathway are necessary to obtain a deeper understanding of protein transport.     

Following the Fate In Vivo of COPI Vesicles Generated In Vitro

COPI vesicles are a class of transport carriers that function in the early secretory pathway. Their fate and function are still controversial. This includes their contribution to bidirectional transport within the Golgi apparatus and their role during cell division. Here we describe a method that should address several open questions about the fate and function of COPI vesicles in vivo . To this end, fluorescently labeled COPI vesicles were generated in vitro from isolated rat liver Golgi membranes, labeled with the fluorescent dyes Alexa-488 or Alexa-568. These vesicles appeared to be active and colocalized with endogenous Golgi membranes within 30 min after microinjection into mammalian cells. The COPI vesicle-derived labeled membrane proteins could be classified into two types that behaved like endogenous proteins after Brefeldin A treatment.