马尾松林天敌昆虫群落对马尾松毛虫控制作用的研究

本文通过对马尾松林松毛虫天敌昆虫群落优势种的选择及功能表述、用典型相关分析选择关键林分因子进行林地分类,研究了表示天敌昆虫群落对松毛虫控制作用的途径。结果表明,用天敌昆虫群落功能指标选择的重要林分因子为郁闭度、灌木层高度及盖度、草木层高度及总盖度。用这些林分因子可以把常灾区林地划分为4种类型,且这4类林地在天敌昆虫群落多样性、种数、个体数及松毛虫密度上都存在明显差异。最后分别建立了4类林地松毛虫密度变化率与多样性等功能指标及郁闭度等林分因子间的回归模型,回归相关性进一步表明用林分因子代替天敌昆虫的作用是合适的,这样代替的结果克服了生产应用时数据调查的困难,增加了实用性。     

林分因子对神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的影响

为探究神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的差异，本研究采用典型样地法，以夹金山神木垒的5种主要森林群落：云杉林、丽江云杉林、红杉林、针阔混交林、阔叶林为研究对象，对不同森林群落林下植物物种组成和物种多样性进行比较，并对林分因子和林下植物多样性进行冗余分析，确定影响林下植物多样性的主要林分因子，为当地森林经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）在研究区内共记录林下植物147种，隶属于61科，108属；云杉林群落林下植物的科属种组成最丰富。（2）各类型群落的H值、H"值、D值、JSW值均为：草本层＞灌木层；灌木层多样性最高的群落为云杉林群落，草本层多样性最高的群落为丽江云杉林群落，针阔混交林群落、阔叶林群落林下植物多样性较差。（3）平均枝下高与林分密度是影响灌木层物种多样性的主要林分因子（P<0.01），平均枝下高与灌木层的D值、H值、H"值呈负相关关系，林分密度与灌木层4个多样性指数均呈正相关关系；平均枝下高是影响草本层物种多样性的主要林分因子（P<0.01），平均枝下高与草本层H值、H"值、JSW值呈正相关关系。本研究认为，云杉林群落与丽江云杉林群落的林下植物多样性水平较高，平均枝下高与林分密度是影响神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的主要林分因子。     

陕西子午岭国家级自然保护区鞘翅目昆虫群落的边缘效应

选取陕西子午岭国家级自然保护区阔叶林-针叶林、农田-灌丛和草地-灌丛3 种边缘地带为研究样地, 在科级水平上探讨边缘效应对鞘翅目昆虫群落多样性的影响。共采集鞘翅目昆虫4935 只, 隶属于28 科, 其中步甲科、叶甲科和瓢虫科的个体数量分别占个体总数的44.19%、21.95%和13.66%, 构成该地区鞘翅目昆虫的优势类群。3 种边缘类型中鞘翅目昆虫的科多样性、丰富度和均匀度均沿边缘向相邻生境内部降低, E_H´值均大于1, 呈现边缘正效应。经多元回归分析表明, 植被密度影响阔叶林-针叶林边缘鞘翅目昆虫群落的多样性和丰富度, 植被密度和盖度影响整个群落鞘翅目昆虫的个体数量分布。以上结论可为陕西子午岭自然保护区鞘翅目昆虫生物多样性的保护和合理利用提供科学依据。     

环境因子对上海城市园林春季鸟类群落结构特征的影响

2004年3—5月,对上海8个园林绿地的春季鸟类做了研究。在调查中共观察到55种鸟类,其中留鸟31种,候鸟24种。运用回归与相关统计分析方法分析了鸟类群落结构和分布特征与8个园林绿地的公园面积、水体比例、植被种数、乔木层盖度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、人流量、行道宽度10项环境指标的关系。结果表明：(1)公园面积、植被种数、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、行道宽度等7个因子在影响园林鸟类群落结构和分布中起关键性作用;(2)上海城市鸟类数量、多样性呈单一化趋势,而且公园绿地内大面积水体等建设方案并不利于鸟类的栖息。     

四合木(Tetraenamongolica)林地昆虫群落的组成、结构及多样性特征

濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)为我国特有的蒺藜科单种属落叶小灌木.对四合木林地昆虫群落进行了调查,共得昆虫标本11363号,263种.隶属于67个科(或总科)11个目.同翅目的个体数量和优势度指数最高;膜翅目的物种丰富度和多样性指数最大;双翅目的均匀度最大.数量优势类群(＞10％)为木虱和叶蝉类,常见类群(1％～10％)是象甲、小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、拟步甲、蚂蚁、蝽科、皮蝽、盲蝽、斑翅蝗科昆虫.营养结构中植食性类群在种类和数量上占绝对优势,其中的吸食类昆虫优势度最大;天敌昆虫以寄生性类群为主,多样性最高;捕食性和中性昆虫的种类和数量相对较少,但捕食者的均匀度最高.灌木层与草本层相比,灌木层昆虫群落的物种丰富度和个体数量明显占优;优势种的优势度大.而草本层昆虫群落的多样性和均匀度高.2层整体的相似性低.膜翅目的共有种最多.     

宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生态恢复生境地表甲虫多样性

为了解宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生境地表甲虫群落多样性变化规律及与环境因子的关系, 并探讨不同生态恢复措施对维持地表甲虫群落多样性的影响, 2013年7-8月, 作者利用陷阱法调查了该区6种生境内的地表甲虫群落多样性。结果表明: 灌草混交林地、乔灌混交林地、生态薪炭林地中地表甲虫物种丰富度和个体数量均较高, 天然封育草地、生态经济林地和水平农田中物种丰富度较低, 生态经济林地和水平农田中甲虫个体数量显著高于天然封育草地。不同生境间, 灌草混交林地、乔灌混交林地与生态薪炭林地之间、生态经济林地与水平农田之间甲虫群落组成相似性较高。多元回归分析表明, 草本层生物量、灌木层盖度及土壤含水量是影响甲虫物种丰富度的决定因素, 林冠层盖度和枯落物厚度是决定地表甲虫个体数量的重要因素。CCA分析表明, 枯落物盖度、枯落物厚度、林冠层盖度及草本层盖度是影响地表甲虫群落组成的重要环境因子。研究表明, 灌草混交林地为地表甲虫群落多样性维持较好的生境类型, 是宁夏黄土丘陵区典型生态恢复的最优模式。     

湿地植被对北京地区蜻蜓生态分布的影响

蜻蜓目（Odonata）昆虫是半变态类（Hemimetabola）昆虫,它的一生经过卵、若虫和成虫3个阶段。和其他水生昆虫一样,蜻蜓目昆虫是淡水生物群落的重要组成部分,对淡水生态系统起到重要作用。蜻蜓目昆虫在其生活史中,取食、交配等活动离不开水生植物和水域附近的植被。为了研究蜻蜓栖息生境中的湿地植被特征对蜻蜓生态分布影响,对北京地区不同湿地类型的17块样地中296个样方分布的蜻蜓种类、多度以及湿地植被的特征和植物多样性进行调查,记录到蜻蜓6科26属36种,维管植物40科99属150种。应用TWINSPAN对蜻蜓种类和样地进行双向聚类分析,所有样地被划分成为四组。同时,将植被特征因子和湿地植物的多样性视为影响蜻蜓数量及分布的因子进行CCA分析。结果表明：湿地植物的丰富度与植物群落结构的完整性是影响蜻蜓分布的主要因素;各湿地植被特征因子对于蜻蜓生态分布的影响不一,依贡献率由大及小依次为浮水植物层盖度、湿生植物盖度、G1eason丰富度指数、沉水植物层盖度、G-F多样性指数、挺水植物层盖度。并且首次应用G-F多样性指数分析湿地植物的多样性。对于蜻蜓栖息地的保护、城市中对于湿地的兴建和改造也提出了相关保护建议。     

乌鲁木齐地区典型灌木群落结构特征及其多样性研究

根据2013年对乌鲁木齐地区典型灌木群落野外50个样地调查的数据,结合双向指示种分析分类方法,从各群落基本特征、物种组成、区系特征、物种多样性等方面对乌鲁木齐地区典型灌木群落结构特征及其多样性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)被调查的50个样地灌木植被群落中共出现了169种植物(其中灌木植物36种,草本植物133种),隶属于118属,31科,其中以藜科、菊科、禾本科等干旱区的表征科居多。灌木物种的植物区系以地中海区、西亚至中亚分布和北温带分布为主。(2)采用TWINSPAN分类方法可将50个样方划分为10个灌木群落类型。乌鲁木齐地区典型灌木群落多样性指数偏低,黑果小檗+宽刺蔷薇+金丝桃叶绣线菊群落的多样性指数最大,群落之间水平差异显著;欧亚圆柏群落、宽刺蔷薇+矮锦鸡儿群落和铃铛刺+喀什菊群落次之;多枝柽柳群落和琵琶柴+喀什霸王群落最低。(3)属于灌丛植被类型的灌木群落,物种多样性指数为草本层灌木层;属于荒漠植被类型的灌木群落,物种多样性空间结构为灌木层草本层。     

林分因子对张北杨树人工林林下草本层物种多样性的影响

研究人工林林分因子对林下草本层物种多样性的影响,对于人工林的抚育及合理经营有着重要意义。本研究调查了张北杨树人工林的林分死亡率、平均树高、平均枝下高、平均胸径、平均冠幅及林分密度等6个林分因子及林下草本层的群落特征,并计算出物种多样性指数,探究张北杨树人工林林分结构和林下物种多样性随林分因子的变化特征。结果表明:研究区林下草本层共发现维管植物44种,隶属于17科38属,其中以菊科(Compositae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、禾本科(Gramineae)植物最多;林下草本层物种水分生态类型主要以旱生类植物为主,合计25种,占总种数的56.82%,植物生活型谱中以地面芽植物为主,共27种,占总种数61.36%;物种丰富度指数、Shannon指数和Pielou均匀度指数在各样地内存在显著差异,且物种丰富度指数变异系数最大,Simpson指数在各样地之间不存在显著差异,变异系数最小;各样地之间的林分因子均存在显著差异,其中林分死亡率的变异程度最高,平均胸径的变异程度最低;影响林下草本层物种丰富度指数的主要林分因子有林分死亡率、平均枝下高、平均胸径和林分密度,影响Shannon指数的主要林分因子有林分死亡率、平均树高、平均胸径和林分密度,各林分因子对Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数的影响均无显著差异。适当调控林分密度,保持树种针阔混交,将有利于张北杨树人工林林下草本物种多样性的维持。     

飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度与环境因子的关系

采用主成分分析、冗余分析和方差分解法研究飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度与环境因子的关系.结果表明： 选取的环境因子共解释飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度信息的74.2%.在低海拔处,林分因子是影响林下植被盖度的主要因素.林分因子、土壤因子及地形因子对林下植被盖度的解释率分别为55.0%(包含29.1%的单独解释率和25.9%的交互作用)、38.9%(包含12.1%的单独解释率和26.8%的交互作用)和9.0%(包含5.6%的单独解释率和3.4%的交互作用).平均胸径和郁闭度对苔藓类、禾本类和灌木类盖度影响程度较大,且呈显著正相关,芒萁类盖度与非毛管孔隙度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与平均胸径、郁闭度、土壤养分及酶活性呈显著负相关.禾本类盖度、苔藓类盖度以及灌木类盖度三者紧密联系,相互促进,而芒萁类盖度与这3类林下植被盖度呈显著负相关.     

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF INSECT COMMUNITY ON PINE CATERPILLAR DENSITY IN DIFFERENT STAND CONDITIONS

Abstract  Natural enemies play an important role in inhibiting population growth of pine caterpillar, but they are difficult to be used in systematic management models. This paper attempts to use some forest stand factors to substitute the effect of natural enemies, which could be used in management models. Through the studies from more than 200 stand plots with different stand conditions in Qu County, Changshan County, and Longyou County of Zhejiang Province, 16 predominant species groups from insect community were selected, and the canonical correlation coefficient between the diversity index, species number, individual number of predominant species and the stand factors was analyzed. The results indicated that the canopy density and ground vegetation were the key stand factors for characterizing the function of insect community. The forest area was divided into four types according to the variation of canopy and vegetation conditions by using cluster analysis. The regression models between the rate of variation of pine caterpillar density and the forest factors including canopy density and vegetation covers were developed in each type of forests. There were significant differences in diversity index, species number, individual number of insect community and population density of pine caterpillar among four types of forests, and correlation coefficients of the four regression models were rather high ( r =0. 924 — 0. 964). This means that the classification of the forest stands is reasonable and the stand factors can characterize the effect of natural enemies in practice.     

多样化松林中昆虫群落多样性特征

马尾松和湿地松是我国南方的2种主要松树。通过对6种不同林分结构下的马尾松林和湿地松林内昆虫群落调查与多样性指数分析,表明2种松树内的昆虫种类和数量无显著差异,混交林中的昆虫群落的种类和数量比纯林多,尤其以捕食天敌类群的种类和数量更为明显。整个昆虫群落和植食类群多样性指数以湿地松林内较大,而天敌(捕食类群和寄生类群)多样性指数则以马尾松林较高。从不同林分结构下昆虫多样性的比较来看,混交林内昆虫群落多样性指数波动较小,明显地高于纯林。但不同林分结构下昆虫多样性随水平分布和垂直分层格局而变化,松树北面和东面各样地之间的昆虫群落多样性指数差异显著,而南、西面之间差异较小;树冠层各样地之间的差异达极显著水平,而枯枝落叶层和树干层之间差异不显著。由此,还进一步讨论了混交林中昆虫群落稳定性问题。     

塞罕坝自然保护区樟子松不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响

为研究近自然森林经营下的樟子松人工林不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响,本文以塞罕坝自然保护区内的樟子松纯林与混交林作为研究对象,对5种林分类型(樟子松、樟子松-落叶松、樟子松-白桦、樟子松-山荆子、樟子松-落叶松-白桦-山荆子-山刺玫)中的昆虫多样性进行分析.共获得昆虫标本9617头,隶属于7目70科195种,以双翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目为优势类群.5种不同林分类型中的昆虫物种均比较丰富,且各林分类型之间的昆虫群落结构均处于中等不相似水平,樟子松混交林内的昆虫物种数和个体数均高于纯林,但昆虫群落特征指数在不同林分类型之间无显著差异.主成分分析显示,植食性类群、捕食性类群和寄生性类群是构成昆虫群落结构的主要成分,且捕食性和寄生性等天敌类群对植食性类群的制约作用较强,各林分内昆虫群落结构均具有较高的稳定性.     

Does plant diversity increase top–down control of herbivorous insects in tropical forest?

Higher trophic level interactions are key mediators of ecosystem functioning in tropical forests. A rich body of theory has been developed to predict the effects of plant diversity on communities at higher trophic levels and the mechanisms underlying such effects. The 'enemies hypothesis’ states that predators exert more effective top–down control of herbivorous insects with increasing plant diversity. Support for this hypothesis has been found in temperate forests and agroecosystems, but remains understudied in tropical forests. We compared incidence of attacks of different natural enemies using artificial caterpillars in a tropical forest landscape and investigated the role of plant community structure (i.e. species richness, composition and density), and the role of forest fragmentation (i.e. patch size, edge distance and canopy openness) on predation intensity. Plant community effects were tested with respect to three vegetation strata: trees, saplings and herbs. Observed predation was substantially due to ants. Predation rates increased with plant species richness for trees and herbs. Density of saplings, herb cover and herb species composition were important factors for predation. No significant patterns were found for fragmentation parameters, suggesting that forest fragmentation has not altered predation intensity. We conclude that in tropical forests, top–down control of herbivorous insects in the understory vegetation is affected by a combination of plant diversity, plant species composition and structural features of the plant community.     

树冠结构对典型阔叶红松林生产力的影响

阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林是东北东部山区的地带性森林植被, 阐明其生产力的影响因素, 对于理解温带森林生产力维持机制具有重要意义。该研究依托小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林9 hm²动态监测样地, 基于2005和2015年的30 m × 30 m样方内所有胸径>6.5 cm的木本植物的调查数据, 计算各样方的树冠结构复杂性、物种多样性和林分胸高断面积, 结合各样方的地形和土壤理化性质数据, 拟合结构方程模型, 定量分析影响典型阔叶红松林生产力的直接和间接因素。研究结果显示: 树冠结构复杂性和物种多样性与生产力显著正相关, 且树冠结构复杂性对生产力的影响显著高于物种多样性; 树冠结构复杂性对生产力的作用分为树冠垂直分层和树冠可塑性, 其中树冠垂直分层是树冠结构复杂性影响阔叶红松林生产力的主要因素, 而树冠可塑性无显著影响; 林分胸高断面积与生产力显著正相关, 其解释权重仅次于树冠结构复杂性, 树冠结构复杂性与物种多样性均通过影响林分胸高断面积对阔叶红松林生产力产生间接影响; 考虑不同树冠结构复杂性时, 坡度和土壤全磷含量代表的环境因素在调节生产力上发挥的作用存在差异, 移除树冠垂直分层的作用后两者与生产力呈显著的负相关关系。综上可知, 在典型阔叶红松林中, 树冠结构复杂性比物种多样性更有效地解释了生产力的变化, 同时不可忽视其他生物和非生物因素对生产力的作用。     

Changes in Forest Structure and Species Composition during Secondary Forest Succession in the Bolivian Amazon1

Changes in forest structure and species diversity throughout secondary succession were studied using a chronosequence at two sites in the Bolivian Amazon. Secondary forests ranging in age from 2 to 40 years as well as mature forests were included, making a total of 14 stands. Fifty plants per forest layer (understory, subcanopy, and canopy) were sampled using the transect of variable area technique. Mean and maximum height, total stem density, basal area, and species number were calculated at the stand level. Species diversity was calculated for each stand and for each combination of forest layer and stand. A correspondence analysis was performed, and the relationship between relative abundance of the species and stand age was modeled using a set of hierarchical models. Canopy height and basal area increased with stand age, indicating that secondary forests rapidly attain a forest structure similar in many respects to mature forests. A total of 250 species were recorded of which ca 50 percent made up 87 percent of the sampled individuals. Species diversity increased with stand age and varied among the forest layers, with the lowest diversity in the canopy. The results of the correspondence analysis indicated that species composition varies with stand age, forest layer, and site. The species composition of mature forests recovered at different rates in the different forest layers, being the slowest in the canopy layer. Species showed different patterns of abundance in relation to stand age, supporting the current model of succession.     

Vertical stratification of a temperate forest caterpillar community in eastern North America

Vertical niche partitioning might be one of the main driving forces explaining the high diversity of forest ecosystems. However, the forest’s vertical dimension has received limited investigation, especially in temperate forests. Thus, our knowledge about how communities are vertically structured remains limited for temperate forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the vertical structuring of an arboreal caterpillar community in a temperate deciduous forest of eastern North America. Within a 0.2-ha forest stand, all deciduous trees ≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were felled and systematically searched for caterpillars. Sampled caterpillars were assigned to a specific stratum (i.e. understory, midstory, or canopy) depending on their vertical position and classified into feeding guild as either exposed feeders or shelter builders (i.e. leaf rollers, leaf tiers, webbers). In total, 3892 caterpillars representing 215 species of butterflies and moths were collected and identified. While stratum had no effect on caterpillar density, feeding guild composition changed significantly with shelter-building caterpillars becoming the dominant guild in the canopy. Species richness and diversity were found to be highest in the understory and midstory and declined strongly in the canopy. Family and species composition changed significantly among the strata; understory and canopy showed the lowest similarity. Food web analyses further revealed an increasing network specialization towards the canopy, caused by an increase in specialization of the caterpillar community. In summary, our study revealed a pronounced stratification of a temperate forest caterpillar community, unveiling a distinctly different assemblage of caterpillars dwelling in the canopy stratum.     

不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响

为研究近自然森林经营下的华北落叶松人工林不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响,以塞罕坝自然保护区内的华北落叶松纯林和混交林作为研究对象,对6种不同林分类型中的昆虫群落结构进行了研究。共获得昆虫标本9542头,隶属于7目,68科,187种,以双翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目为优势类群。研究结果表明:6种林分类型中的昆虫在物种和个体数上存在差异,相似性分析显示群落结构均不相似;群落多样性指数分析表明华北落叶松纯林和其它类型的混交林均具有较高的丰富度指数和多样性指数;主成分分析表明各林分类型中捕食性类群和寄生性类群是影响昆虫群落结构的主要因素,且捕食性类群和寄生性类群对植食性类群的控制作用较强;稳定性分析显示6种林分类型昆虫群落结构均具有较高的稳定性。     

Temporal variation in the influence of forest succession on caterpillar communities: A long‐term study in a tropical dry forest

Forest succession can influence herbivore communities through changes in host availability, plant quality, microclimate, canopy structure complexity and predator abundance. It is not well known, however, if such influence is constant across years. Caterpillars have been reported to be particularly susceptible to changes in plant community composition across forest succession, as most species are specialists and rely on the presence of their hosts. Nevertheless, in the case of tropical dry forests, plant species have less defined successional boundaries than tropical wet forests, and hence herbivore communities should be able to persist across different successional stages. To test this prediction, caterpillar communities were surveyed during eight consecutive years in a tropical dry forest in four replicated successional stages in Chamela, Jalisco and Mexico. Lepidopteran species richness and diversity were equivalent in mature forests and early successional stages, but a distinctive caterpillar community was found for the recently abandoned pastures. Species composition tended to converge among all four successional stages during the span of eight years. Overall, our results highlight the importance of both primary and secondary forest for the conservation of caterpillar biodiversity at a landscape level. We also highlight the relevance of long‐term studies when assessing the influence of forest succession to account for across year variation in species interactions and climatic factors. Abstract in French is available with online material.     

广州典型风水林碳密度特征

以广州市典型风水林为对象,对其生态系统全组分碳储量及其分配格局进行调查和估算,研究碳密度特征及其影响因素。结果显示：风水林生态系统平均碳密度为（259.17±69.67）t/hm²,其中,植被碳密度为（194.04±54.07）t/hm²（占74.9%）（其中以乔木层占绝对优势,达90%以上）,土壤碳密度为（65.13±19.30）t/hm²（占25.1%）;植被和土壤碳密度之间呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;不同优势种类的风水林碳密度差异较大,以米槠（Castanopsis carlesii（Hemsl.）Hayata.）为优势的林分碳密度最大（310.57±62.65 t/hm²）。结果表明影响风水林碳密度的主要因子是林分胸高断面积、林分密度、土壤容重和土壤碳含量,其中,风水林碳密度与胸高断面积、土壤容重和土壤碳含量呈显著正相关,与林分密度呈显著负相关,与植物多样性无显著相关。研究结果对南亚热带林分改造和碳汇林营造具有重要科学意义。