VISIBLE MIGRATION IN THE BRITISH ISLES: A REVIEW

This paper aims to bring together the chief observations that have been recorded so far on visible migration in the British Isles.
The autumn movements that have been seen on the various coasts, and inland, are briefly described, and the few spring observations are summarized.
Maps show the directions which migrating Corvidae, Starlings, Chaffinches and Skylarks have been seen to take in autumn, and there is some discussion of the autumn movements of these four species. The observed movements of some of the other chief passerines, and of the Wood-pigeon, Stock-dove and Lapwing, are more briefly mentioned.
Some of the differences in the migratory behaviour of different species are mentioned, and some of the most obvious gaps in knowledge of visible migration in the British Isles are pointed out.     

VALIDITY OF THE STANDING SPIKE TEST AS A MONITORING PROTOCOL FOR FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

The purpose of this paper was: a) to provide reference values for the standing spike test for female volleyball players and b) to study whether the standing spike test is valid for assessing the theoretical differences between female volleyball players. The sample included 83 players from the first nine teams of the Spanish women''s first volleyball division (52 Spanish players and 31 from other nationalities). The variables studied were the ball speed of the standing spike test, the age of the players, the player''s role (outside hitter, opposite, middle-blocker, libero, or setter), height, and nationality of the players (Spanish or foreign). The results demonstrate the ranges for the standing spike among female performance volleyball players (70-82 km · h⁻¹). The differences regarding nationality, player role, height, and age seem to indicate that the test is a valid instrument for monitoring the performance of female volleyball players.     

化石分散角质层的分类和命名概述

本文扼要地报道了前人对化石分散角质层分类和命名的进展,其中详细地介绍了Roselt和Schneider两种分类法。作者根据实践,认为气孔的有无、气孔器的组合类型和垂周壁的形态,可作为建立化石分散角质层的大类、类和亚类等较高的分类单位。     

宏观植物生态模型的研究现状与展望

概述了3种主要植物生态模型的发展现状1)种群动态模型,主要模拟在一个生态系统中单个种的植物个体发芽、成长和死亡过程,及其种内竞争和种间相互作用,是研究开发最早的一类生态模型之一.该类模型主要应用于分析植物种群之间相互作用.2)演替模型,主要模拟植物种类(动物与此相伴)在整个生态系统发展过程的变化,包括植被类型的转变和相关的生物地球化学循环过程的改变.可用于研究生物群落对气候变化的响应.3)生态系统模型,是把生态系统当作一个功能整体来模拟的一类模型,主要有以下3类(1)SVAT模型,主要模拟地表生态系统过程,以BATS、SiB、SiB2和LEAF为代表,多用于气候研究;(2)BGC模型,主要模拟3个关键循环碳,水和营养物质循环.常用的BGC模型有FOREST-BGC、BIOME-BGC、CENTURY、TEM、DOLY以及由它们衍生而来的整合模型组;(3)BG模型,模拟群落、生物群区中植物分布,比较具有代表性的 BGMs包括BIOME2和MAPSS,它们主要用于研究因气候变化而引起的生物分布的变迁.最后,结合我们的实际工作展望了生态模型在未来几年内的几个发展方向1)与基础学科相结合,比如把物候学引入生态模型研究中来,以寻求新的支撑点;2)与现代非线性理论相结合,重新评价模型的假设基础;3)与现代科学技术相结合,利用3S技术和计算机技术为模型的发展提供更强大的技术支持;4)在研究方法上,从还原论转向整体论,尽可能地把生态系统当作一个功能整体来模拟研究.     

REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS PACHYMENIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERS

Taxonomic discrimination in the genus Pachymenia (Rhodophyta) in New Zealand is based primarily on phenotypic characters of the thallus. The taxonomic problems raised by this classification method are due to highly variable thallus characters such as blade thickness, blade width, degree of thallus branching, and variation in anatomical characters. Delineation of species is further complicated by a lack of adequate knowledge about the responses of phenotype to environmental variation. There are currently three species recognized in this genus that are endemic to New Zealand: a prostrate species P. crassa , and two erect species, P. laciniata and P. lusoria. In this study, two approaches are used to investigate the current delineation of these species. Morphological and anatomical characters of field collected material and herbarium specimens from throughout the species' distributional ranges were quantified. Multivariate analyses were used to identify discrete phenotypic groups. Species relationships were further analyzed by quantifying the variation found within the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The results obtained from both approaches will be discussed with regards to possible re-classification of species relationships within this genus. We suggest that the two erect species should be merged, and the currently recognized P. lusoria should be separated into at least two taxonomic groups.     

"植硅体"含义和禾本科植硅体的分类

针对国内文献中对英文“Phytolith”等词语的中文译名呈多样化现象,建议统一用“植硅体”来涵盖之,其含义包括“Opal phytolith”和“Silica bodies”等,代表一门新兴学科,即植硅体学,已有的禾本科植硅体分类中,不同学者采用了各自不同的分类规则和术语,本文通过分析,对比现有禾本科植硅体不同的分类方案,以期对其分类系统的研究现状和所存在问题提出看法,有利于今后深入研究。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对植物的直接影响——国外十余年来模拟实验研究之主要手段及基本结论

本文针对国外近十几年来在ＣＯ２浓度升高对植物的直接影响方面所开展的生理生态学研究方法、动态、基本结论、存在问题等内容做了简要的介绍。大气ＣＯ２浓度在过去２００年内已增加了８０μｍｏｌ·ｍｏｌ－１,生长在高ＣＯ２环境下的植物,其生理生态、形态及化学成分等方面将会发生相应的变化。表现在光合作用速率出现不同程度的提高;呼吸作用受抑制;气孔密度减少,水分利用效率增加;生物量及产量增加;一些关键蛋白质及酶、非结构性碳水化合物含量增加;组织中的氮、硫等元素含量降低;根系及花的发育也随ＣＯ２浓度的升高而提前等。不同光合途径（Ｃ３、Ｃ４及ＣＡＭ）及不同植被类型（自然植被、栽培植被）的植物随ＣＯ２浓度发生的上述指标的变化在长期反应与短期反应方面具有很大的差异。另外,实验控制条件如温度、光照、水分、养分甚至实验装置（如花盆）的大小对预测结果也有很大的影响。     

基于中华鲟繁殖群体数量的长江中、下游生态环境考核指标

繁殖群体数量是中华鲟能否成功繁殖的重要影响因子, 建议作为长江生态考核的重要评价指标。根据重要种群参数和历史数据, 基于稳态转换理论和方法, 确定中华鲟繁殖群体数量指标的评估基准值和等级, 670尾以上为“优”、400—670尾为“良”、200—400尾为“中”、50—200尾为“差”、50尾以下为“极差”。水声学探测结果显示, 1998—2001年中华鲟繁殖群体数量指标评级为“良”; 2004—2012年三峡工程蓄水后至向家坝蓄水前评级为“中”; 2013—2020年评级为“极差”。为了复壮中华鲟野生种群, 建议修复葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场功能, 大规模放流性成熟亲鱼和大规格个体, 建立国家级中华鲟保育中心。     

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION AND ENUMERATION OF SPARSE POPULATIONS OF CYANOBACTERIA IN ESTUARINE WATERS1

A simple, sensitive assay method for the isolation and enumeration of sparse populations of cyanobacteria in an estuarine system is described. The method, based on the standard membrane-filter plate count technique, differentiates between viable and nonviable cells. It was found that an estuarine water-based agar medium was the most suitable medium for isolation of cyanobacteria. Because of the restricted nature of colony development, isolation of individual species is easily accomplished.