SEABIRDS OF THE SENEGAL UPWELLING AND ADJACENT WATERS

Seabird distributions were observed off Senegal during the upwelling season there, in February-March 1976, and are interpreted against an oceanographic background. Gannets Sula bassana , Pomarine Skuas Stercorarius pomarinus , Great Skuas Catharacta skua , Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus , Black-headed Gulls L. ridibundus , Sandwich Terns Sterna sandvicensis and Royal Terns S. maxima were the dominant species on the shelf and slope adjacent to the inshore upwelling zone. Grey Phalaropes Phalaropus fulicarius were the only seabirds associated with an oceanic 'front' farther offshore; it is suggested that this and similar boundary zones are important feeding areas during the pelagic phase of this species' annual cycle.
Leach's Storm-Petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa were seen east to 20W, but the predominant storm-petrel of the waters between 23W and the continental slope was the Madeiran O. castro. It is suggested that the hatching period of Madeiran Storm-Petrels on the Cape Verde Islands is timed to take advantage of the arrival there of young fish in the surface waters, spawned off the African coast and drifted offshore. However Madeiran Storm-Petrels make no direct use of the coastal upwelling; nor do Little Shearwaters Puffinus assimilis or White-faced Storm-Petrels Pelagodroma marina , the other winter-breeding Cape Verdes seabirds, which probably feed close to the Islands.
The Senegal upwelling is underexploited by seabirds, in contrast to comparable upwelling systems elsewhere. It is suggested that this is due to the seasonal timing of the upwelling, the scarcity of secure nest-sites for breeding seabirds, and the competing attractions of the Benguela upwelling in the South Atlantic.     

受损水域生态系统恢复与重建研究

生态系统受到人为因素干扰和损害的后果已成为目前全球面临的日益突出的重大问题和人类神经共同关注的焦点,因而受损害生态系统的恢复与重建理论研究与技术应用愈加受于人们的重视。生态学理论在恢复与重建工作中应该而且可以发挥重要作用并且在实践过程中将得到检验和进一步发展。     

长江口及其邻近水域叶绿素a的垂直格局及成因初析

根据2005年9月~2006年5月逐季进行的4次多学科综合调查, 报道了长江口及其邻近水域叶绿素a的垂直分布特征, 并探讨了环境因子和长江冲淡水过程对浮游植物生物量垂直分布的影响。结果表明, 水柱平均叶绿素a在春季最高、冬季最低, 高值区位置因季节而异, 常出现在低盐或等盐线密集的水域; 河口区和外海区水体垂向混合均匀, 除夏季外叶绿素a的垂直变化均较小; 冲淡水区水体呈现层化特征, 叶绿素a高值集中分布在浅层水体。低盐的长江冲淡水占据上层水体, 良好的营养盐条件促进了浮游植物的生长; 外海高盐水控制的下层水体, 较低的营养盐浓度和较弱的光强不利于浮游植物生物量的积累。     

水体中铝（Ⅲ）的化学形态及其生态效应的研究进展

本文着重论述了水体中各种铝络合物的形成结构、分布特征和转化规律,分析了当前广泛使用的几类定量鉴别方法,阐明某些形态的铝对生物体及人类的毒性作用和生理功能性障碍等生态效应方面的研究进展。同时提出未来研究的重点领域和方法。     

OPEN-BOAT WHALING ON THE STRAITS OF GIBRALTAR GROUND AND ADJACENT WATERS

Logbooks ( n = 317) from whaling expeditions made in the North Atlantic during the 19th century were examined to investigate activity in the Gibraltar Straits grounds. At least forty expeditions of whaling vessels from European and American ports visited the area. In all cases the main target was the sperm whale, but pilot whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and even a blue whale were also taken. Whaling effort concentrated on the Atlantic side of the Straits; only two expeditions ventured into the Mediterranean Sea, obtaining negligible catches. The whaling season extended during spring and summer and peaked in June–July. This seasonality appeared not to be governed by changes in whale density but by the trade winds necessary to sail southward or westward to cross the Atlantic. Searching effort continued while trying out, but the rate of sighting cetaceans was about half that of searching periods. However, the rate of sighting or capturing a sperm whale remained unchanged during processing, probably because the gregarious habits of the species produced clumping of catches. For every whale secured, 1.31 whales were struck. After correcting for struck but lost whales and for "gammed" vessels, the minimum number of removals of sperm whales during 1862–1889 is estimated at 237.     

江豚生命表和种群动态的研究

根据江豚长江种群、黄海种群和南海种群的年龄鉴定数据,编制了３个种群的静态生命表,绘制了各种群的存活曲线、死亡曲线和死亡率曲线,计算了各种群的内禀增长能力。３个种群的存活曲线均为Ｃ型（Ｏｄｕｍ,１９８３）,但南海种群和黄海种群的陡度更大。各种群的０～２龄,以及黄海江豚和南海江豚的２～４龄是死亡高峰期。死亡率曲线在各种群中呈现一定的波动。各种群的性比与１∶１没有显著性差异。３个种群的Ｒ０和λ均小于１,ｒｍ均小于０,表明它们的数量有减少的趋势,需加强对它们的保护。     

舟山渔场及附近海域虾类群落结构特征分析

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A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION AND ENUMERATION OF SPARSE POPULATIONS OF CYANOBACTERIA IN ESTUARINE WATERS1

A simple, sensitive assay method for the isolation and enumeration of sparse populations of cyanobacteria in an estuarine system is described. The method, based on the standard membrane-filter plate count technique, differentiates between viable and nonviable cells. It was found that an estuarine water-based agar medium was the most suitable medium for isolation of cyanobacteria. Because of the restricted nature of colony development, isolation of individual species is easily accomplished.     

CROCODILE DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS IN THE MAJOR WATERS OF WESTERN AND CENTRAL UGANDA IN 1969

• 1 This report presents the results of a survey into the current status of the Nile crocodile in the major waters of central and western Uganda, made on behalf of the Uganda Fisheries Department and the Trustees of the Uganda National Parks.
• 2 The waters covered by the survey are described briefy
• 3 Crocodile numbers and distribution were assessed by diurnal aerial counting and nocturnal ground counts as described by Graham (1968). The major sources of error inherent in these techniques are recognised and discussed. Efforts to reduce bias in results included the use of a light helicopter to obtain data for comparison with those obtained from a conventional aircraft. Comparative costs are also presented.
• 4 Inaccessible areas of dense papyrus were searched at night from a helicopter equipped with a spotlight.
• 5 Information was obtained from fishermen in Lake Albert on the status of crocodile to corroborate other results.
• 6 The analysed results of aerial and ground counts give estimates of less than 100 crocodile outside the Murchison Falls National Park, indicating the species' reduction to the status of an ‘occasional’ or ‘rare’ animal. Within the National Park crocodile occur in two populations separated by the Murchison Falls. Below the Falls it is estimated that there are 1064 crocodile, and above 433.
• 7 By use of aerial photography 369 crocodile from the larger of the National Park's populations were measured for length. From Graham's (1968) age/length data, age classes are ascribed to those measured. This, together with data from the counts, permitted the computation of a survivorship curve for the population. This is presented with two possible alternatives. From these curves it does not appear that the population is declining through lack of recruitment.
• 8 From the aerial photographs river banks are classified into four crude categories. By relating crocodile in the photographs to the nearest bank category, it is shown that they have a marked preference for sandy banks over swampy shores, hard flat earth or cliffs. It is also shown that smaller crocodile make more use of swampy areas than larger specimens.
• 9 Biomass densities for both crocodile populations in the National Park are computed. The larger shows a biomass of 347 kg/km of shoreline which compares with 350.2 kg/km for Lake Rudolf (Graham's (1968) data modified), the smaller 75.3 kg/km.
• 10 The decline of crocodile in Uganda is attributed to expanding human populations and over-exploitation for skins.
• 11 Recommendations for the future conservation and management of crocodile are presented. These are based on reducing immature mortality rates by hatching eggs and artificially rearing small crocodiles for a period of 6 months after hatching. Some of these should be used to augment recruitment in the National Park populations, and the surplus placed in other waters until of an exploitable size.

     

IN-SITU MORPHOLOGY AND OCCURRENCE OF EUCARYOTIC PHOTOTROPHS OF BACTERIAL SIZE IN THE PICOPLANKTON OF ESTUARINE AND OCEANIC WATERS1

Concentrates of the picoplankton (0.2–2.0 μm) sized fraction from the euphotic zone of estuarine and oceanic waters were examined by transmission electron microscopy. In addition to the numerous phototrophic procaryotes (chroococcoid cyanobacteria) previously reported, small phototrophic eucaryotes were observed in 20 of 25 samples examined. Micromonas pusilla (Butcher) Manton and Parks, a 1 × 1.5 μm flagellate, was abundant in estuarine samples in summer. Similar sized cells of non-flagellated chlorophytes, either Nannochloris Naumann or Chlorella Beijerinck, were observed sporadically in many samples. The most ubiquitous microalga was a scaled, non-flagellated prasinophyte that occurred at 9 of 15 different locations on 15 of 20 sampling dates in water samples from Iceland to the Caribbean Sea, This tiny alga (0.5 to 1.0 μm in diam.) is probably the smallest known photo-trophic eucaryote and has not heretofore been described. Enrichment cultures using conventional techniques on several cruises yielded only the Chlorella-type of green alga, as well as numerous isolates of unicellular chroococcoid cyanobacteria.     

江苏海岸带水域浮游动物的种类组成和分布

调查江苏海岸带水域(119°15′—123°30′E,31°40′—35°15′N),分析鉴定1980年8、11月和1981年2、5月浮游动物样品。结果如下: 1.初步鉴定浮游动物98种,其中水螅水母类29种、管水母类4种、栉水母类2种、枝角类1种、桡足类46种、糠虾类6种、磷虾类2种、樱虾类4种、浮游腹足类1种、毛颚类8种及浮游幼虫多类。 2.浮游动物的种类组成是以暖温性近岸低盐种为主的。真刺唇角水蚤。(Labidocera euchaeta)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)、强壮箭虫(sagittacrassa)等是组成调查区浮游动物的主要种类。 3.浮游动物生物量,5月最高,平均达195毫克/米~3。11月最低,平均为85毫克/米~3。8月的和2月的分别为146毫克/米~3和106毫克/米~3。 4.浮游幼虫的数量,8月高最,平均达188个/米~3。2月最低,平均不到1个/米~3。5月的和11月的分别为6个/米~3和3个/米~3。 5.江苏海岸带水域能有3个全国有名的渔场存在、这和该区具有形成渔场的饵料基础——浮游动物资源丰富是分不开的。 6.不同生态类群浮游动物的时空分布基本上反映了江苏海岸带水域各个季节水文状况的基本特征。     

黄,渤海沿岸水域游泳动物群落结构时空格局异质性研究

依１９８０年至１９８５年搜集的系统生态学资料分析,黄渤海沿水域游泳动物群落由１８５种动物（１７７种鱼类和８种头足类）组成,暖温性和冷温性的复合区系,以及偶见种,季节种和习见种的多重生态学成分,以暖温性习见种占群落优势地位,其ＮＥＤ和ＢＥＤ分别占６８．８６％和６５．５９％,暖水性偶见种仅占０．１０％和０．１９％。群落结构的季节变化可归结为依ＢＥＤ聚合成暖季组（５－９月）和依ＮＥＤ聚合为冷季组（１０－