二斑叶螨对不同甜瓜品种的取食和产卵选择性

二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是世界性的重大农业害螨,为明确其对不同甜瓜品种的取食和产卵选择性,采用离体叶碟法研究了二斑叶螨在7种不同甜瓜品种上的选择性及其产卵量,并探究了其在活体植株上的种群增长动态。结果表明,离体叶碟上,二斑叶螨对不同甜瓜品种的取食和产卵选择存在明显差异。选择2 h时二斑叶螨在IVF29品种上的成螨数量最低,而在IVF168上成螨数量最高,选择率为28.73%;选择12 h时,二斑叶螨成螨量及产卵量在IVF58和IVF118品种上较低,而在羊角蜜和IVF168品种上表现较高,24 h时选择趋势一致。活体植株上的种群动态结果表明,调查时间段内二斑叶螨种群数量持续升高,第20天时羊角蜜、IVF58和IVF118种群数量(低于400头/株)显著低于IVF117和IVF168的螨量(高于660头/株)。对测试不同时间段内各个参数进行综合比较和分析,二斑叶螨对甜瓜IVF168品种的选择性强、适合度高,而对IVF58和IVF118品种的选择性较差,表明IVF58和IVF118可用于甜瓜生产中的备选品种及高抗螨性甜瓜新品种的选育。     

朱砂叶螨的交配行为

先羽化的雄螨有主动帮助雌螨蜕皮的行为,待雌螨蜕出蛹蜕即与其交配。交配时雄体在下方,锥形腹端翻转向上与雌体交接。初羽化雌螨交配时间多在2分钟以上,而羽化日久的雌螨,交配时间明显缩短。雌雄螨一生均多次交配。交配能刺激雌螨产卵,并使雌性比增加。     

拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨的觅食行为

为明确拟小食螨瓢虫的觅食特性,揭示其觅食行为机制,本研究针对拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨不同虫态的取食选择、日取食节律以及觅食行为活动特点等进行了观察和阐述。结果表明,拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨的取食嗜好性有显著差异,取食量分别为23.2、15.8、10.5和8.0头;瓢虫对成螨的平均日取食量为14.7头,其中在白天其觅食行为较频繁,9∶00-12∶00为捕食高峰期,此时段的平均取食量为4.0头成螨,夜间基本不取食;其觅食行为过程主要分为7个部分:搜索、捕捉、嚼食、梳理、展翅、排泄和静止。     

4种蔬菜对朱砂叶螨的抗性研究

４种供试蔬菜品种以对朱砂叶螨Ｔｅｔｒａｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｎｎａｂａｒｉｎｕｓ（Ｂｏｉｓｄｕｖａｌ）种群生长发育,繁殖及种群密度有明显增加,品种间存在的抗螨性差异,其中苦瓜抗螨性能,丝瓜,茄子,豇豆则表现在不同程度度的感螨性,朱砂叶螨能够取食苦瓜叶片,但发育历期延长,雌成螨寿命缩短,死亡率较高,而且在高苦瓜上不产卵,朱砂叶螨在豇豆,茄子,丝瓜上,发育历期短,雌成螨寿命长,产卵量大,死亡率低,Ｒ０,γｍ     

朱砂叶螨越冬的研究

朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)原多混同于二斑叶螨(T.urticae),为世界性害螨,在我国严重危害棉花、瓜、豆、茄果类蔬菜及许多观赏植物。叶螨科叶螨属的很多种类以滞育态雌成螨     

烟粉虱对几种常见蔬菜寄主的取食选择性

在多种蔬菜寄主同时存在的情况下,烟粉虱对寄主的选择性和嗜好性排序为:黄瓜>节瓜,番茄,菜豆>芥蓝,茄子>甘蓝,苦瓜。     

朱砂叶螨滞育诱导的研究

朱砂叶螨滞育诱导反应曲线为长日照型,临界光照长度为9小时45分。15℃条件下诱导,0～1小时30分和11～24小时光照时无滞育发生,光照6小时15分至9小时45分则几乎完全滞育。后若螨期和成螨期具光敏感性,最敏感虫态是成螨期。诱导其他虫态,滞育不发生。     

朱砂叶螨对不同农药抗药性发展趋势的研究

探讨朱砂叶螨室内种群的抗药性发展状况。实验结果表明,氧化乐果、三氯杀螨醇、双甲脒、哒螨灵对于朱砂叶螨种群,只要给予一定的选择压力,经数次用药该螨就会发展对这些杀虫(螨)剂的抗性,且随着用药次数的增加,各品系抗药性呈现上升趋势。在相同条件下,该螨对上述药剂的抗性发展速率不同,4种杀虫(螨)剂抗性发展速率由大到小依次为:氧化乐果、双甲脒、三氯杀螨醇、哒螨灵。     

朱砂叶螨密度效应研究

研究朱砂叶螨密度效应的结果表明,朱砂叶螨在卵期不存在密度作用,平均孵化率可达96.01％。但在幼若螨期,高密度则将导致较高的死亡率并调节种群的性比值。羽化成螨种群中雌性比例增加,但子代成螨则表现雄性比例的显著增大。雌成螨密度不同,产卵量和寿命均有显著差别。当雌成螨密度超过3头/cm~2时表现较强的扩散性。     

十种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段的毒力比较

【目的】为明确不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨Tetranychuscinnabarinus不同发育阶段的生物活性。【方法】采用浸渍法分别测定了10种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力。【结果】丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素和联苯肼酯对成螨、卵和若螨的活性均较高;乙螨唑和螺螨酯对卵和若螨活性较高,但对成螨活性明显偏低;甲氰菊酯对成螨和若螨的活性优于卵;唑螨酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对3种螨态也均具有毒杀作用,但毒力偏低。同一种杀螨剂对若螨的活性均高于成螨和卵,乙螨唑、螺螨酯、联苯肼酯、唑螨酯和炔螨特对卵的活性高于成螨,丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对成螨的活性高于卵。【结论】不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段毒力存在较大差异,田间用药防治时应根据害螨发生情况和发生阶段,选择适合的防治药剂。     

Resistance status of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus and the twospotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae to selected acaricides on strawberries

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, are serious pests of strawberries and many other horticultural crops. Control of these pests has been heavily dependent upon chemical acaricides. Objectives of this study were to determine the resistance status of these two pest species to commonly used acaricides on strawberries in a year‐round intensive horticultural production region. LC₉₀ of abamectin for adult carmine spider mites was 4% whereas that for adult twospotted spider mites was 24% of the top label rate. LC_90s of spiromesifen, etoxazole, hexythiazox and bifenazate were 0.5%, 0.5%, 1.4% and 83% of their respective highest label rates for carmine spider mite eggs, 0.7%, 2.7%, 12.1% and 347% of their respective highest label rates for the nymphs. LC_90s of spiromesifen, etoxazole, hexythiazox and bifenazate were 4.6%, 11.1%, 310% and 62% of their respective highest label rates for twospotted spider mite eggs, 3%, 13%, 432,214% and 15% of their respective highest label rates for the nymphs. Our results suggest that T. cinnabarinus have developed resistance to bifenazate and that the T. urticae have developed resistance to hexythiazox. These results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region.     

北京地区朱砂叶螨在蔬菜集约化栽培下的种群动态

为了明确集约化栽培管理模式对蔬菜上朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)的种群数量及动态的影响,2008年在中国农科院蔬菜花卉所塑料棚和露地春、秋茬5种蔬菜上,调查了该螨的种群动态。结果表明,6月中旬春棚的朱砂叶螨种群数量达到高峰期,6月下旬后则明显下降;露地春茬菜豆、茄子、甜椒和黄瓜于6月上旬始见叶螨发生,有螨株率比单株螨量增长迅速,番茄上未发现叶螨。塑料棚和露地秋茬菜豆、茄子和黄瓜上朱砂叶螨发生数量低于13.3头/株,番茄、甜椒寄主上均未发现叶螨为害。分析认为,集约化栽培措施是制约朱砂叶螨种群发生数量的关键因素,降雨和高湿等不良的气象条件也有重要影响。     

Feeding of the carmine spider mite on seven host plant species

Fecundity, survival and feeding of the bean-adapted carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), were compared on seven host plants (bean, rose, sweet potato, hibiscus, castor bean, cotton and Algerian ivy). Fecundity, feeding and efficiency of converting ingested food to eggs were consistent only on the original, best (bean) and worst (Algerian ivy) hosts. It is suggested that each of these fitness traits may be differently affected by the host plant.

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Alimentation de tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) sur sept plantes

Résumé La fécondité, la survie et l'alimentation des femelles de l'araignée rouge, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) sont comparées sur sept plantes-hôtes. Le haricot, étant l'hôte habituel de cet acarien, est uniformément le meilleur. La rose est le meilleur hôte du reste de plantes comparées, et le lierre est le plus mauvais. La longueur de vie dépend de la durée de l'oviposition, cependant les acariens se nourrissant d'Hibiscus, vivent presque aussi longtemps que ceux qui se nourrissent de haricots, mais leur progéniture est réduite de plus de la moitié. Le rapport entre les excréments et les oeufs déposés est utilisé pour évaluer l'efficacité de la conversion des aliments en oeufs. Les acariens se nourrissant de coton, utilisent avec plus d'efficacité les constitutants que ceux qui se nourrissent de patates, d'Hibiscus et de ricin. Il est suggéré que les plantes-hôtes influencent différemment la fécondité, la survie et l'alimentation, aussi bien que la conversion de la nourriture en oeufs.

     

Molecular characterization of two novel esterase genes from carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Abstract Two novel esterase complementary DNAs were identified and cloned from the insecticide-susceptible strain of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae), which were designated as TCE1 and TCE2, respectively. The cDNA of TCE1 gene contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1701 bp encoding 567 amino acids, and a predicted molecular weight of 62.75 kDa, the cDNA of TCE2 contained an ORF of 1680 bp encoding 560 amino acids, and a predicted molecular weight of 63.14 kDa. TCE1 and TCE2 were submitted to GenBank, accession number EU130461 and EU130462. The well-conserved sequence motif, GXSXG, used as a signature pattern in the esterase family are present in both TCE1 and TCE2 (GQSAG in TCE1, whereas GESAG in TCE2), indicating that these two genes are predicted to be esterases. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with the published mite esterase sequence coming from Boophilus microplus showed that TCE1 shares 33.98% identity and TCE2 shares 33.46% identity. TCE1 and TCE2 share 46.4% identity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that expression level of the TCE2 gene was relatively higher than that of the TCE1 in all instars examined except the protonymph, and the expression level of these two esterase genes in adults of T. cinnabarinus was significantly higher than that in any other instars, respectively. T. cinnabarinus is an important agricultural mite pest and esterases are important in the metabolisms of insects and mites; the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to esterase molecular biological study on mite pest species.     

共生菌Cardinium对朱砂叶螨的生殖调控作用

为了了解共生菌Cardinium对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval)的生殖调控作用,从检测到感染Cardinium的种群中选取山西运城和甘肃兰州2个感染率较高的种群作为实验材料,对Cardinium在寄主生殖调控方面的作用进行研究。通过人工培养100%感染Cardinium的种群和100%不感染的种群,并从中挑取不同感染类型的雌雄螨单独进行杂交实验,设立感染Cardinium(♀)×感染Cardinium(♂),感染Cardinium(♀)×不感染(♂),不感染(♀)×感染Cardinium(♂),不感染(♀)×不感染(♂) 4种杂交组合。结果发现,抗生素处理后不感染的雌螨和受感染雄螨的交配表现出了单向的胞质不亲和,而且2个种群表现出了2种类型：在山西种群不亲和的组合中,CI表现为卵孵化率显著降低,多数雌螨都产生出F₁雌螨后代,但是F₁代雌螨数量相对于其他3种组合明显减少; 而在甘肃种群不亲和的组合中则表现为卵全部孵化且幼螨100%存活,但全部为雄螨后代。2个种群中Cardinium的亲缘关系非常相近,而它们却能够在不同的地理种群中表现出不同的CI表型,这提示亲缘关系非常接近的品系也可以产生不同的表型。研究结果为深入揭示Cardinium的感染机制和生殖调控作用提供重要基础。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on the physiology of carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduvals) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract:  The physiological effect of simulated acid rain sprayed on carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduvals) and host plant, were measured in a series of laboratory trials. We examined potential changes in three kinds of protective enzymes [peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] and three hydrolases [acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and carboxylesterase (CarE)] in response to changes in pH values of simulated acid rain at different time of exposure. POD, SOD and CAT activities increased significantly with the increase in the acidity of the acid rain, reaching the highest levels at pH 4.0 or 3.0, and then declined. Changes in ACP activity were similar to those observed in the protective enzymes. The increasing extent of the activities of these four enzymes after 30 and 45 days treatment became smaller than that after 15 days treatment . ALP activities decreased as pH value declined. There were no significant changes in CarE activities after 15 and 45 days, but that in pH 4.0 and 3.0 decreased after 30 days. The enhanced anti-oxidation enzyme levels (POD, SOD and CAT) and ACP activities in pH 4.0 and 3.0 reduced the effects of these toxic products on mites, resulting in the strengthening of the defensive power, and increase in survival and reproductive power of the mites, thus leading to an increase in the density of mites on host plant. From these results, we inferred that POD, SOD, CAT and ACP might be relevant to population changes of mites under acid rain pressure.     

东莨菪内酯对朱砂叶螨实验种群的亚致死效应

为明确东莨菪内酯对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) 实验种群的亚致死效应, 为其作为植物源杀螨剂的进一步开发及应用提供理论依据, 在室内采用叶碟饲养的方法, 并利用生命表技术研究了东莨菪内酯亚致死剂量对朱砂叶螨F₀代和F₁代种群生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明： 东莨菪内酯LC₄₀, LC₃₀和LC₂₀剂量处理朱砂叶螨雌成螨后, 可刺激F₀代雌成螨产卵, 使产卵量分别增加了73.82%, 186.97%和70.18%, 而对成螨寿命、 产卵期和雌雄性比没有影响; F₁代的卵期、 幼螨期和若螨期与对照没有显著性差异 (P>0.05), 而成螨期和雌成螨寿命均低于对照; 对F₁代繁殖力的影响主要表现为产卵期缩短、 产卵量减少和雌性比下降; 子代种群的净生殖率(R₀)由50.5976最低降至33.9910, 世代平均历期(T)和种群倍增时间(Dt)均低于对照, 各处理后的朱砂叶螨种群均存在适合度缺陷。这些结果表明, 在亚致死剂量下, 东莨菪内酯能够降低朱砂叶螨种群的发育和繁殖速率, 这对东莨菪内酯在有害生物防治上的应用具有积极意义。     

不同桑树品种上朱砂叶螨实验种群内禀增长率的统计推断

为了正确地评价不同桑树品种上朱砂叶螨为害差异,本文通过使用Jackknife方法(刀切法),采用合适的生殖力生命表构建方法,对朱砂叶螨实验种群在不同的4个桑树品种上生殖力表的内禀增长率进行了统计推断。结果表明,温度为28±1℃、相对湿度75%±10%、光周期16L∶8D的条件下,西农6071 (山桑 Morus bombycis Koidz.,2x)、和田白桑 (白桑 M. alba Linne, 3x)、新一之濑 (白桑 M. alba Linne, 2x)和大石(广东桑 M. atropurpurea Roxb., 3x) 4个桑树品种上朱砂叶螨r_m值大小依次为0.41894（0.41043～0.42746）、0.37065（0.36604～0.37526）、0.36171（0.35778～0.36563）和0.35253（0.34757～0.35748）。通过对“伪值”样本同秩的成对t检验比较,这4个桑树品种对朱砂叶螨内禀增长率的影响有显著差异。结果说明朱砂叶螨对4种桑树的易感性,以西农6071、和田白桑、新一之濑、大石顺序渐弱。     

Distribution of the endosymbiotic bacterium Cardinium in Chinese populations of the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract:  ' Candidatus Cardinium hertigii ( Cardinium )' from the Bacteroidetes group is a symbiont that has recently received attention as a reproductive manipulator of its arthropod hosts. Though the spatial distribution of symbionts depends heavily on that of their hosts, evidence has shown that dispersal limitations also have effect on some micro-organisms. In order to estimate the distribution of Cardinium in Chinese populations of the carmine spider mite, twenty seven geographical populations of Tetranychus cinnabarinus were collected and screened, using Cardinium -specific primers for the 16S ribosomal DNA. Six geographical populations collected between 30° and 36°N tested positive for the presence of Cardinium , whereas it could not be detected in populations collected between 19°–29°N and 37°–46°N, suggesting that the symbiont is not evenly distributed, comparing with a wider distribution of Wolbachia previously reported in the same populations. In addition, the infection rates of Cardinium seem to increase from the south to the north of China. All the six Cardinium -infected populations were found to be doubly infected with Wolbachia . Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA gene sequence of Cardinium shows a close relationship between Cardinium in Chinese carmine spider mite and symbionts found in other species in the Tetranychidae.     

The potential of Lagenaria rootstock to confer resistance to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Cucurbitaceae

Antibiosis and resistance of six Cucurbita and two Lagenaria accessions to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, were evaluated in the laboratory. Significant differences among accessions were observed three days after the inoculation of detached leaf discs. The Lagenaria accessions, Slawi and Sus, proved to be the most resistant to mites, with average populations of mite eggs, 87 and 95%, respectively less than that of the susceptible C. pepo accession, Orangetti. The Cucurbita accessions, Tace, Brava, Tetsukabuto, Phoenix and TZ-148 had mite egg totals 4, 9, 13, 26 and 40%, respectively, less than those of accession Orangetti. The Sus accession of Lagenaria was resistant to T. cinnabarinus from the four-leaf stage until fruit set in laboratory and field tests. Grafting the susceptible Brava onto Sus rootstock increased the resistance of the scion to the same level as that of non-grafted Sus. Grafting the susceptible Cucumis melo Noy Yizre'el on resistant or susceptible rootstocks of Cucurbita and Lagenaria accessions did not affect its susceptibility to T. cinnabarinus. The results indicate that resistance to T. cinnabarinus can be transferred by grafting from Lagenaria stocks to Cucurbita scions but not in the opposite direction.