p-MAPK、CyclinD1和CDK4蛋白在大肠癌中的表达及相关性

目的 检测p-MAPK、CyclinD1和CDK4蛋白在大肠癌中的表达,并探讨其相关性.方法 选取78例大肠癌组织,距癌灶3 cm以外的癌旁组织,进行组织切片,HE染色进行病理分型,应用S-P免疫组化法对组织中的p-MAPK、Cyclin D1和CDK4进行检测.结果 病理分型后,78例大肠癌中p-MAPK、CyclinD1和CDK4蛋白的阳性表达率分别为67.9 %（53/78）、57.7 %（45/78）和39.7 %（31/78）;78例相应癌旁组织中阳性表达率分别为6.4 %（5/78）、10.3 %（8/78）和19.2 %（15/78）.三者阳性表达率和阳性强度均以大肠癌中为高（P＜0.01）;大肠癌中p-MAPK与CyclinD1表达呈明显正相关（P＜0.01）,而与CDK4蛋白表达无明显相关性（P＞0.05）,CyclinD1和CDK4表达呈正相关（P＜0.05）,RT-PCR检测结果与免疫组化相似,p-MAPK、CyclinD1和CDK4蛋白的阳性表达率分别为8.2 %（61/78）、67.9 %（53/78）和53.8 %（42/78）;相应癌旁组织中阳性表达率分别为3.8 %（3/78）、2.6 %（2/78）和6.4 %（5/78）.结论 MAPK活化可能是cylinD1激活的原因之一,并在大肠癌发生过程中可能起重要作用;而Cyclin D1 在细胞周期中可与CDK4 结合,从而促进细胞周期进程.     

hERG1 Potassium Channel Expression in Colorectal Adenomas: Comparison with Other Preneoplastic Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Preneoplastic lesions represent a useful target for early diagnosis and follow-up of gastrointestinal malignancies. hERG1 channel expression was tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a cohort of colorectal adenoma samples belonging to Italian subjects. Overall, hERG1 was expressed in 56.5% of cases with both high staining intensity and a high percentage of positive cells. Moreover, hERG1 was expressed in a higher percentage of dysplastic adenomas with respect to hyperplastic lesions, and the proportion of positive samples further increased in patients with high-grade dysplasia. Comparing hERG1 expression in other preneoplastic lesions of the GI tract (gastric dysplasia and Barrett’s esophagus), it emerged that in all the conditions, hERG1 was expressed with a diffused pattern, throughout the cell, with variable staining intensity within the samples. The highest expression was detected in gastric dysplasia samples and the lowest in Barrett’s esophagus at similar levels observed in colorectal adenomas. Our results show that hERG1 is aberrantly expressed in human preneoplastic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and has a different pattern of expression and role in the different sites. Overall, the detection of hERG1 expression in preneoplastic lesions could represent a novel diagnostic or prognostic marker of progression in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Shh、Gli1和VEGF蛋白在大肠癌组织中的表达及临床意义

Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)、Gli1蛋白和血管内皮生长因子表达在大肠癌的发生发展过程中的作用还不清楚.通过免疫组化法检测78例大肠癌及30例正常组织中Shh、Gli1和VEGF的表达,并与临床病理因素进行相关性分析,研究三者在大肠癌中的作用.研究发现,Shh、Gli1和VEGF蛋白在大肠癌癌组织中的阳性率分别为32%、71.7%和76.9%,与正常组织(6.0%、3.3%和3.3%)相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05).Shh、Gli1和VEGF蛋白表达与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学类型等均无关(P0.05),VEGF和Gli1蛋白表达与淋巴结转移状况和Duke分期有关(P0.05),而Shh蛋白表达仅与Duke分期有关(P0.05).Spearman相关分析显示,Shh与Gli1表达正相关(r=0.349,P0.05),Gli1与VEGF表达正相关(r=0.865,P0.05).Shh与VEGF表达正相关(r=0.403,P0.05).结果表明Shh、Gli1和VEGF在大肠癌发生、发展中呈协同和相互调节作用,Shh、Gli1和VEGF的表达参与大肠癌的生长、侵袭和转移过程.三者的联合检测可作为判断大肠癌预后,筛选高危转移患者的有效指标,同时也可用于指导大肠癌的药物治疗.     

DDR1在人垂体腺瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:检测盘状结构域受体1(DDR1)在垂体腺瘤中的蛋白表达水平并探讨其临床意义。方法:收集81例手术切除的垂体腺瘤和5例正常垂体前叶组织标本及其临床资料,应用免疫组化SP法检测和比较其DDR1蛋白的表达情况,并分析垂体腺瘤组织中DDR1蛋白的表达与患者临床及病理特征的相关性。结果:垂体腺瘤组织中DDR1的阳性表达率为64.2%(52/81例);侵袭性垂体腺瘤组织中DDR1蛋白的阳性表达率显著高于非侵袭性垂体腺瘤(x2=16.40,P=0.000);功能性垂体腺瘤组织中DDR1蛋白的阳性表达率显著高于无功能性垂体腺瘤(x2=18.06,P=0.000);直径≥10 mm垂体腺瘤组织中DDR1蛋白的阳性表达率显著高于直径10 mm的垂体腺瘤(x2=11.68,P=0.003)。结论:DDR1的表达与垂体腺瘤的侵袭性、内分泌类型和肿瘤大小有关,可能在垂体腺瘤发病机制中起重要作用。     

结直肠腺瘤中的微卫星不稳定性类型

应用微切割 聚合酶链反应 单链长度多态性 (PCR SSLP)的方法 ,检测 1 6个微卫星位点在 5 9例 6 2个结直肠腺瘤标本的微卫星不稳定性状态 .结果表明 :腺瘤 1 6个位点的总微卫星不稳定性(microsatelliteinstability ,MSI)发生率为 1 4 4 % ,MSI H所占的比率为 9 7% ;在 1 0例可以同时微切割得到腺瘤和癌变成分的病例中 ,腺瘤和癌变成分在每个微卫星位点的改变情况不完全相同 ,并且当在某一位点同时表现为阳性时 ,部分凝胶电泳的图像相同 ,而部分不同 ;在某些位点表现为癌变成分的异常条带泳动速度更快 ,说明序列比腺瘤中更短 ;MSI H与病人的年龄、性别、腺瘤发生部位和病理学亚型之间未见统计学差异 ,但MSI H组的平均年龄 (5 6 5 0± 1 1 38)低于MSI L组 (6 0 36±1 1 34) ,女性所占比率 (5 6 )明显高于男性 ,6例MSI H中无 1例组织学类型为管状腺瘤 ;各位点在MSI H组的MSI改变率明显高于MSI L组 ,在TGFβRⅡ (A) 1 0 、hMSH6、TCF4、BAT2 6等位点有明显差异 (P <0 0 5 ,其中BAT2 6的P <0 0 1 ) .可以推断 :在结直肠癌发生发展的早期即腺瘤阶段即可表现微卫星不稳定性 ;微卫星不稳定性可以随结直肠肿瘤的发展过程而发展 ,并且特定的微卫星位点的改变可能仅发生于肿瘤进程的特定阶段 ;在结直肠癌     

Syndecan-1 and Syndecan-4 Are Independent Indicators in Breast Carcinoma

Syndecan proteoglycans may be key regulators of tumor invasion and metastasis because this four-member family of transmembrane receptors regulates cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Their expression can also serve as prognostic markers. In breast carcinomas, syndecan-1 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and aggressive phenotype. Syndecan-4 is expressed in most breast carcinoma cell lines, but its role in malignancy is unclear. A possible relationship between syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 expression and established prognostic factors in breast carcinomas was examined. Duplicate samples of 114 benign and malignant breast disease cases were stained for the two syndecans. Clinicopathological information was available for all cases. Syndecan-1 was detected in 72.8% of cases, with significant association between its expression and histological tumor type (p<0.05) and high grade tumors (p<0.05). Syndecan-4 was expressed in 66.7% of cases; expression correlated significantly with positive estrogen (p<0.01) and progesterone (p<0.01) receptor status. Independent expression of the two syndecans was noted from an analysis of single and double positive cases. There was a statistical relationship between syndecan-1 presence in high-grade tumors and absence of syndecan-4, whereas syndecan-4 presence in cases positive for estrogen and progesterone receptor associated with syndecan-1 absence. These syndecans may, therefore, have distinct roles in regulating breast carcinoma cell behavior.     

重组人肝素酶在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的:建立肝素酶表达系统,大量制备人肝素酶,用于肝素酶的深入研究,及其抑制剂筛选模型的建立。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从肝癌细胞HepG2中克隆肝素酶全长cDNA,转入毕赤酵母表达体系,经甲醇诱导表达。结果:四唑蓝活性检测结果表明,表达产物具有肝素酶活性;Western印迹证实表达产物可被肝素酶抗体识别。结论:表达产物中含具有肝素酶活性的重组人肝素酶。     

Expression and Localization of Brain Ankyrin Isoforms and Related Proteins During Early Developmental Stages of Rat Nervous System

Abstract: Expression and localization of two isoforms of brain ankyrin, 440- and 220-kDa ankyrin_B, were studied in the developing nervous system of the rat fetus. The 440-kDa ankyrin_B appeared on as early as embryonic day 13, and its level increased progressively toward the day of birth, which was similar to the expression pattern of growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, a well-established axonal protein. On the other hand, 220-kDa ankyrin_B was expressed at a low level but constitutively throughout the latter prenatal period and was a major isoform even before embryonic day 14. Whereas the localization of 440-kDa ankyrin_B was essentially confined to the axons, judging from the similarity with that of GAP-43, 220-kDa ankyrin_B showed a rather general distribution in neural tissue. The localization of L1, known as an ankyrin_B-binding protein, was similar to that of 440-kDa ankyrin_B in the brain tissue, whereas it was similar to that of 220-kDa ankyrin_B in cultured neurons, suggesting that the interaction of L1 with brain ankyrins in neurons is affected by their environment.     

Syndecan-1 and FGF-2, but Not FGF Receptor-1, Share a Common Transport Route and Co-Localize with Heparanase in the Nuclei of Mesenchymal Tumor Cells

Syndecan-1 forms complexes with growth factors and their cognate receptors in the cell membrane. We have previously reported a tubulin-mediated translocation of syndecan-1 to the nucleus. The transport route and functional significance of nuclear syndecan-1 is still incompletely understood. Here we investigate the sub-cellular distribution of syndecan-1, FGF-2, FGFR-1 and heparanase in malignant mesenchymal tumor cells, and explore the possibility of their coordinated translocation to the nucleus. To elucidate a structural requirement for this nuclear transport, we have transfected cells with a syndecan-1/EGFP construct or with a short truncated version containing only the tubulin binding RMKKK sequence. The sub-cellular distribution of the EGFP fusion proteins was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Our data indicate that syndecan-1, FGF-2 and heparanase co-localize in the nucleus, whereas FGFR-1 is enriched mainly in the perinuclear area. Overexpression of syndecan-1 results in increased nuclear accumulation of FGF-2, demonstrating the functional importance of syndecan-1 for this nuclear transport. Interestingly, exogenously added FGF-2 does not follow the route taken by endogenous FGF-2. Furthermore, we prove that the RMKKK sequence of syndecan-1 is necessary and sufficient for nuclear translocation, acting as a nuclear localization signal, and the Arginine residue is vital for this localization. We conclude that syndecan-1 and FGF-2, but not FGFR-1 share a common transport route and co-localize with heparanase in the nucleus, and this transport is mediated by the RMKKK motif in syndecan-1. Our study opens a new perspective in the proteoglycan field and provides more evidence of nuclear interactions of syndecan-1.     

Immunohistochemical Assessment of Phosphorylated mTORC1-Pathway Proteins in Human Brain Tumors

BackgroundCurrent pathological diagnostics include the analysis of (epi-)genetic alterations as well as oncogenic pathways. Deregulated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling has been implicated in a variety of cancers including malignant gliomas and is considered a promising target in cancer treatment. Monitoring of mTORC1 activity before and during inhibitor therapy is essential. The aim of our study is to provide a recommendation and report on pitfalls in the use of phospho-specific antibodies against mTORC1-targets phospho-RPS6 (Ser235/236; Ser240/244) and phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37/46) in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material.ConclusionHere we provide a recommendation for phospho-specific immunohistochemistry for patient-orientated therapy decisions and monitoring treatment response.     

K-ras Gene Mutation Related to Histological Atypias in Human Colorectal Adenomas

To investigate the relationship of oncogene analysis to morphology, we analyzed K-ras gene mutations by dot-blot hybridization with and without consideration of histological atypias in individual colorectal adenomas. Each of 54 colon polyps were divided into two parts after fixation. One part was used as a mass to assess point mutations; the remaining portion of each polyp was paraffin-embedded, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined for point mutations related to histological atypias. In the first part of our study, K-ras gene mutations at codon 12 were detected in 13 cases (24%). In the second part of our study, 12 cases had distinctly different histological atypias. From each of these 12 cases, two areas, one with higher or one with lower grade atypia in the same polyp were excised to analyze for K-ras gene mutation. Two of these 12 cases (17%) had the mutation in different areas of the same tumor. These two cases contained the mutation only in the areas with higher grade atypia, and only one case added information regarding ras mutation upon microdissection when compared to the entire biopsy. These results suggest that oligonucleotide hybridization can identify the majority of cases containing ras mutations despite regional morphologic variation. Individual cases, however, may contain clonal subpopulations within adenomas with different ras sequences from other regions within the same adenoma.     

Prognostic Significance of COX-2 Immunohistochemical Expression in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature

Background

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is believed to be an important enzyme in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Correlations between the expression of COX-2 with tumor growth and distant metastasis have become an issue; thus, attention has been paid to COX-2 as a prognostic factor. Various studies examined the relationship between COX-2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) overexpression with the clinical outcome in patients with colorectal cancer, but yielded conflicting results. The prognostic significance of COX-2 overexpression in colorectal cancer remains controversial.

Methods

Electronic databases updated to October 2012 were searched to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with eligible studies which quantitatively evaluated the relationship between COX-2 overexpression and survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Survival data were aggregated and quantitatively analyzed.

Results

We performed a meta-analysis of 23 studies (n  =  4567 patients) that evaluated the correlation between COX-2 overexpression detected by IHC and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Combined hazard ratios suggested that COX-2 overexpression had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (OS) (HR [hazard ratio]  =  1.193, 95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.02 ∼ 1.37), but not disease free survival (DFS) (HR  =  1.25, 95% CI: 0.99 ∼ 1.50) in patients with colorectal cancer.

Conclusions

Cox-2 overexpression in colorectal cancer detected by IHC appears to have slightly worse overall survival. However, the prognostic value of COX-2 on survival in colorectal cancer still needs further large-scale prospective trials to be clarified.     

K-ras Gene Mutation Related to Histological Atypias in Human Colorectal Adenomas

To investigate the relationship of oncogene analysis to morphology, we analyzed K-ras gene mutations by dot-blot hybridization with and without consideration of histological atypias in individual colorectal adenomas. Each of 54 colon polyps were divided into two parts after fixation. One part was used as a mass to assess point mutations; the remaining portion of each polyp was paraffin-embedded, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined for point mutations related to histological atypias. In the first part of our study, K-ras gene mutations at codon 12 were detected in 13 cases (24%). In the second part of our study, 12 cases had distinctly different histological atypias. From each of these 12 cases, two areas, one with higher or one with lower grade atypia in the same polyp were excised to analyze for K-ras gene mutation. Two of these 12 cases (17%) had the mutation in different areas of the same tumor. These two cases contained the mutation only in the areas with higher grade atypia, and only one case added information regarding ras mutation upon microdissection when compared to the entire biopsy. These results suggest that oligonucleotide hybridization can identify the majority of cases containing ras mutations despite regional morphologic variation. Individual cases, however, may contain clonal subpopulations within adenomas with different ras sequences from other regions within the same adenoma.     

AEBP1在结直肠癌中的表达及其意义

目的:研究脂肪细胞增强结合蛋白1(AEBP1)在结直肠癌组织中的表达情况,以探索其临床意义。方法:运用免疫组织化学和实时定量PCR技术,对AEBP1在结直肠癌中的表达情况进行检测,并分析其表达量与患者临床病理特征的关系。结果:AEBP1在结直肠正常组织、腺瘤和癌组织中的免疫评分有明显差异(P0.05),而且AEBP1的阳性表达与肿瘤的分期和浸润深度明显相关。基因水平AEBP1的表达在肿瘤组织中明显高于正常组织。结论:AEBP1在结直肠癌组织中存在异常表达,并且可能是结直肠癌早期诊断和浸润深度的肿瘤标志物。     

Disparity Expression of Notch1 in Benign and Malignant Colorectal Diseases

Background and Objectives

Although there was growing evidence supporting the hypothesis that Notch1 was one of the few candidate genes linked with colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility, the precise level of Notch1 protein expression in benign and malignant colorectal diseases was still unknown. Our study has investigated the Notch1 expression in benign and malignant colorectal diseases as well as to investigate the role and clinicopathological significance of aberrant expression of Notch1 in CRC.

Methods

The protein expression of Notch1 was examined by immunohistochemistry in 901 clinical specimens with colorectal diseases, including 220 patients with ulcerative colitis, 232 patients with colorectal adenoma and 449 patients with colorectal cancer. Associations between the expression of Notch1 and various clinicopathological features, as well as survival status, were studied.

Results

Cytoplasmic Notch1 was expressed in 7.7% of patients with ulcerative colitis, 14.7% of patients with colorectal adenoma and 58.0% of patients with colorectal cancer, respectively. Colorectal cancer patients with high expression levels of Notch1 showed lower overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates than those patients with low Notch1 expression.

Conclusions

Expression level of Notch1 was gradually increased from precancerous lesions to cancer. It might play as an oncogene in the CRC development, and might be potentially used as a biomarker for prognosis of CRCs.     

结直肠癌中Claudinl、ZEB-1和E-cadherin的表达及意义

目的探讨Claudinl、ZEB-1和E-cadherin在结直肠癌中的表达及三者之间的关系与临床病理的联系。方法免疫组织化学技术检测51例结直肠癌及癌旁组织中Claudinl、ZEB-1和E—cadherin蛋白的表达情况。结果在结直肠癌组织中Claudinl、ZEB-1、E—cadherin的表达率分别为68．6％、23．5％、56．9％,癌旁组织分别为37．3％、0、98．0％。三种蛋白在结直肠癌组织及癌旁组织中的表达差异均具有显著性（P〈O．01）。Claudinl及ZEB-1的表达率在III_IV期组（87．5％、41．7％）高于I-II期组（51．9％、7．4％;P〈0．01、P〈0．01）,有淋巴结转移组（90．9％、45．5％）高于无淋巴结转移组（51．7％、6,9％;P〈0．01、P〈0．01）,ZEB-1表达率在高级别组（42．1％）高于低级别组（12．5％;P〈0．05）。E—cadherin的表达率在I—II期组（74．1％）高于Ⅲ—IV期组（37．5％;P〈O．05）,无淋巴结转移组（72．4％）高于有淋巴结转移组（36．4％;P〈0．05）。Claudinl、ZEB-1与E-cadherin的表达均呈负相关（P〈0．05）,Claudinl与ZEB-1的表达呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论Claudinl、ZEB-1和E-cadherin在结直肠癌发展,浸润和转移中起着重要作用,三者可能存在协同作用。