cDNA微阵列技术研究NaHCO3胁迫下星星草基因表达谱

为研究NaHCO3胁迫下星星草基因的表达,分别将荧光染料Cy5-dCTP和Cy3-dCTP用反转录方法标记在处理和对照星星草cDNA上制成探针,并与载有星星草基因的cDNA芯片进行杂交。通过对芯片的杂交信号强度分析来研究基因的表达情况。分析结果显示,共有25个基因在NaHCO3胁迫处理前后差异表达,其中17个基因在NaHCO3胁迫下表达下调,8个基因在NaHCO3胁迫下表达上调。生物信息学分析表明这些基因的功能涉及了信号传导与转录调控、细胞防御、细胞代谢等多个方面。从而获得了NaHCO3胁迫下星星草的基因表达谱,定量地阐述了NaHCO3胁迫和非胁迫条件下星星草基因的差异表达情况。     

cDNA芯片的重复性研究

cDNA芯片正在成为基因表达研究的常用方法,用此法通过一次杂交即可获得大量基因的表达信息[1,2]。目前,一些专业的生物芯片公司已推出部分cDNA芯片产品供研究者应用,然而,由于价格昂贵及受到其他一些条件的限制,国内众多研究者很难对芯片结果进行多次杂交验证,因此cDNA芯片的重复性就成为他们关心的问题,本实验对cDNA芯片用于基因表达研究的重复性进行了研究。１材料与方法１．１探针和cDNA芯片的制作按文献[3]中的方法合成R15Hp35T细胞的探针10μl,以荧光素Cy5-dCTP进行标记。同时制作含有61个基因的cDNA芯片,共10片。…     

AIV血凝素亚型同步检测基因芯片技术研究

对流感病毒14个血凝素亚型的基因芯片检测技术进行了初步研究。通过RT-PCR克隆禽流感病毒血凝素基因片段,获得重组质粒。从重组质粒扩增大约500bp的DNA片段,浓缩后点到氨基化玻璃载体上,制成芯片。待检病毒样品用TRIzolLS提取RNA,反转录过程中用Cy5标记样品cDNAs。将标记样品与芯片杂交,扫描芯片上待检样品与芯片上捕捉探针的结合位点,杂交信号与预期设想一致。结果显示,DNA芯片技术可以提供一种有效的AIV血凝素亚型鉴别诊断方法。     

总RNA和mRNA来源的探针与cDNA芯片杂交的差异研究

提取BEP2D细胞的总RNA并按两种方式进行cDNA芯片探针的标记,一种是将100μg BEP2D细胞的总RNA利用逆转录法直接标记成荧光探针,另一种是先从100μg BEP2D细胞的总RNA中分离出mRNA,然后再标记成荧光探针。将两份标记好的探针同时与含有230个基因的cDNA芯片杂交。杂交后的芯片经Axon4100B扫描仪扫描,发现两种方式标记探针的一致性为93．04％,并且mRNA来源探针杂交后的荧光信号值较总RNA的弱。探讨了这两种方法标记探针在基因芯片表达谱研究中的差异性,目的是为利用这两种方法标记探针进行基因表达谱研究提供一些依据。     

两种标记方法对60mer寡核苷酸芯片背景信号影响的初步分析

研究两种不同的样本标记方法对人全基因组高密度60mer寡核苷酸芯片背景信号的影响。收集5对患病与健康人外周血单个核细胞,分别提取总RNA后,采用限制性显示技术（restriction display,RD）进行样本双色（Cy3/Cy5）荧光标记,与5张Agilent 60mer高密度（22K）Human 1B寡核苷酸芯片进行杂交。芯片全部杂交点分3组：基因探针组、阳性对照组和阴性对照组。阳性对照采用荧光标记寡核苷酸直接掺入法进行标记。对全部杂交信号点的Cy3和Cy5背景信号值,用SPSS软件进行数据转换、正态性检验、方差齐性检验、变异系数分析和重复数据的方差分析。数据分析结果显示,Cy3 标记的背景信号值均高于 Cy5标记的背景信号值。重复测量数据的方差分析表明,在Cy3 和Cy5标记中,两种不同标记方法间的背景信号值的差异极显著（PCy3＜0.01, PCy5＜0.01）,且RD标记点的背景信号平均值低于荧光标记寡核苷酸直接掺入标记法标记的阳性对照点。RD标记方法是一种有用的低背景信号的高密度长链寡核苷酸芯片样本标记方法。     

用SARS冠状病毒全基因组芯片杂交方法分析SARS-CoV

为从临床样品中检测和分析SARSCoV病毒打基础,并为分析SARSCoV病毒的复制和转录等机理提供一种有效方法。以SARS冠状病毒TOR2株序列作为标准设计和制备一种覆盖SARS冠状病毒全基因组的寡聚核苷酸芯片,探针长度为70nt,每相邻的探针序列重复25nt,共660条。用该芯片分析了细胞培养的SARSCoV病毒总RNA、7个SARSCoV病毒的基因克隆片段。对RNA样品用随机引物进行反转录PCR获得cDNA。对DNA用随机引物扩增和dUTPcy3标记。结果用这种芯片杂交检测SARSCoV病毒RNA可见阳性信号呈全基因组分布,并且有多处连续的阳性信号点;用正常人的白细胞RNA为对照,杂交未出现明显阳性信号。检测7个SARSCoV病毒基因克隆片段,在该片段相应的探针区段出现连续阳性信号点。这种方法可有效地检测和分析样品中SARS冠状病毒全基因组的信息。     

cDNA芯片阳性对照的制备及在芯片敏感性分析中的应用

cDNA芯片是一种高通量基因表达谱分析技术,在生理病理条件下细胞基因表达谱分析,新基因发现和功能研究等方面具有广阔应用前景。CDNA芯片阳性对照的选取以及CDNA芯片检测敏感性是芯片成功应用的关键问题之一。以在系统发育上与人类基因同源性小的荧火虫荧光素酶基因材料,制备了用于人类和其他动物基因表达谱CDNA芯片的通用型阳性对照探针和相应的mRNA参照物,经反转录对mRNA参照物进行Cy3荧光标记并与DNA芯片杂交后发现,mRNA参照物能特异性地与荧光酶基因cDNA片断杂交,而与人β-肌动蛋白基因,人G3PDH基因以及λDNA/HINDⅢ无杂交反应。把mRNA参照物以不同比例加入HepG2总RNA中,以反转录荧光标记后与CDNA芯片杂交,结果发现当总RNA中的MRNA含量为1/10^4稀释（即mRNA分子个数约为10^8个）时,CDNA芯片基本检测不出mRNA标记产物的杂交信号。而且,cDNA芯片检测的信号强度与芯片上固定的探针浓度密切相关,当探针浓度为2g/L时,杂交信号最强,随着探针浓度下降芯片的杂交信号趋于减弱。CDNA芯片通用型阳性参照物的制备以及应用于CDNA芯片检测敏感性研究为CDNA芯片应用于人和其他动物基因表达谱高通量分析和新基因功能研究提供了技术基础和理论依据。     

基因表达谱芯片杂交影响因素的初步研究

通过对K562细胞基因表达谱芯片杂交影响因素的研究表明,用限制性显示技术制备的cDNA探针长度较均一,适合基因芯片杂交;在42℃条件下含甲酰胺的杂交液中杂交16．20h,可保证样品的有效杂交。并表现出很好的杂交特异性;用RD-PCR或线性PCR对少量样品进行扩增,并用荧光(Cy3或Cy5)标记的通用引物对样品进行标记,可提高芯片检测的灵敏度;一次杂交反应总RNA的用量仅需0．5～10μg,在每cm^2约含1000～1500个点的阵列中杂交时,标记样品用量1～2μg为宜;用PCR产物纯化柱对荧光标记产物进行纯化,可大大减小背景荧光,提高信噪比;同一批芯片经同一样品杂交结果的重复性很好,相关系数高达97．8％     

应用抑制消减杂交和cDNA芯片技术筛选流行性感冒病毒感染相关基因

病毒基因组有限的编码能力和以病毒蛋白为靶的抗病毒药物易出现耐药性,使从病毒感染宿主筛选病毒感染相关生物大分子作为抗病毒药靶和诊断标志物成为新的研究方向。为了筛选流行性感冒（流感）病毒感染相关基因,采用抑制消减杂交（suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)技术,以流感病毒A／鲁防／93－9（H3N2）感染的MDCK细胞及正常MDCK细胞为材料,构建病毒感染特异性差减cDNA文库。从文库中随机挑取约800个克隆,PCR扩增其中插入片段,经纯化、紫外定量后,用基因芯片自动点样仪点在氨基片上,制备cDNA芯片。将流感病毒感染的MDCK细胞和正常MDCK细胞的总RNA分别用Cy3、Cy5反转录荧光标记后,与cDNA芯片杂交,用芯片扫描仪扫描获得芯片杂交信号,经阳性对照校正和归一化处理后,以如下条件作为判定基因差异表达的标准;（a)Cy3与Cy5的信号比值大于1．5（正常细胞用Cy5标记）或小于0．67（正常细胞用Cy3标记）;（b)Cy3和Cy5信号值之一必须大于1000。经cDNA芯片筛选获得了18个流感病毒感染特异性克隆,经测序和生物信息学分析发现均为流感病毒感染相关新基因EST。流感病毒感染相关基因cDNA片段的获得,为新型病毒药靶诊断标志物发现和功能研究提供了基础。     

免疫性损伤小鼠肝脏的基因表达谱变化

采用卡介苗和脂多糖联合诱导的方法建立小鼠免疫性肝损伤模型, 分别提取正常对照组与免疫性肝损伤组小鼠的肝脏总RNA, 经反转录用Cy3-dUTP和Cy5-dUTP分别标记制备对照组与模型组来源的cDNA探针, 并将cDNA探针与小鼠基因表达谱芯片杂交, 杂交结果经芯片扫描仪扫描并用相关软件进行分析. 结果表明, 与对照组相比, 免疫性肝损伤组有293条基因发生了差异表达, 其中188条基因表达量明显上调, 另外105条基因表达量明显下调. 通过对一些关键差异表达基因的生物学功能分析表明, 卡介苗与脂多糖联合诱导的小鼠免疫性肝损伤的发生、发展过程与肝细胞的免疫反应、细胞合成与代谢、细胞凋亡及转运等过程密切相关, 这对进一步阐明免疫性肝损伤高度相关的基因表达调控网络, 进而阐明免疫性肝损伤的病理机制具有十分重要的作用.     

Monitoring of cDNA microarray with common primer target and hybridization specificity with selected targets

Academic researchers are increasingly producing and using cDNA microarrays. Their quality and hybridization specificity are crucial in determining whether the generated data are accurate and interpretable. Here, we describe two methods of monitoring microarray production, the sustainability of DNA attachment, and the specificity of hybridization. The first method consists of labeling an oligonucleotide, which is one of the primers used to amplify all cDNA probes on the array (except for beta-actin and GAPDH) with fluorescent dye and hybridize it to the cDNA microarray. Attachment of the cDNAs on the array after the hybridization procedure was monitored by visualizing fluorescent signals from the spots on the array. In the second method, two selected DNA targets, beta-actin and GAPDH, were labeled with fluorescent dye to hybridize to the cDNA array. Hence, hybridization specificity was demonstrated by obtaining fluorescent signals solely from the genes corresponding to the target.     

Directly labeled DNA probes using fluorescent nucleotides with different length linkers.

Directly labeled fluorescent DNA probes have been made by nick translation and PCR using dUTP attached to the fluorescent label, Cy3, with different length linkers. With preparation of probes by PCR we find that linker length affects the efficiency of incorporation of Cy3-dUTP, the yield of labeled probe, and the signal intensity of labeled probes hybridized to chromosome target sequences. For nick translation and PCR, both the level of incorporation and the hybridization fluorescence signal increased in parallel when the length of the linker arm is increased. Under optimal conditions, PCR yielded more densely labeled probes, however, the yield of PCR labeled probe decreased with greater linear density of labeling. By using a Cy3-modified dUTP with the longest linker under optimal conditions it was possible to label up to 28% of the possible substitution sites on the target DNA with reasonable yield by PCR and 18% by nick translation. A mechanism involving steric interactions between the polymerase, cyanine-labeled sites on template and extending chains and the modified dUTP substrate is proposed to explain the inverse correlation between the labeling efficiency and the yield of DNA probe synthesis by PCR.     

Cy5-conjugated hybridization-sensitive fluorescent oligonucleotides for ratiometric analysis of nuclear poly(A)+ RNA

Subnuclear poly(A)(+) RNA localization in living mammalian cells was visualized by ratiometric analysis using hybridization-sensitive fluorescent oligonucleotide probes. Probes were oligonucleotides, which contained a Cy5 fluorescent dye at the strand end and a thiazole orange double-labeled nucleotide inside strand. A ratiometric analysis using poly(A)-targeting probes revealed a distribution of the probe itself as red fluorescence and localization of the target RNA sequence in cell nuclei as green fluorescence. The fluorescence of the subnuclear poly(A)(+) RNA hybridized with the poly(A)-targeting probes was observed as puncta in interchromatin areas.     

Design and application of an oligonucleotide microarray for the investigation of compost microbial communities

A microarray consisting of oligonucleotide probes targeting variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene was designed and tested for the investigation of microbial communities in compost. Probes were designed for microorganisms that have been previously reported in the composting process and for plant, animal and human pathogens. The oligonucleotide probes were between 17 and 25 bp in length and included mostly species-specific sequences. Validation of probe specificity and optimization of hybridization conditions were conducted using fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA gene PCR products of pure culture strains. A labeling method employing a Cy3 or Cy5-labeled forward primer together with a phosphate-conjugated reverse primer for the production of single stranded DNA after a digestion step was optimised and used to label target DNA. A combination of two different DNA extraction methods using both physical and chemical lysis was found to give the best DNA yields. Increased hybridization signal intensities were obtained for probes modified with a 12 mer T-spacer. The microarray was found to have a detection limit of 10(3) cells, although in compost spiking experiments, the detection limit was reduced to 10(5) cells. The application of the microarray to compost samples indicated the presence of Streptococcus, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Clostridium tetani in various compost samples. The presence of A. lwoffii in those compost samples was confirmed by PCR using primers specific for the organism. The aim of this study was to develop a molecular tool that would allow screening for the presence or absence of different microorganisms within compost samples.