羟基磷在石水泥的体外生物学安全性试验

羟基磷灰石水泥是新型的羟基磷灰石类 工骨材料。１９９１年得到美国食品与药物管理局的批准,在临床试用,用于颅骨缺损的填充治疗。华东理工大学最后研制了类似的ＨＡＣ。我们用它的生理盐水浸出液对其进行了生物学安全性试验、包括细胞培养毒性试验,全身注射性试验,Ａｍｅｓ试验,微核试验     

羟基磷灰石水泥的体外生物学安全性试验

羟基磷灰石水泥(HAC)是新型的羟基磷灰石类人工骨材料。1991年得到美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)的批准,在临床试用,用于颅骨缺损的填充治疗。华东理工大学最近研制出类似的HAC。我们用它的生理盐水浸出液对其进行了生物学安全性试验,包括细胞培养毒性试验、全身注射毒性试验、Ames试验、微核试验及UDS试验。结果表明HAC的浸出液对培养细胞的生长无抑制作用,对体细胞的遗传物质(染色体、DNA)无致突变作用。上述结果提示我们,HAC用于人体是安全的。     

虾青素的毒理学安全性评价研究

目的：对虾青素进行毒理学安全性评价,为其食用安全性提供科学依据。方法：通过急性经口毒性试验、Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、精子畸形试验和大鼠30d喂养试验等毒理学评价试验,评估虾青素的食用安全性。结果：虾青素对雌、雄大鼠的急性经口最大耐受量（MTD）均大于19.0g/kg·BW。Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均未见该样品有致突变作用,大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标也均未见明显毒性反应。结论：虾青素急性毒性分级属无毒级,无遗传毒性,在该实验研究剂量和条件下,虾青素未见明显毒副作用。     

HA结合肽的筛选与序列分析

利用噬菌体随机十二肽库对羟基磷灰石进行结合肽筛选,经4轮生物淘洗和选择、噬菌体扩增和DNA测序,获得一组多肽序列,其中含有较高比例的脯氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺以及疏水氨基酸。经Blast分析、CLUSTALW多重序列比对推得羟基磷灰石结合肽可能的结合基序为VLPP、LP(X)₆PL/X、PP(X)_4~6P,(X为任意氨基酸)。认为脯氨酸等氨基酸的高比例特性以及结合基序特征可以很好地解释羟基磷灰石的生物可利用性和安全性。在生物体中未发现结合肽有价值的相似DNA编码序列和多肽、蛋白质序列。噬菌体单克隆反筛功能测定进一步确定了相关序列对羟基磷灰石的结合能力。     

Mix-G200益生菌粉安全性毒理学评价

目的通过对Mix-G200益生菌粉的安全性毒理学进行研究,为以后的应用提供科学依据。方法采用雌雄小鼠急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames试验和大鼠30天喂养试验等对Mix-G200益生菌粉进行安全性试验研究。结果急性经口毒性试验表明,Mix-G200益生菌粉对雌雄小鼠的急性经口LD50均大于21500 mg/kg,以急性毒性半数致死量毒性分级,属无毒级物质。小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames试验结果均为阴性。30天喂养试验结果表明,大鼠生长情况良好,血液学检查、生化学检查、主要脏体以及组织学检查结果与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义。结论 Mix-G200益生菌粉未见遗传毒性,使用Mix-G200益生菌粉是安全可靠的。     

嗜酸乳杆菌LA-G80的毒理学研究

目的对嗜酸乳杆菌的毒性进行研究。方法采用大、小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和大鼠30 d喂养等对嗜酸乳杆菌进行安全性试验研究。结果急性经口毒性试验表明,大、小鼠灌胃给予嗜酸乳杆菌,最大耐受剂量雌雄两性别均大于20.0 g/kg体重,Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。大鼠30 d喂养试验结果表明各项指标均未见明显毒性反应。结论在本次实验条件下,嗜酸乳杆菌未见遗传毒性。由此可初步判定,使用嗜酸乳杆菌是安全可靠的。     

一种新型瓷嵌体修复用树脂粘接材料生物安全性评价

目的:初步评价一种新型瓷嵌体修复用树脂粘接材料的生物安全性。方法:按照国标GB16886.5-1997,医药行业标准YY/T0268-2001、YY/T0279-1995、以及YY/T 0244-1996所规定的方法对本院材料科新研制的复合树脂粘接材料的生物安全性进行评价,内容包括短期急性全身毒性试验,粘膜刺激实验,细胞毒性试验。结果:此种新型瓷嵌体修复用树脂粘接材料无细胞毒性,无短期全身毒性,对口腔黏膜无刺激。结论:此种新型瓷嵌体修复用树脂粘接材料具有良好的生物安全性,可以进行进一步安全性检测。     

复合生物杀菌剂F6-11的安全性毒理学研究

目的：为研究复合生物杀菌剂F6．11毒性,采用动物实验法进行毒理学评价。方法：对复合生物杀菌剂F6-11进行小鼠急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、亚急性毒性试验、家兔多次完整皮肤刺激试验、急性眼刺激试验、豚鼠皮肤变态反应试验、鱼类延长毒性14天试验。结果：复合生物杀菌剂F6—11对小鼠急性毒性LD50〉5000mg／kg．bw,属于实际无毒级物质;小鼠微核试验该杀菌剂各剂量组与阴性对照组比较,微核率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;亚急性毒性试验动物血常规、生化指标及各脏器均未发现异常;对家兔多次完整皮肤及眼刺激反应积分均为0,均属无刺激性;对豚鼠皮肤变态反应试验组动物与阴性对照组无可见不同．试验组动物皮肤致敏反应积分为0,无致敏作用;鱼类延长毒性14天试验无异常。结论：毒理学研究表明,复合生物杀菌剂F6．11具有良好的使用安全性。     

AZ31B镁合金植入小鼠的生物相容性考察

目的 评价羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite, HAP)涂层的AZ31B镁合金（HAP/AZ31B）作为植入材料的生物安全性。方法 采用恒电压阴极电沉积法制备表面HAP涂层的HAP/AZ31B材料;判定生物材料的致突变及毒性作用;检测材料表面的腐蚀状况并进行能谱分析。结果 HAP/AZ31B材料无致突变作用,对动物组织未产生严重的炎症反应;经HAP涂层后的AZ31B材料腐蚀较慢,微核出现率为4.4‰,溶血率为0.25%。结论HAP/AZ31B表现出较好的生物安全性和相容性,有可能成为新型可降解骨支架材料。     

综述——新型纳米生物材料的研发：模板法制备羟基磷灰石纳米结构微球及其机制探讨

羟基磷灰石作为人体和动物骨骼的主要无机成分,被广泛应用于人体硬组织的修复和替换．而羟基磷灰石微球因具有比表面积大、流动性好等优点,成为生物医学领域的重要研究对象．本文重点论述了采用软/硬模板合成羟基磷灰石纳米结构微球的方法、原理,以及微球和纳米结构的形成机理．提出了羟基磷灰石纳米结构微球研究中存在的问题,并对其前景进行展望．     

A quick hydroxyapatite chromatography technique especially adapted for work with DNA networks

During the renaturation of DNAs large networks build up which cannot be eluted from hydroxyapatite under standard fractionation conditions (60°C, 0.5 m PB). This is a serious problem especially in plant-DNA renaturation studies as hyperpolymers may comprise more than half of the renatured DNA mass even at moderately long initial fragment lengths and low C₀t values. Utilizing the acid solubility of hydroxyapatite a method is outlined which will recover the total double-stranded DNA fraction and will prepare the column for the next fractionation in one quick operation. As the method is time saving compared to the standard hydroxyapatite fractionation procedure its general application may prove to be useful.     

Solid-state phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of synthetic solid phases of calcium phosphate: potential models of bone mineral

Phosphorus-31 NMR spectra have been obtained from a variety of synthetic, solid calcium phosphate mineral phases by magic angle sample spinning. The samples include crystalline hydroxyapatite, two type B carbonatoapatites containing 3.2 and 14.5% CO3(2-), respectively, a hydroxyapatite in which approximately 12% of the phosphate groups are present as HPO4(2-), an amorphous calcium phosphate, monetite, brushite, and octacalcium phosphate. Spectra were observed by the standard Bloch decay and cross-polarization techniques, as well as by a dipolar suppression sequence, in order to distinguish between protonated and unprotonated phosphate moieties. The spectra of the synthetic calcium phosphates provide basic information that is essential for interpreting similar spectra obtained from bone and other calcified tissues.     

Equine viral arteritis: current status and prevention

Recently, there has been increased interest in equine viral arteritis (EVA) among veterinarians and horse owners. Outbreaks of the disease were identified initially in New Mexico, USA in 2006, and in the Normandy region of France in the summer of 2007. Both occurrences were associated with AI of cool-shipped semen. Each was linked to respiratory illness, neonatal death, abortion, development of carrier stallions, and cancellation of equestrian events. In light of the increased interest, this paper will present a brief case history, followed by a review addressing common concerns regarding EVA, current status, and control and prevention strategies, including vaccination, and recommended bio-security measures.     

Accumulation of hydroxyapatite in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat fed a low-zinc diet

Calcification occurred in the kidney of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats fed a low-zinc diet. The deposits were stained by the von Kossa method and were detected intracellularly in the tubular cells, mainly in the cortico-medullar region. The deposits were found to be a heterogenous substance on electron microscopy. There were various sizes of deposits, and the surfactant was very much distorted. Many deposits grew up to bind small particles, and the core-like substance was observed in the center of the deposit. The component of the deposit was analyzed by an X-ray microanalyzer, and was found to be calcium and phosphorus. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus was 2.159, which coincided with the ratio of standard hydroxyapatite. From these observations, the deposit is believed to be hydroxyapatite. It is thought that the core is formed at first, many particles are then bound to the core, and deposits grow up.     

High-resolution hydroxyapatite chromatography of proteins

Hydroxyapatite chromatography has been used to separate all five isozymes of lactic dehydrogenase, six enzymatically active forms of bovine pancreatic DNase I, and a standard protein mixture. The proteins were eluted with a linear gradient of sodium phosphate. Enzyme activity recoveries were greater than 90%. Packing materials were obtained from commercial fine-particle-sized hydroxyapatite (DNA grade Bio-Gel HTP) by an elutriation procedure. Long columns packed with small crystals were run under low pressure at acceptable flow rates, and were used over prolonged periods.     

Crystallographical analysis of tooth enamel using milligram samples

An X-ray diffraction microanalytical method, in which sample is loaded onto a silver membrane filter, was applied to assess the crystal content in tooth enamel. Each enamel powder was first examined at room temperature, and then examined again at intervals after heating to 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 degrees C. The hydroxyapatite composition weight and crystal weight of the samples were derived from the standard calibration curves. The "crystal content ratio" was defined as the ratio of crystal weight to sample weight. The following results were obtained: (1) beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) replaced the hydroxyapatite after heating at the high temperatures; (2) the "crystal content ratio" in the tooth enamel increased with the rise in temperature; and (3) the lattice parameters of the enamel apatite and the beta-TCP were changed by the heating. The X-ray diffraction technique has the potential to analyze the crystal content using milligram samples.     

Tandem purification of two HDL-associated partner proteins in human plasma, paraoxonase (PON1) and phosphate binding protein (HPBP) using hydroxyapatite chromatography

Human plasma paraoxonase (PON1) is calcium-dependent enzyme that hydrolyses esters, including organophosphates and lactones, and exhibits anti-atherogenic properties. Human phosphate binding protein (HPBP) was discovered as contaminant during crystallization trials of PON1. This observation and uncertainties for the real activities of PON1 led us to re-evaluate the purity of PON1 preparations. We developed a hydroxyapatite chromatography for the separation of both HDL-associated proteins. We confirmed that: (1) HPBP is strongly associated to PON1 in HDL, and generally both proteins are co-purified; (2) standard purification protocols of PON1 lead to impure enzyme; (3) hydroxyapatite chromatography allows the simultaneous purification of PON1 and HPBP.     

Experimental hydroxyapatite cement cranioplasty.

Hydroxyapatite cement is a calcium phosphate-based material that when mixed with water forms a dense paste that sets within 15 minutes and isothermically converts in vivo to a microporous hydroxyapatite implant. This cement was used to reconstruct bilateral 2.5-cm-diameter full-thickness critical-sized parietal skull defects in six cats. One side was reconstructed with 100 percent hydroxyapatite cement, and the other with a mixture of 50 percent hydroxyapatite cement and 50 percent ground autogenous bone by weight. These animals were sacrificed at 6 and 12 months after implantation. Positive and negative controls also were prepared. The anatomic contour of the soft tissue overlying all hydroxyapatite cement implants was well maintained, there were no wound infections or structural failures, and the implants were well tolerated histologically. None of the negative (unreconstructed) control defects was completely filled with repair bone, and all positive (methyl methacrylate) controls demonstrated foreign-body giant-cell formation and fibrous encapsulation of the implants. Examination of decalcified and undecalcified sections revealed progressive but variable replacement of the cement by new bone and soft tissue without a change in the shape or volume of the hydroxyapatite cement-reconstructed areas. New bone comprised 77.3 and 64.7 percent of the tissue replacing the hydroxyapatite cement and hydroxyapatite cement-bone implants, respectively. Replacement of the hydroxyapatite cement implants by new bone is postulated to occur by a combination of osteoconduction and implant resorption. These results indicate that further experimental research leading to the possible application of hydroxyapatite cement for full-thickness calvarial defect reconstruction in humans is warranted.     

Performance and characterization of a nanophased porous hydroxyapatite for protein chromatography

Nanophased porous hydroxyapatite beads with particle diameters of 25 microm and 30 microm intended for use in protein and biomolecule separation are characterized with respect to chromatographic characteristics. These particles were produced from a hydroxyapatite gel by a controlled spray process yielding microspheres containing hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. By calcification of the microspheres, nanophased porous hydroxyapatite beads were obtained. As a reference material, ceramic hydroxyapatite Types I and II with a particle diameter of 40 microm was chosen. SEM pictures show that the surface of the nanophased hydroxyapatite is very rough compared to ceramic hydroxyapatite Types I and Type II. The calcium-to-phosphorous ratio of this nanophased hydroxyapatite is 1.6, which is slightly below the theoretical ratio of 1.67 of pure hydroxyapatite. The porosity is greater than 60%. An IgG binding capacity of 60.7 mg/ml for Bio-Rad Type I and 36.0 mg/ml for Type II, 42.0 mg/ml for the nanophased material with 25 microm and 19.7 mg/ml for the nanophased material with 30 microm were observed. The nanophased material with 30 microm had the lowest mass transfer resistancy as indicated by the dependency of the dynamic binding capacity on velocity. It is assumed that the mass transport properties are characterized by a low particle diffusion resistancy or by slight intraparticle convection. The material also showed high selectivity for IgG. When culture supernatant with 5% FCS containing 3 mg/ml was loaded, pure IgG could be eluted by linear gradient with increasing sodium phosphate concentration. This nanophased material comprises a novel stationary phase for IgG separation.     

Enhancement of calcification by osteoblasts cultured on hydroxyapatite surfaces with adsorbed inorganic polyphosphate

Inorganic polyphosphate has been expected to accelerate bone regeneration. However, there are limited evidences to prove that polyphosphate adsorbed on the surface of a hydroxyapatite plate enhances calcification of cultured osteoblasts. In this study, we examined the effect of polyphosphate adsorbed onto the surface of a hydroxyapatite plate on the attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and calcification of osteoblasts. After hydroxyapatite plates were soaked in solutions of polyphosphate, the plate surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and toluidine blue staining to confirm adsorption of polyphosphate. The hydroxyapatite plates were further subjected to the measurements of surface roughness, water contact angle, and the binding capacity of calcium ions. Cell culture experiments were carried out using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells. It was found that soaking a hydroxyapatite plate in a polyphosphate solution gave rise to an increase in surface roughness and reduction in water contact angle in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting the adsorption of polyphosphate onto the surface of a hydroxyapatite plate. It was further observed that surface-adsorbed polyphosphate exhibited an inhibitory effect on cell adhesion and proliferation. In contrast, cell differentiation was promoted on hydroxyapatite plates with adsorbed polyphosphate, when assessed from expression of differentiation marker genes including alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. In addition, calcification of the culture was enhanced on hydroxyapatite plates with relatively low density of adsorbed polyphosphate. Our results as a whole provided an evidence to show that there is a narrow window with regard to the surface density of adsorbed polyphosphate for the enhancement of osteoblast calcification.