棘蝇属一新种和一新纪录（双翅目：蝇科）

报告了采自四川省二郎山的棘蝇属(Phaonia Robineau　Desvoidy,1830)一新种和辽宁东部山区一新纪录种。新种命名为片尾棘蝇P.lamellicauda sp.nov.,应隶属于尖嘴棘蝇种团P.oxystomagroup,其种团特征是髭角位于额角之前;前中鬃强壮,后背中鬃3,小盾不带黄色,背侧片、前胸基腹片和后气门前肋裸;各足胫节、中股和后股黄色,中胫无后腹鬃,后胫无端位后腹鬃。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

长白山棘蝇属二新种（双翅目：蝇科）

报告毛板棘蝇Phaonia hystricosternita和肖盾棘蝇Phaonia subscutellata二新种,两者共同特征是:触角芒羽状。前中鬃缺如,后背中鬃3,翅前鬃长大;前胸基腹片、下侧片和后气门前肋裸;足黄色,中胫仅有一列后鬃。腹部背板具黑色正中狭条或三角形斑等,应属于棕斑棘蝇种团Phaoniafuscata species-group.     

中国云南省秽蝇属四新种(双翅目:蝇科)(英文)

本文记述采自云南省的秽蝇属四新种,即:①狭叶秽蝇C.angustiifolia sp.nov.,新种外形特征近似于欧洲的C.gracilis Stein,1916,但雄各胫节基部1/5黄色,中胫前背鬃1,后胫后背鬃2;雄肛尾叶和侧尾叶细长等与后者不同。②暗腹秽蝇C.obscuriabdominis sp.nov.,新种外形特征近似于长足秽蝇C.longipeda Wu et xue,1996,但新种胫节全黄色,前胫中位后鬃1,中股后腹鬃1;第一腹板裸;肛尾叶末端较尖等不同。③离叶秽蝇C.sparagmocerca sp.nov.,新种外形主要特征近似于C.oralis Schnabl,1915,但新种雄侧颜等于触角宽的1/2,髭角位于额角之后;前侧片鬃2;中股无前腹鬃,近中位具1根长的后腹鬃,中胫前背鬃1,后股近中位具1根短小的毛状后腹鬃,后胫后背鬃1;雄肛尾叶和侧尾叶短小等不同。④束秽蝇C.sponsasp.nov.,该新种近似于冯氏秽蝇C.fengi Yang et Zhao,2002,但新种额宽为头宽的0.42,侧颜为触角宽的4/5,口上片不突出,髭间距短于髭至眼缘间距;翅内鬃0+2;中股基部具2-3根长的后腹鬃,后股无明显后腹鬃,后胫前腹鬃1,跗节长于胫节;腹部无明显斑条;肛尾叶中部较宽等不同。模式标本保存在沈阳师范大学昆虫研究所。     

中国秽蝇属一新种 (双翅目：蝇科)

 记述了采自我国四川省的蝇科秽蝇属一新种,冯氏秽蝇Coenosia fengi sp.nov.。新种 具有触角较短、雄蝇阳基后突较弱、肛尾叶和侧尾叶细长等特征,应隶属白角秽蝇种团(C oenosia albicornis\|group)。新种近似于分布在俄罗斯西伯利亚地区的Coenosia ora lis Schnalb,1915,但新种雄蝇侧颜较窄,仅为触角宽的2/5,中胫前背鬃1,后股后腹鬃 仅分布于基部2/3,后胫具2根长的前腹鬃,肛尾叶侧面观较宽等即可区别。模式标本保存于 沈阳师范学院生物系。     

中国棘蝇属小爪棘蝇新种团二新种(双翅目:蝇科)(英文)

本文报道了采自我国东北地区的蝇科棘蝇属二新种,属于一新种团;模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。 小爪棘蝇种团Phaonia minutiungula-group,新种团:雄额约为头宽1/4,上眶鬃1,口上片突出于额角;前中鬃缺如,后背中鬃4,翅前鬃发达,前胸基腹片裸,背侧片和后气门前肋具小毛,小盾全黑,前、后气门褐色;前足第1分跗节具少数长感觉毛,中胫无后腹鬃,后胫无端位后腹鬃;r-m和m-m横脉附近略具暗晕,平衡棒黄色;腹部具变色斑,各背板正中具宽的黑条。新种团主要近似游荡棘蝇种团Phaonia errans-group,但后者雄额较窄,上部的下眶鬃退化,无上眶鬃,小盾带黄色等不同。 小爪棘蝇,新种Phaonia minutiungula,雄复眼的纤毛稀而短,触角芒短纤毛状,颊高为眼高的3/7,前缘刺短小;前胫中位后鬃1-2,中胫前背鬃1,后股前腹鬃列完整且均发达;腹部背板正中黑条较宽,两侧变色斑不很明显。正模(?),吉林长白山冻原带,1989-07-15,张春田采。 黑龙山棘蝇,新种Phaonia heilongshanensis,雄复眼的纤毛长而密,触角芒短羽状,颊高为眼高的2/7;前缘刺约等于r-m横脉长的1.5倍;前胫无中位后鬃,中胫无前背鬃,后股基半部的前腹鬃列短小;腹部背板正中黑条较窄,约等于跗节宽,两侧变色斑明显。正模(?),黑龙江五大连池,1988-07-22,崔昌元采。     

棘蝇属仿棘蝇种团二新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述了在采自中国东洋区的蝇科标本中，发现棘蝇属中仿棘蝇种团二新种：残金刺蝇和残股棘蝇。该种团主要特征是：雄性下眶鬃分布在额在下半部；前中鬃缺如，后背中鬃４（少数为３），背侧片具小毛，小盾不带棕色；前足跗节无明显的感觉毛，腹部无闪光斑。模式标本保存在沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

中国秽蝇属一新种(双翅目：蝇科)

记述了采自我国四川省的蝇科秽蝇属一新种,冯氏秽蝇Coenosia fengi sp.nov.。新种具有触角较短、雄蝇阳基后突较弱、肛尾叶和侧尾叶细长等特征,应隶属白角秽蝇种团(Coenosia albicornis-group)。新种近似于分布在俄罗斯西伯利亚地区的Coenosia oralis Schnalb,1915,但新种雄蝇侧颜较窄,仅为触角宽的2/5,中胫前背鬃1,后股后腹鬃仅分布于基部2/3,后胫具2根长的前腹鬃,肛尾叶侧面观较宽等即可区别。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院生物系。     

辽宁省花蝇科二新种(双翅目:花蝇科)

记述采自辽宁省的花蝇科2新种,即分布于辽宁省桓仁县老秃顶山的老秃顶须泉蝇Pegoplata laotuding-ga sp.nov。该种外形与丁斑须泉蝇Pegoplata linotaenia(Ma,1988)近似,但新种雄性前胫无前背鬃,翅前鬃短小,腹部各背板均具倒山字形黑斑;肛尾叶端部较狭,侧尾叶后面观较细长,其侧面观端半部较宽大,末端较圆;前阳基侧突端半部狭,后缘具1根小毛等不同。分布于辽宁省本溪南甸的中叶泉蝇Pegomya mediarmata sp.nov,该种与并棘泉蝇Pegomya holosteae(Hering,1924)近似,但新种具上倾口缘鬃1行,前颏发亮,翅前鬃长于后背侧片鬃;下腋瓣短小;前胫无前背鬃,中胫无后腹鬃,后胫前背鬃2;第5腹板具中叶,侧叶基部和端部分别具一鬃毛簇,阳茎具宽大的端阳体等不同,模式标本保存于沈阳师范大学昆虫研究所。     

中国秽蝇属虎秽蝇种团（双翅目：蝇科）分类研究

虎秽蝇种团隶属于双翅目蝇科的秽蝇属,全世界已记录有7种。通过对我国虎秽蝇种团进行整理,总结我国该种团共8种(亚种),编制了分种检索表,并对其中的l新种和2新亚种分别予以记述,即：(1)白瓣秽蝇,新种Coenosiaalbisquamasp．nov．,该新种近似c．breviaedeagusWu et Xue,1996,但间额黑色无粉被,侧颜宽约为触角第三节宽l／3(后为2／3),小盾片背面灰色,仅后端缘棕色,中股前腹鬃较短,近端后背鬃l,腹部侧斑近三角形等可相区别。(2)褐瘦弱秽绳,新亚种Coenosia attenuata brunneasubsp．nov．,本新亚种与其指名亚种瘦弱秽蝇C．attenuata Stein,1903,雄性尾器大体相同,但以下方面区别明显：额、颜、侧颜和颊的粉被为棕褐色(不为灰白色),额狭于头宽的l／3,额三角达额上方的l／3(不在下方l／3),触角和下颚须黑褐色(不为完全黄色);胸部粉被褐色(不为灰色),盾片具3黑条,分别在中鬃和背中鬃列上(指名亚种无),腋瓣淡棕色;各足的基节、转节、股节和胫节的基半部为黑褐色(不为黄色),后股具短小的前腹鬃列;腹部粉被均暗褐色(不为灰色)。(3)版纳秽蝇,新亚种Coenosia strtitpes bannaensis subsp．nov．,该新亚种与主要分布于古北区的指名亚种毛足秽蝇C．strigipes和Sten,1916区别在于：雄性和雌性的额三角前端达额中部,侧颜较狭;触角第三节完全黄色;各足股节较细,中、后股节腹面无细长毛,后足胫节较直,各足跗节约等于胫节长;第l 2合背板具1对侧斑,第一腹板裸等。模式标本保存在沈阳师范大学昆虫研究所。     

中国阳蝇属古阳蝇种团记述(双翅目蝇科)(英文)

阳蝇属是蝇科中第二大属,迄今全世界已知400余种,中国已知近200种。本文综述了该属分亚属、种团研究简史,首次提出了古阳蝇种团Helina annosaspecies-group的概念及其区别特征,报告了中国产该种团19种名录和分布,编制了该种团分亚种团、分种检索表,对其中一个新种鬃胫阳蝇Helina setipostitibia sp.nov.予以描述。新种与分布于我国四川省的羽胫阳蝇Helina plumipostitibia Feng et Xue,2002近缘,但新种额宽为前单眼横径2倍宽,间额在最狭处约为一侧额宽的1.5倍,下眶鬃几乎达于单眼三角处;侧颜约为触角第三节宽的2倍,颊高约为眼高的1／2;翅前鬃体毛状;前胫无中位后鬃,中胫具7-9根发达的后鬃,长短不一,略呈2列,后胫不弯曲等即可区别。模式标本保存于沈阳师范大学昆虫研究所。     

A new genus and a new species of tachinids (Diptera,Tachinidae) from the south of middle Asia

Ventoplagia gen. n. is described, with the type species Ventoplagia brevirostris sp. n. The frontal bristles extending only to the base of the pedicel, 2+3 dorsocentral bristles, 0+2 intraalar bristles, the absence of prealar bristle, the short and fine anepimeral (pteropleural) bristle, the scutellum without lateral bristles, and the welldeveloped posteroventral bristle of the hind tibia indicate that the new genus belongs to tribe Minthoini. Ventoplagia gen. n. is closely related to the genus Palmonia Kugler. The characters distinguishing these genera are given.     

云南棘蝇属三新种(双翅目:蝇科)

报道了采自云南省的蝇科棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ．３新种,分别命名为明斑棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｌｕｃｕｌｅｎｔｉｍａｃｕｌａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、刺尾棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｐｉｎｉｃａｕｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和毛盾棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｖｉｌｌｉｓｃｕｔｅｌｌａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,均隶属于棕斑棘蝇种团Ｐｈ．ｆｕｓｃａｔａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

Quantitative analysis of resistance in cotton to three new isolates of the bacterial blight pathogen

Summary Genetic variability for virulence of the bacterial blight pathogen [Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum (Smith) Dye] on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been shown by the identification of 19 races of the pathogen based on disease reactions of a set of ten host differentials. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of host resistance to three recently identified isolates of X. campestris pv malvacearum, which are virulent on the entire set of differentials. True leaves of Tamcot CAMD-E, LEBOCAS-3-80, Stoneville 825, and their f₁, F₂, and backcross progenies were wound-inoculated in the field with separate bacterial suspensions of the virulent HV3, HV7, and Sudan isolates of the pathogen. LEBOCAS-3-80 was replaced with S295, a new immune cultivar, for a greenhouse study in which both cotyledons and true leaves were inoculated. Disease reactions were rated on a scale of 1–10, and genetic models were proposed utilizing generation means analysis. Dominance, when significant, was in the direction of resistance in all but one cross-isolate combination. Digenic interaction components indicated a duplicate type. Narrow-sense heritability for resistance ranged from 0.59 to 0.68; therefore, primarily additive-genetic variability among the selected cutlivars was detected, indicating that breeding for improved resistance to these isolates is a practical goal.Contribution of the Department of Soil and Crop Sciences and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station     

Osmotic and diffusive flows in single-file pores: new approach to modeling pore occupancy states

Background

The relation between osmotic permeability, P_f, diffusion permeability, P_d, and the number of water molecules, N_p, in the single-file membrane pore remains an open question. Theoretical analyses, empirical studies on aquaporins and nanotubes, and molecular dynamics simulations have yet to provide a consensus view.

Results

This paper presents a new combinatorial analysis of the different pore states formed from water molecules and the presence of a vacancy that differs from the several previous combinatorial approaches to analyzing pore states. It is the first such analysis to show that P_f / P_d?=?N_p. It is rooted in the concept of different classes of pore occupancy states, tracer states and tracer exit states, present in the pore. This includes pores with and without a single vacancy. The concepts of knock-on collisions and concerted Brownian fluctuations provide the mechanisms underlying the behaviors of the tracer and vacancy as each moves through the pore during osmotic or diffusive flow. It develops the important role of the knock-on collision mechanism for osmotic flow. An essential feature of the model is the presence, or absence, of a single vacancy in the pore. The vacancy slows down tracer translocation through the pore. Its absence facilitates osmotic flow.

Conclusions

The full pore states and the single vacancy states together with the knock-on and Brownian mechanisms account for the relative values of P_f and P_d during osmotic and diffusive flow through the single-file pore. The new approach to combinatorial analysis differs from previous approaches and is the first to show a simple intuitive basis for the relation P_f / P_d?=?N_p. This resolves a long persisting dichotomy.

     

Synthesis of new melatoninergic hexahydroindenopyridines

Hexahydroindenopyridine (HHIP) is an interesting heterocyclic framework that contains an indene core similar to ramelteon. This type of tricyclic piperidines aroused our interest as potential melatoninergic ligands. Melatonin receptor ligands have applications in insomnia and depression. We report herein an efficient two-step method to prepare new HHIP by the reaction of an enamine with 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide. Some synthesized compounds showed moderate affinity for melatonin receptors in the nanomolar or low micromolar range. Furthermore, the methylenedioxy HHIPs 2d (N-phenylacetamide) and 2f (N,N-diethylacetamide), exhibited high selectivity at MT₁ or MT₂ receptors, respectively, when compared with melatonin. It seems that the methylenedioxy group on the indene ring system and the N-acetamide substituent are important structural features to bind selectively MT₁ or MT₂ subtypes.     

Mesosternal bristle number in a cosmopolitan drosophilid: an X-linked variable trait independent of sternopleural bristles

Mesosternal (MS) bristles in Drosophila are a pair of machrochaetae found at the sternal end of the sternopleural (STP) microchaetae, and are thought to be invariable. In a closely related drosophilid genus, Zaprionus, their number is four and, in contrast to Drosophila, they show interspecific and intraspecific variability. The genetic basis of MS bristle number variability was studied in Z. indianus, the only cosmopolitan species of the genus. The trait responded rapidly to selection and two lines were obtained, one lacking any bristles (0-0) and the other bearing the normal phenotype (2-2). Other symmetrical phenotypes, (1-1) and (3-3), could also be selected for, but with lesser success. By contrast, STP bristle number did not vary significantly between the two lines (0-0) and (2-2), revealing its genetic independence from MS bristle number. Reciprocal crosses between these two lines showed that MS bristle number is mainly influenced by a major gene on the X chromosome (i.e. F₁ males always resembled their mothers) with codominant expression (i.e. heterozygous F₁ females harboured an average phenotype of 2 bristles). However, trait penetrance was incomplete and backcrosses revealed that this variability was partly due to genetic modifiers, most likely autosomal. The canalization of MS bristle number was investigated under different temperatures, and the increased appearance of abnormal phenotypes mainly occurred at extreme temperatures. There was a bias, however, towards bristle loss, as shown by a liability (developmental map) analysis. Finally, when ancestral and introduced populations were compared, the latter were far less stable, suggesting that genetic bottlenecks may perturb the MS bristle number canalization system. MS bristle number, thus, appears to be an excellent model for investigating developmental canalization at both the quantitative and the molecular level.     

In planta measurements of oxidative bursts elicited by avirulent and virulent bacterial pathogens suggests that H2O2 is insufficient to elicit cell death in tobacco

A rapid and localized programmed cell death – the hypersensitive response (HR) – is a widely utilized plant resistance mechanism against pathogens. Studies have implicated H₂O₂ generation as a key elicitory mechanism in the HR. The causal relationship between the kinetics of the in planta oxidative burst, the HR and certain defence gene expression was examined. H₂O₂ generation following challenge with avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. (P. s. pv.) syringae occurred in two phases. The effects of ROS generation were investigated using the H₂O₂-responsive transgene AoPR10-GUS, the dually responsive (H₂O₂ and salicylic acid) PR1a-GUS as well as measures of cell death. Co-application of catalase with P. s. pv. syringae into tobacco leaf panels suppressed AoPR10- and PR1a-GUS expression and cell death. Conversely, varying H₂O₂ generation with glucose: glucose oxidase influenced both defence gene expression and cell death. AoPR10-GUS proved to be primarily responsive to apoplastic not intracellular oxidative stress, suggesting that the apoplasm was a distinctive source of oxidative signals. A biphasic oxidative burst was also observed with virulent P. s. pv. tabaci, which, although delayed compared to that observed during HR, persisted at equivalent levels for a longer period. Taking all these data together we suggest that either (1) additional factors to the apoplastic oxidative burst are required to explain the rapid kinetics of defence signalling and cell death associated with the HR or (2) P. s. pv. tabaci successfully suppresses the effects of H₂O₂ generation by an unknown mechanism.     

A new genus and a new species of tachinids (Diptera, Tachinidae) from deserts of middle Asia

Cucuba gen. n. is described with the type species Cucuba arenicola sp. n. The wide frons, elongate 1st flagellomere with elongate 1st and 2nd aristomeres, reclinate inner vertical bristle, bare prosternum, propleura and katepimeron (barette), scutellum with strong, long subapical and short apical bristles, hind tibiae with a strong and long posteroventral bristle indicate that the new genus belongs to the tribe Triarthriini of the subfamily Tachininae. Characters distinguishing Cucuba gen. n. from known Palaearctic genera of Triarthriini are given.     

Self-(in)compatibility of the almonds P. dulcis and P. webbii: detection and cloning of 'wild-type Sf ' and new self-compatibility alleles encoding inactive S-RNases

Prunus dulcis, the almond, is a predominantly self-incompatible (SI) species with a gametophytic self-incompatibility system mediated by S-RNases. The economically important allele S _f , which results in self-compatibility in P. dulcis, is said to have arisen by introgression from Prunus webbii in the Italian region of Apulia. We investigated the range of self-(in)compatibility alleles in Apulian material of the two species. About 23 cultivars of P. dulcis (14 self-compatible (SC) and nine SI) and 33 accessions of P. webbii (16 SC, two SI and 15 initially of unknown status), all from Apulia, were analysed using PCR of genomic DNA to amplify S-RNase alleles and, in most cases, IEF and staining of stylar protein extracts to detect S-RNase activity. Some amplification products were cloned and sequenced. The allele S _f was present in nearly all the SC cultivars of P. dulcis but, surprisingly, was absent from nearly all SC accessions of P. webbii. And of particular interest was the presence in many SI cultivars of P. dulcis of a new active allele, labelled S ₃₀ , the sequence of which showed it to be the wild-type of S _f so that S _f can be regarded as a stylar part mutant S ₃₀ °. These findings indicate S _f may have arisen within P. dulcis, by mutation. One SC cultivar of P. dulcis, ‘Patalina’, had a new self-compatibility allele lacking RNase activity, S _n5 , which could be useful in breeding programmes. In the accessions of P. webbii, some of which were known to be SC, three new alleles were found which lacked RNase activity but had normal DNA sequences.