云南省褐飞虱早期迁入虫源及其发生大气背景分析

为了探明我国西南稻区褐飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地,为后期预测和防治提供依据,通过对2007—2016年云南植保站4—5月份褐飞虱虫情进行分析,选取出云南省勐海、芒市、江城、师宗、麻栗坡、广南6个代表性站点,利用WRF-FlexPart耦合模式对2013年、2015年和2016年这些站点的早期迁入峰进行了数值模拟,得到近年来云南省褐飞虱早期迁入虫源的虫源地。选取了2013年褐飞虱早期迁入量较大的迁入峰进行了大气背景分析,结合峰期影响褐飞虱迁飞的大气动力场、温度场和相对湿度场,探讨了影响云南省褐飞虱早期迁入的大气背景。研究结果表明:(1)近年来云南省褐飞虱迁入的虫源主要来自缅甸,部分来自老挝和泰国,少数来自越南,还有极少量来自孟加拉国。(2)这一时期,当释放高度分别为1500、2000 m时,褐飞虱的迁飞高度分别集中在2216 m和2489 m,平均迁飞高度分别是2167、2454 m,从不同释放高度回推的褐飞虱迁飞高度的起伏趋势具有较好的一致性,表明模式能较好地反映系统性垂直气流和下垫面起伏对其上层三维流场和种群迁飞的影响。(3)选取2013年5月22—26日发生在云南勐海、麻栗坡和广南的一次典型褐飞虱迁入过程,分析了大气背景场对褐飞虱迁飞的影响,结果显示:受印缅低压控制或影响,高空从境外虫源区至云南降虫区有西南水平气流作为种群输送动力;温场在降虫区东北侧有"低温屏障墙"存在,阻止了种群的继续北迁;垂直速度场上虫源区有上升气流促使种群起飞迁出,降虫区有下沉气流促使种群降落;弱降水形成的拖曳下沉气流对降虫也十分有利;相对湿度场对此次迁飞过程不形成任何胁迫。     

桂东北稻区第七代褐飞虱迁飞规律及虫源分析

褐飞虱是我国水稻上的一种重要迁飞性害虫,在桂东北稻区不能越冬。近年来,作为次害代的第7代褐飞虱在桂东北稻区频繁暴发,桂东北稻区作为褐飞虱南北往返迁飞的重要通道,研究阐明该稻区第7代褐飞虱的迁飞规律及虫源分布,对第7代褐飞虱的早期预警和有效防控意义重大。利用灯光诱捕的方法研究了2007—2010年桂东北稻区褐飞虱的迁飞动态,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)和气象图形处理软件GrADS(Grid Analysis and Display System)对褐飞虱迁入、迁出峰次进行轨迹分析和气象背景分析。结果表明:(1)桂东北稻区第7代褐飞虱每年都会出现2—3次迁飞高峰,虫量高峰期主要集中在9月底至10月上旬。(2)迁入虫源主要来自江西中西部和湖南中东部稻区,从本地起飞的部分褐飞虱飞行24 h或36 h后能到达广西南部沿海、越南北部和海南等越冬区。(3)925 hPa的温度高则褐飞虱虫量高;盛行东北气流较多的年份,褐飞虱发生严重;微弱的下沉气流和无雨天气有利于褐飞虱的迁飞。     

2012年盛夏多台风发生对褐飞虱迁飞动态的影响

【目的】台风能极大地改变褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Sta1)的迁飞路径和落区分布,阐释连续登陆的台风对褐飞虱种群动态的影响,可为其异地预测提供科学依据。【方法】通过对2012年盛夏的台风"韦森特"、"苏拉"、"海葵"等影响时期的多站点灯诱数据和风场做轨迹分析,解析台风影响下褐飞虱迁飞动态的变化。【结果】2012年盛夏,多个台风在华南江南早稻黄熟收割和褐飞虱羽化迁出高峰期连续登陆我国,高空气流场和雨带分布发生了不利于褐飞虱北迁的变化。华南地区多盛行东北风或偏东风,即使在台风过境后有利北迁的风向影响时,持续强降水、风切变和下沉气流多发而不利北迁。西南季风受台风影响始终无法主导大气流场,北迁通道难以建立,而褐飞虱的第5次北迁进程受阻。【结论】2012年盛夏台风多发严重阻滞了褐飞虱的第5次北迁过程,大大减轻了长江中下游水稻主产区褐飞虱的危害程度。7月中下旬和8月上旬的风场条件和雨带位置是决定我国长江中下游稻区褐飞虱发生程度的重要预警指标。     

上海地区2007年褐飞虱的后期迁入和虫源地的个例分析

褐飞虱后期迁入是指在8月下旬到9月上旬水稻生育后期出现的异常迁入。分析了2007年上海地区褐飞虱后期迁入种群的虫源性质、迁飞降落过程、大气背景场以及虫源地情况,结果表明:(1)2007年8月下旬到9月初上海地区出现的褐飞虱灯诱高峰为外地迁入峰,迁飞峰次分别为8月2223日,8月2731日。(2)8月2223日降虫主要受台风"圣帕"外围倒槽气流的影响;8月2731日褐飞虱的迁入主要受降雨过程的影响。(3)回推轨迹分析表明:2007年8月下旬到9月初上海地区后期迁入的虫源地主要分布在浙江东南沿海稻区(8月2223日),浙江中、北部(8月2731日),江南稻区北部包括皖南、赣北(8月29日)。(4)以怀宁为代表的皖南虫源地的顺推轨迹分析表明:8月下旬该区早中稻进入生育后期,食料条件恶化,褐飞虱长翅型成虫大量外迁,皖南稻区存在为上海提供虫源的对应关系。(5)虫源地的种植制度、虫源基数和合适的气象条件是导致后期迁入的重要因素。     

安庆褐飞虱近三个大发生年虫源和气候条件的比较分析

比较并分析安庆市1997,2005年和2006年褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugehs(Stal)大发生的虫源、气候条件。1997年,迁入期偏早,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1228~8698头;7、8月份气温比历史均值低0.2~1.3℃,导致单季稻上基数适温协同暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较多,但9月份气温比历史均值低1.0℃,抑制了双季晚稻褐飞虱发生。2005年,迁入期较早,但初迁虫量低,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为200~3334头;7月中旬至8月份气温比历史均值低0.4~0.8℃,9月至10月中旬气温比历史均值高1.8~2.2℃,有利褐飞虱发生的气候条件长达3个月;同时,夏、秋季台风暴雨频繁,再迁补充虫源丰富,8月16日~9月25日每侯灯下≥1000头的回迁峰次多达5个,分别比1997年和2006年多1个和2个,导致多代连续重发。2006年,迁入期早,6月底以前的早迁虫量分别是1997年和2005年同期的6.4倍和2.1倍,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1595~7181头;虽然7、8月份气温比历史均值高1.0~2.0℃,但单季稻田间小气候适宜,构成单季稻基数暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较少,但8月底~9月初短期内大量集中迁入,9月下旬至10月份气温异常偏高,高于历史均值1.5~3.0℃,引起晚稻持续重发。     

长江中游稻区夏季飞机航捕迁入褐飞虱的轨迹分析

根据1977～1979年3年的7月份飞机航捕褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的资料, 应用轨迹分析模型,得出了长江中游稻区夏季迁入褐飞虱的中尺度虫源地及迁入路径。1）湘东北-鄂东南稻区虫源来自桂中至湘中稻区（24°～ 28°N,109°～114°E）,褐飞虱的迁入路径有两条：①柳州→桂林→衡阳→该区;②柳州→桂林→邵阳→该区。2）赣北-鄂东稻区虫源来自桂中至赣西稻区（24°～29°N,110°～115°E）,褐飞虱的迁入路径有一条：蒙山→倏县→宜春→该区。3）湘中、东部稻区虫源来自桂南至湘南稻区 （23°～27°N,109°～113°E）,褐飞虱的迁入路径有一条：南宁→柳州→桂林→该区。     

中国盛夏褐飞虱北迁过程的动态数值模拟

以控制和影响褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)迁飞过程的生理生态参数为依据,应用时空分辨率较高的中尺度数值预报模式-MM4和三维轨迹计算方法对我国盛夏褐飞虱的北迁过程进行了动态模拟。模拟结果及其与实测虫情资料的对比研究表明：（1）我国盛夏褐飞虱北迁的虫源地主要在22.5°N～27°N,110°E～116°E之间。（2）空中迁飞路径有三条：主径取32°方位角,副径分别取10°和75°方位角。（3）降落虫汇区有三个：主降区为长江中下游稻区,副降区分别为鄂西北、川东北稻区和浙东南、闽北稻区。（4）理论模拟与实际虫情普查分析比较吻合,说明该模型可作为迁飞害虫灾变机制研究的一个重要工具。     

台风莫兰蒂对褐飞虱迁飞的影响

通过对2010年10号台风莫兰蒂(Meranti)进行流场分析和过程分析,阐明了此次台风对浙江稻区9月上中旬褐飞虱Nilaparvata Lugens(Stl)的迁飞造成的影响。结果表明:(1)台风过境前,其外围前方的强东南气流及高空下沉气流为褐飞虱提供了运载工具和降落条件,虫源基本来自浙江东南部和迁入区附近区域;(2)台风过境时,由于天气恶劣,部分站点上灯虫量很小,但金华和遂昌处于台风眼范围内,天气较好,风速较小,为之前随大风和降雨迁入的大量虫群提供上灯的机会,造成上灯高峰,虫源地主要来自浙江省南部;(3)台风过境后,受台风后部西南风和降雨影响,福建中北部和南部有褐飞虱随降雨迁入浙江稻区,但虫量较小。(4)根据浙江为东部临海的地理位置和台风的气旋式辐合流场的特点,从本研究结果看,莫兰蒂台风的影响仅为中小尺度范围。     

2008年永福县早稻田稻纵卷叶螟发生动态及虫源性质

2008年通过调查和雌蛾卵巢解剖研究广西区永福县早稻田稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)的发生动态和田间种群的虫源性质。结果表明,稻纵卷叶螟在永福县早稻田可发生4代。稻纵卷叶螟第1、2代属于基本迁入型;第3代性质较为复杂,属于本地繁殖型,既有迁入又有迁出;第4代为本地繁殖、大部分迁出型。对暴雨期间稻纵卷叶螟田间蛾量消长的研究表明,短时期的暴雨水淹对全县稻纵卷叶螟的田间蛾量消长总的影响不明显,但不同水淹情况的田块间虫量存在显著差异。还分析讨论2008年永福县早稻田稻纵卷叶螟暴发成灾的原因。     

褐飞虱2009年秋季回迁的雷达监测及轨迹分析

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)是水稻生产上重要的迁飞性害虫,研究其迁飞、扩散规律,为早期预警和有效防治提供科学依据。2009年4月27日至10月11日, 在中国农业科学院植物保护研究所重大病虫害监测预警兴安雷达站内利用毫米波扫描昆虫雷达对褐飞虱的迁飞过程进行长期观测,高空探照灯诱虫器及佳多自动虫情测报灯诱虫器分别用来诱捕高空及地面的褐飞虱,对高空探照灯诱到的褐飞虱雌成虫随机挑选30头进行卵巢解剖, 并结合大区环流和利用Hysplit_4模型进行轨迹分析,研究了褐飞虱的秋季回迁过程和虫源。结果表明：褐飞虱秋季回迁高峰期出现在9月28日至10月7日,高峰日为10月1日, 高峰日内雷达回波主要在600~1 100 m范围内聚集成层,高空探照灯诱虫器内褐飞虱的数量达到了13 620头;卵巢发育级别以1~2级为主。轨迹分析显示：本次回迁的褐飞虱主要来自湖南衡阳和永州等地,随东北气流向广西柳州、南宁和崇左等方向迁飞。轨迹推断与褐飞虱实发虫情基本吻合,通过毫米波扫描昆虫雷达确定了褐飞虱秋季回迁的高度,为毫米波扫描昆虫雷达早期投入到预测预报的实践中奠定了基础,对我国褐飞虱早期预警体系的建立将提供必要的技术支持。     

Pesticide-induced susceptibility of rice to brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

The effects of rice plants treated with various pesticides (jingganmycin, bisultap and methamidophos) on feeding, survival rates and population growth of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homoptera: Delphacidae), susceptibility of the treated rice plants and amounts of free amino acids and sucrose were studied. Experiments indicated that the effects of the tested pesticides were dependent on nymphal age, pesticide and their dose and time after application. Jingganmycin at 75 g a.i. ha^–1 significantly increased the N. lugens population. Both jingganmycin and bisultap increased the survival rate of N. lugens nymphs. The feeding rate of the insects was also affected by the pesticide application, but the effect varied between nymphal age and time after application and lasted no longer than 15 d. Results clearly indicated that pesticide application increased the susceptibility of rice plants to N. lugens. Although the free amino acids in rice plants did not change with the pesticide treatments, the concentration of sucrose significantly decreased 5 d after application and the C/N ratio significantly decreased in jingganmycin treated plants 5 d and 10 d after application.     

Meiosis in males of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Meiosis in spermatocytes was studied among the three biotypes of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). The chromosome number, morphology, and behavior of the biotypes were similar. The autosomes divided normally, reductional for the first division and equational for the second. The X chromosome had an unstable segregation behavior; it may segregate equationally or reductionally during the first division depending on its chromatid's orientation. Metaphase I plates contained 14 autosomal bivalents and an X chromosome (14_II + X). The co-oriented sister chromatids of the X chromosome moved together to either one of the poles during anaphase I, while auto-oriented sister chromatids segregated to opposite poles. Because of the anomalous segregation behaviour of the X chromosome, metaphase II plates may both contain 14_I + X chromatid, or one with only 14_I and the other with 14_I + X chromosome. Male N. lugens has a diploid chromosome number of 29.

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Zusammenfassung Die Meiose in Spermatozyten wurde in drei Biotypen von Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) studiert. Die Anzahl der Chromosomen, die Morphologie und das Verhalten der Biotypen waren ähnlich. Die Autosomen teilten in einer normalen Weise, reduzierend für die erste und äquatorial für die zweite Teilung. Das X-Chromosom hatte ein unstabiles Teilungsverhalten; es kann sich äquatorial oder aber auch reduktional trennen, je nachdem wie sich sein Chromatid orientiert hat. Die Ebenen der Metaphase I enthalten 14 autosome Bivalente und ein X-Chromosom (14_II + X). Die co-orientierten Schwester-chromatiden des X-Chromosoms bewegen sich während der Anaphase I zusammen zu einem der beiden Pole, während auto-orientierte Schwester-chromatiden sich nach entgegengesetzten Polen trennen. Wegen des ungewöhnlichen Teilungsverhaltens des X-Chromosoms, können beide Metaphase II Ebenen 14_I und X Chromatid enthalten, oder aber eine Ebene enthält 14_I und die andere 14_I + X.

     

稻褐飞虱的DNA遗传变异性分析

稻褐飞虱Ｎｉｌａｐａｒｖａｔａｌｕｇｅｎｓ生物型差异的研究,过去主要局限于形态学、生物学和细胞学比较及同功酶的多态性分析,对种群遗传变异规律的研究仅仅是进行经典的遗传分析。本文应用ＲＡＰＤ技术对褐飞虱种群的遗传变异进行了初步研究,以探讨褐飞虱是否存在明显的生物型分化。1　材料与方法11　虫源试虫采自中国水稻研究所养虫室。分别用品种ＴＮ1(无抗虫基因)、Ｍｕｄｇｏ(携带抗虫基因Ｂｐｈ1)和ＡＳＤ7(携带抗虫基因ｂｐｈ2)强迫饲养30代以上。以寄主名称的第一个字母区分三个不同来源的种群,即Ｔ种群、Ｍ种群和Ａ种群。采集…     

Inheritance of body color in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

The segregation frequencies of color phenotypes of F₁, F₂, and backcross progenies revealed that the body coloration of the brown planthopper, Nilaparavata lugens(Stål), exhibited multiple allelism. Monogene for color morphism exists in three allelic forms >-b ⁺ (brown or wild type), b ^o (orange) and b ^b (black). The dominance relationship was b ^b>b ⁺>b ^o. The relationship between phenotype and genotype in N. lugens was not fixed. The six possible genotypes produced eight phenotypes.

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Résumé Les fréquences de ségrégation des différentes colorations de F₁, F₂ et des croisements en retour ont montré que la coloration du corps de Nilaparvata lugens est due à un multi-allèlisme. Le monogène pour la couleur existe sous trois formes allèliques: b⁺ (brun ou sauvage), b^o (orange) et b^b (noir). Les relations de dominance étaient: b^b>b⁺>b^o. On n'a pas établi les relatios entre phénotypes et génotypes chez N. lugens. Les 6 génotypes possibles produisent 8 phénotypes.

     

重庆秀山褐飞虱田间种群动态及其应用

分析23年(1984~2006)重庆市秀山县褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)观测圃与田间的系统调查资料,揭示出该虫年度间和年度内的田间种群发生动态规律。褐飞虱在观测圃条件下,2000年前常是大发生以上,2000年以来发生程度变轻,常是中等偏重以下,但近3年来又有回升的势头,各年均呈比大田发生偏重的趋势。年度间主害期呈推迟的趋势。年度内,稻苗移栽后即可见虫,一直到收获;前期虫量较小,中期增多,后期较大,主害期在后期。观测圃的褐飞虱发生高峰期比大田早5d左右。观测圃虫量在水稻前期与大田相当,中、后期有差异,特别是后期差异较大,是大田的2~10倍。观测圃的天敌种类主要是蜘蛛、黑肩绿肓蝽、螯蜂、隐翅虫和稻红瓢虫;天敌数量在水稻中期和后期分别比大田多30%和40%以上,对褐飞虱有一定的控制作用。还讨论褐飞虱田间种群动态研究在生产上的应用。     

The multicopper oxidase gene family in the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens

The multicopper oxidase (MCO) family of enzymes includes laccases, ascorbate oxidases, bilirubin oxidases and a subgroup of metal oxidases. On the basis of a bioinformatics investigation, we identified 7 genes encoding putative multicopper oxidase proteins in the genome of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). MCO1 and MCO2 are conserved, while others diverse in insects. Analysis of developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns revealed the following: NlMCO2 was mainly expressed in the integument, and its expression peaked periodically during molting; NlMCO3 was an ovary-specific MCO gene with a high expression level only at the adult stage; NlMCO4 was a salivary gland-specific MCO gene that was expressed at all developmental stages; NlMCO5 only had short-term expression in the middle of the fourth instar stage and was expressed mainly in the gut; NlMCO6 had a developmental expression pattern similar to that of NlMCO2 and was expressed in most N. lugens tissues; and NlMCO1 was expressed in most N. lugens tissues except for the testis, whereas NlMCO7 was mainly expressed in the gut and the Malpighian tube. BPHs injected with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting NlMCO2 failed to pigment and sclerotize, were colorless and soft-bodied and subsequently died in a short time. Lethal phenotypes were also observed in insects challenged by dsRNA targeting NlMCO6. However, no observable morphological or internal structural abnormality was obtained in the insects treated with dsRNA for NlMCO1, NlMCO3, NlMCO4, NlMCO5 or NlMCO7.     

Effects of triflumezopyrim on the reproduction of brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a notorious pest on rice in Asia and has evolved serious resistance to traditional chemical insecticides in recent years. Triflumezopyrim, a newly commercialized mesoionic insecticide, exhibited an excellent control effect on sucking insects, including N. lugens. However, the effects of triflumezopyrim on the reproduction of N. lugens have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the impacts of different concentrations of triflumezopyrim (LC₁₀, LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) on the reproduction and the reproduction related genes of N. lugens exposure to the insecticide via systemic and contact route. The results indicated that the preoviposition periods of N. lugens females in the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ triflumezopyrim-treated groups (♀ t × ♂ t) were prolonged in contact toxicity treatment, compared with control (acetone treatment). The fecundities for three pair combinations (♀ c ×♂ t, ♀ t ×♂ c and ♀ t ×♂ t) treated with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ concentrations of triflumezopyrim showed a significant decrease compared to water/acetone-treated control via contact and systemic route. No significant effects of LC₁₀ triflumezopyrim on preoviposition period and fecundity were found in contact and systemic toxicity treatments. However, the triflumezopyrim did not influence the egg hatchability. By microscope observation, the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ triflumezopyrim impended the ovarian development in females. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the vitellogenin (NlVg) relative expression level of female adults exposed to LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ triflumezopyrim decreased by 30.3 – 39.5% in two toxicity treatments. The titers of another reproduction related hormones juvenile hormone III (JH III) in LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ triflumezopyrim-treatments were 27.4% and 25.8% lower than control in contact toxicity treatment and 27.08% and 37.18% lower than control in systemic toxicity treatment. In summary, these results suggested that the median lethal and high lethal concentrations of triflumezopyrim inhibited the reproduction and reduced the expression of NlVg and JH III in N. lugens. This study provided a reference for the efficient and scientific utilization of triflumezopyrim in the field.     

褐飞虱抗药性研究现状

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。文章综述国内外关于褐飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括褐飞虱抗性测定方法、抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性遗传、抗性机理及抗性治理等。田间褐飞虱种群对新烟碱类药剂产生不同程度的抗药性,其中对吡虫啉产生高水平到极高水平抗性,对氯噻啉和噻虫嗪分别产生中等水平和低水平的抗药性,对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺仍然处于敏感性阶段。此外,褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮(昆虫生长调节剂)产生低水平到中等水平抗性。长期大面积使用化学药剂是褐飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强褐飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

Detection and analysis of QTLs for resistance to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in a doubled-haploid rice population

 We used a mapping population of 131 doubled-haploid lines, produced from a cross between an improved indica rice variety (IR64) and a traditional japonica variety (Azucena), to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. We evaluated the parents and mapping population with six tests that measure varying combinations of the three basic mechanisms of insect host plant resistance, i.e., antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. To factor-out the effect of the major resistance gene Bph1 from IR64, the screening was done with two BPH populations from Luzon Island, The Philippines, that are almost completely adapted to this gene. A total of seven QTLs associated with resistance were identified, located on 6 of the 12 rice chromosomes. Individual QTLs accounted for between 5.1 and 16.6% of the phenotypic variance. Two QTLs were predominantly associated with a single resistance mechanism: one with antixenosis and one with tolerance. Most of the QTLs were derived from IR64, which has been shown to have a relatively durable level of moderate resistance under field conditions. The results of this study should be useful in transferring this resistance to additional rice varieties. Received: 10 May 1998 / Accepted: 4 June 1998