去血红素细胞色素c的制备及其结构研究

在酸性条件下用硫酸银断裂马心细胞色素ｃ（以下简称ｃｙｔ．ｃ）的肽链与血红素相连的硫醚键,通过酸性丙酮抽提,巯基乙醇处理及超速离心等步骤纯化得去血红素的ｃｙｔ．ｃ（以下简称Ａｐｏ－ｃｙｔ．ｃ．）．Ａｐｏ－ｃｙｔ．ｃ与天然ｃｙｔ．ｃ相比,其酸性电泳迁移率明显降低,紫外－可见光谱在１９０￣２２０ｎｍ处吸收上升,荧光光谱的最大发射峰波长产生红移,同时ＣＤ谱中ａ螺旋的特征峰完全消失,这说明在ｃｙｔ．ｃ去血红     

不同折叠状态的Apocyt．C插膜后构象的研究

比较了不同折叠状态的鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ（Ａｐｏｃｙｔ．ｃ）对大豆磷脂单分子层的插入能力和对酸性、中性磷脂单分子层的插入能力。不同折叠状态的Ａｐｏｃｙｔ．ｃ与大豆磷脂脂质体作用后的内源荧光发射谱提示它们各自在膜上的构象状态不同。与纯磷脂脂质体作用后的圆二色谱发现,溶液中折叠状态不同的鸡心Ａｐｏｃｙｔ．ｃ与膜作用后的构象也不同,溶液中处于无规心Ａｐｏｃｙｔ．ｃ与ＤＭＰＧ脂质体作用后的构象也呈α螺旋,但螺旋含量明显低于前者。折叠状态的鸡心Ａｐｏｃｙｔ．ｃ与ＤＭＰＣ作用后,其构象几乎没有变化。     

细胞分裂素基因（T—cyt）启动子驱动下的GUS基因在烟草和马铃薯中的表达

构建了来自根癌农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍ ｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ） Ｔ－ＤＮＡ 的细胞分裂素基因（Ｔ－ｃｙｔ）启动子驱动下的ＧＵＳ基因的表达质粒,并用以转化烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｔａｂａｃｕｍ ｃｖ． Ｗ ３８）和马铃薯（Ｓｏｌａｎｕｍ ｔｕｂｅｒｏ－ｓｕｍ Ｌ． ｃｖ． Ｄｅｓｉｒｅｅ）,研究其在转基因植物中表达的定位。结果表明,Ｔ－ｃｙｔ启动子在转基因植株的根、茎、叶、块茎和萌发的种子中均可表达。其中在茎和块茎中的表达是不均一的：在维管束部分表达较强,在侧芽或叶柄的生长点及块茎的芽生长点表达活性较高。此外,在培养基中加入０．１ ｍ ｇ／ＬＢＡＰ,转基因烟草茎中ＧＵＳ基因的表达活性增强,而对ＮＡＡ 没有明显的反应。看来某些外源植物激素对Ｔ－ｃｙｔ启动子的活性有一定的诱导作用     

银胶中三螺旋RNA poly（rU）．poly（rA）．poly（rU）的付立叶表面增强拉曼光谱研究

采用近红外付立叶拉曼光谱研究了三螺旋ＲＮＡ（ｒＵ）．ｐｏｌｙ（ｒＡ）．ｐｏｌｙ（ｒＵ）在溶液中的构象和在银胶中的表面增强拉曼散行为。结果表明在溶液中,该三螺旋ＲＮＡ分子中以Ｗａｔｓｏｎ－Ｃｒｉｃｋ碱基酸对的两条链处于Ａ－构型,而第二条嘧啶链处于Ｃ２’－ｅｎｄｏ／ａｎｔｉ构象。在银胶中,该三螺旋ＲＮＡ的表面增强拦曼效应明显。与溶液状态下相比,８３５和８１９ｃｍ＾－１谱带的出现暗示该三螺旋ＲＮＡ吸附到     

纯化膜蛋白质复合体Cytb6f的新方法

建立了纯化光合膜蛋白质复合体Ｃｙｔｂ６ｆ的新方法。与现有方法相比,新方法简单明了,只包括透析离心和用硫酸铵分级沉淀两个步骤,而且适于大批量制备。按此方法从菠菜叶绿体分离纯化的制剂含９．８ｎｍｏｌＣｙｔｆ·ｍｇ－１;ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ显示４条主要区带及１条低分子量区带,背景干净;Ｃｙｔｂ６（ｂ型血红素）∶Ｃｙｔｆ＝２∶１（ｍｏｌ∶ｍｏｌ）,Ｃｈｌａ∶Ｃｙｔｆ＝１∶１（ｍｏｌ∶ｍｏｌ）;酶活性（ＰＱ２Ｈ２→Ｃｙｔｃ）８０μｍｏｌＣｙｔｃ·ｎｍｏｌＣｙｔｆ－１·ｈ－１左右;产率可达３８％。     

铂配合物与细胞色素c修饰位点的核磁共振研究

用ＣＭ－５２阳离子交换色谱分离〔ＰｔｄｉｅｎＮＯ３〕Ｃｌ修饰细胞色素ｃ（Ｃｙｔ．ｃ）的反应产物,获得了Ｃｙｔ,ｃ的单标记和双标记衍生物。对此衍生物的核磁共振波谱研究表明,〔ＰｔｄｉｅｎＮＯ３〕Ｃｌ对Ｃｙｔ．ｃ的修饰作用不仅涉及位于蛋白分子表面的氨基酸残基Ｈｉｓ－３３,而且还涉及处于Ｃｙｔ．ｃ分子内部疏水区的Ｔｒｐ－５９。该衍生物为探讨Ｃｙｔ．ｃ中芳香族氨基酸（尤其是Ｔｒｐ－５９）在电子传递过程中的     

精胺和Mg~（2＋）对tRNA~（Ile）圆二向色谱的影响

由于精胺（ｓｐｅｒｍｉｎｅ）能特异地刺激哺乳动物ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）的氨基酰化,本文用纯化的牛肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）观察了精胺和Ｍｇ（２＋）对ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）ＣＤ光谱的影响。结果显示：Ｍｇ（２＋）可使牛肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）ＣＤ光谱峰向短波方向偏移２ｎｍ,波峰为２６３ｎｍ,峰值被增大约１０％,ΔθＭｇ（２＋）＝２．３×１０３ｄｅｇ·ｃｍ２／ｄｍｏｌ;而精胺使牛肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）ＣＤ光谱峰减少４０％,Δθｓｐｅｒｍｉｎｅ＝１×１０（－４）ｄｅｇ·ｃｍ２／ｄｍｏｌ;精胺和Ｍｇ（２＋）对肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）－ＩｌｅＲＳ复合物或ＩｌｅＲＳ的ＣＤ光谱基本无影响。表明Ｍｇ（２＋）和精胺可影响牛肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）的构象。实验同时以酵母ｔＲＮＡ（Ｐｈｅ）和Ｅ·ｃｏｌｉｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）作为对照。     

金铁锁根中的环肽成分

从云南民间重要的药用植物金铁锁（Ｐｓａｍｍｏｓｉｌｅｎｅ ｔｕｎｉｃｏｉｄｅｓ Ｗ．Ｃ．Ｗｕ ｅｔ Ｃ．Ｙ．Ｗｕ）的根中分离得到２个新的天然环二肽以及２个新的环八肽：金铁锁环肽Ａ和Ｂ（ｐｓａｍｍｏｓｉｌｅｎｉｎｓ Ａ ａｎｄ Ｂ）。它们的结构经光谱方法鉴定为ｃｙｃｌｏ（－Ａｌａ－Ａｌａ－）,ｃｙｃｌｏ（－Ｖａｌ－Ａｌａ－）,ｃｙｃｌｏ（－Ｐｒｏ１－Ｐｈｅ１－Ｐｒｏ２－Ｐｈｅ２－Ｐｈｅ３－Ａｌａ－ｐ     

银胶中三螺旋RNA poly（rU）．poly（rA）．poly（rU）的付立叶表面增强拉曼光谱研究

采用近红外付上叶拉曼光谱研究了三螺旋ＲＮＡ（ｒＵ）．ｐｏｌｙ（ｒＡ）．ｐｏｌｙ（ｒＵ）在溶液中的构象和在银胶中的表面增强拉曼散射行为。结果表明在溶液中,该三螺旋ＲＮＡ分子中以Ｗａｔｓｏｎ—Ｃｒｉｃｋ碱基配对的两条链处于Ａ－构型,而第二条嘧啶链处于Ｃ２＇－ｅｎｄｏ／ａｎｔｉ构象。在银胶中,该三螺旋ＲＮＡ的表面增强拉曼效应明显。与溶液状态下相比,８３５和８１９ｃｍ－１谱带的出现暗示该三螺旋ＲＮＡ吸附到银胶表面后,该三螺旋ＲＮＡ分子的螺旋结构仍得到保留,且其构象与溶液中的相近。同时该三螺旋ＲＮＡ主要是通过核酸骨架上带负电荷的磷酸基团定位于银胶表面而吸附的。     

鸡心脱辅基细胞色素c自发折叠的进一步研究

将野生型鸡心脱辅基细胞色素ｃ及其突变体Ｖ９２Ａ的１７位半胱氨酸残基突变为丝氨酸,再将表达纯化的Ｖ９２Ａ／Ｃ１７Ｓ和Ｗ／Ｃ１７Ｓ用荧光探针ＩＡＥＤＡＮＳ标记．通过测量ＡＥＤＡＮＳ－Ｃｙｓ－１４的荧光光谱、荧光寿命以及ＡＥＤＡＮＳ与Ｔｒｐ－５９之间的荧光共振能量转移效率、比较了Ｖ９２Ａ与野生型鸡心脱辅基细胞色素ｃ因折叠状态不同引起的Ｎ端构象状态及肽链间相互作用的差异．结果显示Ａｐｏ．ｃ无论在低盐浓度下的无规卷曲状态还是高盐浓度下的融球态,Ｖ９２Ａ都较野生型处于更松散的折叠状态,此外,在鸡心脱辅基细胞色素ｃ的自发折叠中Ｎ端肽段并不起主要作用     

Methionine sulfoxide cytochrome c.

Cytochrome c has been chemically modified by methylene blue mediated photooxidation. It is established that the methionine residues of the protein have been specifically converted to methionine sulfoxide residues. No oxidation of any other amino acid residues or the cysteine thioether bridges of the molecule occurs during the photooxidation reaction. The absorbance spectrum of methionine sulfoxide ferricytochrome c at neutrality is similar to that of the unmodified protein except for an increase in the extinction coefficient of the Soret absorbance band and for the complete loss of the ligand sensitive 695 nm absorbance band in the spectrum of the derivative. The protein remains in the low spin configuration which implies the retention of two strong field ligands. Spin state sensitive spectral titrations and model studies of heme peptides indicate that the sixth ligand is definitely not provided by a lysine residue but may be methionine-80 sulfoxide coordinated via its sulfur atom. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that the heme crevice of methionine sulfoxide ferri- and ferrocytochrome c is weakened relative to native cytochrome c. The redox potential of methionine sulfoxide cytochrome c is 184 mV which is markedly diminished from the 260 mV redox potential of native cytochrome c. The modified protein is equivalent to native cytochrome c as a substrate for cytochrome oxidase and is not autoxidizable at neutral pH but is virtually inactive with succinate-cytochrome c reductase. These results indicate that the major role of the methionine-80 in cytochrome c is to preserve a closed hydrophobic heme crevice which is essential for the maintainance of the necessary redox potential.     

Effect of polyanion on the acidic conformational transition of native and denatured ferricytochrome c. Circular dichroism study

Interaction of polyanion poly(vinylsulfate) with oxidized cytochrome c (cyt c) significantly affects the protein main characteristics. One of them, pKa value of acidic transition, was shifted from an apparent pKa value 2.5 (typical for cyt c in low ionic strength solvent) to approximately 5.20 +/- 0.15 upon polyanion binding to the protein, pointing to a likely involvement of histidines 26 and/or 33 in the protein acidic transition in complex with the polyanion. The acidic transition followed at 6 different wavelengths all over circular dichroism spectrum, monitoring different parts of the protein structure, revealed basically two-state character process. Only ellipticity at 262 nm indicated a low-cooperative pH-induced conformational transition in heme region with an apparent pKa approximately 4.34 +/- 0.25 in accordance with absorbance change at 620 nm. Polyanion also interacts with chemically-denatured (in the presence of 9 mol/l urea) state of the protein as it follows from stabilization of protein residual structure at acidic pH and its effect on pKa value of acidic transition of chemically-denatured cyt c. Destabilization effect of polyanions on native and, on the other hand, stabilization influence on partially unfolded conformations of the protein are discussed with an implication for their chaperone-like properties in vivo and in vitro.     

Molten globule-like state of cytochrome c induced by polyanion poly(vinylsulfate) in slightly acidic pH.

The effect of polyanion, poly(vinylsulfate), used as a model of negatively charged surface, on ferric cytochrome c (ferricyt c) structure in acidic pH has been studied by absorbance spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence and microcalorimetry. The polyanion induced only small changes in the native structure of the protein at neutral pH, but it profoundly shifted the acid induced high spin state of the heme in the active center of cyt c to a more neutral pH region. Cooperativity of the acidic transition of ferricyt c in the presence of the polyanion was disturbed, in comparison with uncomplexed protein, as followed from different apparent pK(a) values observed in a distinct regions of the ferricyt c electronic absorbance spectrum (4.55+/-0.08 in the 620 nm band region and 5.47+/-0.15 in the Soret region). The ferricyt c structure in the complex with the polyanion at acidic pH (below pH 5.0) has properties of a molten globule-like state. Its tertiary structure is strongly disturbed according to CD and microcalorimetry measurements; however, its secondary structure, from CD, is still native-like and ferricyt c is in a compact state as evidenced by quenched Trp fluorescence. These findings are discussed in the context of the molten globule state of proteins induced on a negatively charged membrane surface under physiological conditions.     

Cytochrome c reductase purified from Crithidia fasciculata contains an atypical cytochrome c1.

Cytochrome c reductase purified from the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata retained antimycin A sensitivity and catalyzed the reduction of horse heart ferricytochrome c in the presence of reduced coenzyme Q10. The complex contained heme b and heme c1 in a ratio of 2:1. Nine major protein bands ranging in size from 55.3 to approximately 12.8 kDa were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A 31.6-kDa protein was identified as cytochrome c1 by the presence of a covalently attached heme. A red shift in the alpha-absorbance band of the cytochrome c1 absolute absorbance spectrum, difference absorbance spectrum, and pyridine ferrohemochrome absorbance spectrum suggested that the heme prosthetic group of C. fasciculata cytochrome c1 is bound to the apoprotein through only one thioether bond. A fragment of the cytochrome c1 gene was amplified from C. fasciculata, Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania tarentolae, and Bodo caudatus. The deduced heme binding site sequence of each of these kinetoplastid species, Phe-Ala-Pro-Cys-His, contains a phenylalanine rather that a cysteine at the first position so that only one thioether bond can be formed between heme and apoprotein. This phenylalanine substitution and the presence of a conserved proline in the sequence may represent compensatory changes that are necessary for optimal interaction of the cytochromes c1 with the atypical cytochromes c of these species.     

Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of horse cytochrome c:monoiodotyrosyl 74 cytochrome c.

Iodination of horse cytochrome c with the lactoperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-iodide system results initially in the formation of the monoiodotyrosyl 74 derivative. This singly modified protein was obtained in pure form by ion exchange chromatography and preparative column electrophoresis. It shows an intact 695 nm absorption band, the midpoint potential of the native protein, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum which indicates an undisturbed heme crevice structure, a normal reaction with antibodies directed against native horse cytochrome c, and circular dichroic spectra in which the only changes from those of the native protein can be ascribed to the spectral properties of iodotyrosine itself. This conformationally intact derivative reacts with the succinate-cytochrome c reductase and the cytochrome c oxidase systems of beef mitochondrial particle preparations indistinguishably from the unmodified protein, showing that the region including tyrosine 74 is not involved in these enzymic electron transfer functions of the protein. The circular dichroic spectra of this derivative indicate that the minima observed at 288 and 282 nm in the spectrum of native ferricytochrome c originate from tyrosyl residue 74.     

Absorbance spectral change of the cytochrome P-450S21-phenylisocyanide complex upon binding of reduced NADPH-cytochrome-P-450 reductase.

Reduction of cytochrome P-450S21 (SF) (SF, substrate-free; purified from bovine adrenocortical microsomes) with sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) in the presence of phenylisocyanide produced a ferrous cytochrome P-450S21 (SF)-phenylisocyanide complex with Soret absorbance maxima at 429 and 456 nm. On the other hand, when a preformed ferric cytochrome P-450S21 (SF)-NADPH-cytochrome-P-450 reductase (Fp2) complex was reduced chemically or enzymatically under the same conditions, the absorbance spectrum of the ferrous cytochrome P-450S21 (SF)-phenylisocyanide complex changed drastically, as characterized by an increase in absorbance intensity at 429 nm and a decrease at 456 nm. Similar spectral changes were observed by addition of reduced Fp2 to the preformed ferrous cytochrome P-450S21 (SF)-phenylisocyanide complex. Experiments to reduce a ferric cytochrome P-450S21 (SF)-phenylisocyanide complex with sodium dithionite in the presence of various amounts of Fp2 showed that; (1), the spectral change reached maxima for both absorption increase at 429 nm and decrease at 456 nm when cytochrome P-450S21 and Fp2 were previously mixed at the cytochrome P-450S21:Fp2 ratio of 1:5; (2), the spectral change was suppressed in 300 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). These results suggest that the absorbance spectral change is due to a conformational change around the heme moiety induced by association with reduced Fp2.     

Structural characterization of an equilibrium unfolding intermediate in cytochrome c

Although the denaturant-induced unfolding transition of cytochrome c was initially thought to be a cooperative process, recent spectroscopic studies have shown deviations from two-state behavior consistent with accumulation of an equilibrium intermediate. However, little is known about the structural and thermodynamic properties of this state, and whether it is stabilized by the presence of non-native heme ligands. We monitored the reversible denaturant-induced unfolding equilibrium of oxidized horse cytochrome c using various spectroscopic probes, including fluorescence, near and far-UV CD, heme absorbance bands in the Soret, visible and near-IR regions of the spectrum, as well as 2D NMR. Global fitting techniques were used for a quantitative interpretation of the results in terms of a three-state model, which enabled us to determine the intrinsic spectroscopic properties of the intermediate. A well-populated intermediate was observed in equilibrium experiments at pH 5 using either guanidine-HCl or urea as a denaturant, both for wild-type cytochrome c as well as an H33N mutant chosen to prevent formation of non-native His-heme ligation. For a more detailed structural characterization of the intermediate, we used 2D 1H-15N correlation spectroscopy to follow the changes in peak intensity for individual backbone amide groups. The equilibrium state observed in our optical and NMR studies contains many native-like structural features, including a well-structured alpha-helical sub-domain, a short Trp59-heme distance and solvent-shielded heme environment, but lacks the native Met80 sulfur-iron linkage and shows major perturbations in side-chain packing and other tertiary interactions. These structural properties are reminiscent of the A-state of cytochrome c, a compact denatured form found under acidic high-salt conditions, as well as a kinetic intermediate populated at a late stage of folding. The denaturant-induced intermediate also resembles alkaline forms of cytochrome c with altered heme ligation, suggesting that disruption of the native methionine ligand favors accumulation of structurally analogous states both in the presence and absence of non-native ligands.     

Cytochrome c interaction with membranes. Absorption and emission spectra and binding characteristics of iron-free cytochrome c.

A cytochrome c derivative from which iron is removed has been prepared and characterized. Several lines of evidence indicate that native and porphyrin cytochrome c have similar conformations: they have similar elution characteristics on Sephadex gel chromatography; in both proteins the tryptophan fluorescence is quenched and the pK values of protonation of the porphyrin are identical. Porphyrin cytochrome c does not substitute for native cytochrome c in either the oxidase reaction or in restoring electron transport in cytochrome-c-depleted mitochondria. It does however competitively inhibit native cytochrome c in these reactions, the Ki for inhibition being larger than the Km for reaction. The absorption and emission spectra, and the polarized excitation spectrum of the porphyrin cytochrome c are characteristic of free base porphyrin. The absence of fluorescence quenching of porphyrin cytochrome c when the protein is bound to cytochrome oxidase suggests that heme to heme distance between these proteins is larger than 0.5 to 0.9 nm depending upon orientation. Binding of the porphyrin cytochrome c to phospholipids or to mitochondria increases the fluorescence polarization of a positively polarized absorption band, which indicates that the bound form of the protein does not rotate freely within the time scale of relaxation from the excited state.     

Perturbation of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase by guanidine hydrochloride to detect differential stabilization of the heme d1 and heme c moieties

The optical properties of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase (ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.2) were monitored as a function of guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn X HCl) concentration to probe for differential stabilization of its prosthetic groups, heme d1 and heme c. The protein fluorescence intensity increased with the Gdn X HCl concentration, revealing two transitions, a sharp one between 1.3 and 1.5 M Gdn X HCl, and a second less well defined extending from 2.5 to 4.5 M. Only the transition at the lower Gdn X HCl concentrations was present in titrations followed using the emission maxima. The spectral maximum for native Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase was at approx. 335 nm and shifted to approx. 350 nm above 2 M Gdn X HCl. The heme d1 absorbance at 638 nm decreased with increasing [Gdn X HCl], giving a transition at 1.3-1.5 M, and no transition up to 4 M Gdn X HCl when the heme c was monitored at 525 nm. Along with the decrease at 638 nm, an absorption band appeared at 681 nm, suggesting heme d1 release into solution. Fluorescence titration of heme d1-depleted enzyme, prepared by gel filtration, showed a single transition similar to the transition occurring in the intact enzyme at high Gdn X HCl concentrations. Circular dichroism spectra revealed clearly distinguishable transitions for the heme d1 and heme c near 1.5 and 3.0 M Gdn X HCl, respectively. These results suggest that the two hemes are in regions of the protein with different stabilities which may represent distinct structural domains.     

The binding of carbon monoxide to cytochrome c oxidase.

The effect of CO on the optical absorbance spectrum of partially reduced cytochrome c oxidase has been studied. The changes at 432 and 590 nm suggest that the cytochrome alpha2/3+ - CO compound is formed preferentially and that concomitantly a second electron is taken up by the enzyme. From the CO-induced changes at 830 nm it is concluded that in the partially reduced enzyme addition of CO causes reoxidation of the copper component of cytochrome c oxidase. Addition of CO to partially reduced enzyme (2 electrons per 4 metal ions) also brings about a decrease in the intensities of electron paramagnetic resonance signals of high-spin heme iron near g = 6 and of the low-spin heme at g = 2.6. Concomitantly both the low-spin heme a signal at g = 3 and the copper signal at g = 2 increase in intensity. These results demonstrate that formation of the reduced diamagnetic cytochrome a3 - CO compound is accompanied by reoxidation of both the copper component detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance and possibly also by cytochrome a.