苘麻对甘蓝田烟粉虱诱集效果及药剂防治评价

本文针对烟粉虱在不同寄主苘麻和甘蓝上的嗜好性,就室内趋性、田间种群动态进行了研究,并设计苘麻不同种植方式和配套施药评价苘麻对烟粉虱的诱集防治效果.室内趋性试验结果表明,苘麻对烟粉虱具极显著的诱集作用,接虫60h后苘麻上的成虫数是甘蓝上的5.5倍,若虫数为4.7倍.在大田甘蓝生育期内,苘麻对烟粉虱成、若虫的诱集效果分别可...     

黄板对菜地烟粉虱的诱集作用研究

应用黄板诱集花菜和菜豆田中烟粉虱成虫。结果表明：花菜田中东西向放置的黄板诱集效果优于南北向,搭架的菜豆田中顺行向优于垂直行向;黄板放置高度花菜田以黄板下端略高于菜叶顶部为宜,搭架的菜豆田以架中部为宜;诱集时间以11时至15时为佳。     

性诱剂和黄板对设施蔬菜烟粉虱诱集效果的比较

【背景】烟粉虱是设施茄果类蔬菜上的重要害虫。【方法】在温室辣椒和黄瓜田中,研究3种方式(悬挂性诱剂、黄板和性诱剂+黄板)对烟粉虱的诱集作用。【结果】性诱剂和黄板对烟粉虱均有较好的诱杀效果,在黄瓜田悬挂性诱剂和黄板4 h后,性诱剂、黄板、性诱剂+黄板上分别诱集到烟粉虱成虫13.80、7.40和31.20头;随着悬挂时间的延长,诱虫量逐渐增多,悬挂24 h后,3种方式的诱集量分别达到32.20、31.80和52.80头。在48 h以内,性诱剂诱虫量明显多于黄板,但48 h后黄板上的诱集量明显多于性诱剂。对黄瓜上残留成虫的性比调查发现,诱集处理24 h后,悬挂性诱剂和性诱剂+黄板的黄瓜上烟粉虱性比分别为4.05∶1和3.31∶1,而悬挂黄板的黄瓜上烟粉虱性比接近1∶1。不论是性诱剂还是黄板,1 d中以10:00~14:00之间对烟粉虱的诱集量最大。性诱剂不同悬挂高度对烟粉虱的诱集效果不同,在辣椒田,性诱剂白板的下端与辣椒顶部冠层叶相平时对烟粉虱的诱集量显著多于白板下端高出辣椒顶部冠层叶上部10 cm与50 cm的处理。诱集处理4 d后,性诱剂、黄板和性诱剂+黄板对蔬菜烟粉虱的校正防效分别为68.18%、60.42%和77.40%。【结论与意义】性诱剂对烟粉虱雄虫有强烈的专性诱集作用,黄板和性诱剂联用对烟粉虱的诱集具有明显的增效作用。     

田间不同植物上烟粉虱种群密度

对廊坊地区田间81种植物上烟粉虱的发生情况进行了系统调查。结果表明,烟粉虱可为害其中44种植物,且在不同的寄主植物上烟粉虱的种群密度有显著差异;而玉米、高粱和小米等37种植物上无烟粉虱为害。烟粉虱在香水薄荷、荆芥、甘草、薄荷、藿香、益母草、猪屎豆、白晶菊、牛膝、待宵草、蓝蓟、紫花苜蓿、极香罗勒上的虫口密度最高,危害级别达到4级(每100 cm2叶片虫口密度大于50头)。在蜀葵、向日葵和烟草上每100 cm2叶片烟粉虱虫口密度较低,但单株虫口密度较高。鉴于向日葵、玉米、高粱在中国北方棉花产区广泛种植,玉米和高粱的植株高大,且烟粉虱为害对向日葵产量影响极小,可考虑选用向日葵作为田间诱集植物,玉米和高粱作为屏障植物辅助控制棉田烟粉虱。     

设施黄瓜烟粉虱的区域生态防控研究

烟粉虱是设施蔬菜上的重要害虫。为探讨烟粉虱的可持续控制方法,在蔬菜试验基地,通过虫源清理、黄板诱杀、诱集剂诱杀和芹菜间作驱虫等综合措施,研究非化学措施对黄瓜烟粉虱的持续控制作用。结果表明:在烟粉虱扩散迁移阶段,虫源的距离与成虫向大棚的迁入量呈负相关,虫源虫量与迁入量呈正相关;虫源扰动对烟粉虱迁入具有促进作用;烟粉虱在扩散过程中对新寄主仍遵循就近选择的原则;对黄板的选择性明显高于黄瓜,两者之间的虫量比在7.91∶1~420.00∶1;在棚内使用黄板加引诱剂及黄板加芹菜对黄瓜上的烟粉虱均具有较好的控制作用,虫口减退率均达到90%以上。结果表明,区域生态防控是对烟粉虱进行可持续绿色控制的有效方式。     

影响稻褐飞虱声诱集的若干因素（同翅目：飞虱科）

稻褐飞虱ＮｉｌａｐａｒｖａｔａＩｕｇｅｎｓ（Ｓｔａｌ）雌、雄成虫均能发出由固体介质（寄主植株）传递的鸣声（振动）信号,用于交尾前的个体间通讯。雄虫对雌虫鸣声或重放鸣声录音具有强趋性。由此研制的声诱集器有可能首先用于改进褐飞虱测报的田间采样技术。声诱集效果受若干因素的影响。实验室试验结果表明,声诱集具有种的选择性;诱集率随雄虫虫龄变化,对羽化后４－５日龄雄虫的诱集率最高２异性干扰对诱集效果有明显影响;一天中,中午前后诱集率最高,９：００一１８：００的诱集量占总诱集量的５４．０％±１０．８％２诱集率随气温变化,２６℃－２８℃诱集效果最好;而室外晴、阴、雨等天气差异对诱集率无显著影响;另外,随诱集信号播放时间的延续．诱集率下降;间断信号的诱集效果高于连续信号。     

影响稻褐飞虱声诱集的若干因素(同翅目：飞虱科)

稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(stal)雌、雄成虫均能发出由固体介质(寄主植株)传递的鸣声(振动)信号,用于交尾前的个体间通讯。雄虫对雌虫鸣声或重放鸣声录音具有强趋性。由此研制的声诱集器有可能首先用于改进褐飞虱测报的田间采样技术。 声诱集效果受若干因素的影响。实验室试验结果表明,声诱集具有种的选择性;诱集率随雄虫虫龄变化,对羽化后4一5日龄雄虫的诱集率最高;异性干扰对诱集效果有明显影响;一天中,中午前后诱集率最高,9：00-18：00的诱集量占总诱集量的54.0%±10.8%;诱集率随气温变化,26℃-28℃诱集效果最好;而室外晴、阴、雨等天气差异对诱集串无显著影响;另外,随诱集信号播放时间的延续,诱集率下降;间断信号的诱集效果高于连续信号。     

利用植绥螨防治烟粉虱的研究进展

对目前利用植绥螨防治烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的研究现状进行综述。主要介绍植绥螨作为生防作用物的应用历史、替代食物在利用植绥螨进行生物防治中的作用,并对代表种Typhlodromips(Amblyseius)swirskiiAthias-Henriot等作为烟粉虱生防作用物的最新研究进展、产业化现状、应用前景及可能存在的问题进行了分析,以期为这些植绥螨的引进和利用提供参考。     

烟粉虱对寄主的选择行为

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)成虫对寄主植物选择行为的实验结果表明,烟粉虱是通过植物广谱的绿色气体识别植物材料,并进一步受到绿色的诱导。通过烟粉虱在适宜与非适宜寄主植物上滞留时间的差异,可以看出烟粉虱是通过口针刺探的寄主评估过程逐渐实现寄主偏好性的,存在一个短的时滞。综合来看,烟粉虱的寄主选择是通过嗅觉、视觉和味觉共同参与的一个决策过程,以寄主植物的气味、颜色和质量为线索,逐步定位到适宜的寄主植物上,因此在寄主选择过程中存在很大的可塑性。     

烟粉虱在不同寄主作物上的种群动态及化学防治

20 0 1年在河北省廊坊市研究了烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)在主要寄主作物棉花、大豆、花生和玉米上的种群动态和化学防治方法。研究结果表明 ,烟粉虱的种群数量在寄主的生育期内持续增长 ,在 8月 2 2日左右达到高峰 ,之后逐渐减少。烟粉虱虽然寄主范围广泛 ,但在每种寄主上的发生量并不一致 ,调查结果表明烟粉虱在 4种不同寄主上的种群数量比较为 :棉花 >大豆 >花生 ,玉米上没有发现烟粉虱的卵及若虫 ,只有极少量的成虫在植株上逗留。在药效试验中 1 0 %吡虫啉WP、2 5 %扑虱灵WP和 1 0 %高效氯氰菊酯LC在厂家推荐浓度下对烟粉虱成虫的防治效果分别为 2 0 0 7%～ 3 3 1 9% ,2 0 62 %～ 44 88%和 4 0 5 %～ 6 78% ;对若虫的防治效果分别为 5 1 91 %～ 64 46% ,5 4 3 0 %～ 63 99%和 1 6 73 %～ 2 6 97%。     

田间系统调查表明山东省农区烟粉虱优势种为Q隐种

【目的】为了揭示山东省农区烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci 隐种的分布情况,对2013年7-8月份期间在该省不同农区采集的烟粉虱隐种组成进行了系统调查研究。【方法】在山东省15市22个地点作物上采集了69份烟粉虱样品,利用mtCOI基因PCR-RFLP方法进行了分子鉴定,并分析了烟粉虱Q隐种在不同寄主作物及地理区域内的分布状况。【结果】22个采集地点中,17个地点的采集样品全部为烟粉虱Q隐种;其他5个地点（潍坊、菏泽、泰安、淄博和临沂）的烟粉虱Q隐种所占比例均大于90%,B隐种比例较低（<10%）。烟粉虱Q隐种比例在5种寄主（茄子、辣椒、番茄、黄瓜和棉花）种群间以及在山东省东部丘陵、中部山地和西部平原地区间均没有显著差异。【结论】2013年田间调查发现烟粉虱Q隐种在山东各地已广泛取代B隐种成为该地区优势种群。     

烟粉虱和温室粉虱在甘蓝上的刺探取食行为比较

利用刺吸电波图技术研究B型、ZHJ_1型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)和温室粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)在甘蓝上的取食行为,将3种粉虱的电波图进行比较,其中,B型和ZHJ_1型烟粉虱记录到np,C,pd,E1,E2,F和G波7种波形,温室粉虱只记录到刺探波形,少有取食波形。B型的20个记录中只有1个没有持续吸食波形;ZHJ_1型的25个记录中有10个记录没有持续吸食波形;温室粉虱没有持续吸食记录。甘蓝叶片韧皮部的结构或汁液的化学成分与温室粉虱的抗性密切相关。     

烟粉虱的发生危害与防治对策

烟粉虱是一种世界性的重要害虫,其严重危害给各国农业生产造成巨大损失。本文就烟粉虱的危害特征、寄主范围、生物型、病毒传播、经济影响以及防治对策进行了综述。     

烟粉虱若虫在甘蓝和花椰菜莲座期不同叶位层上的分布

对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)若虫在花椰菜Brassica oleraceavar.italica和甘蓝Brassica oleraceavar.capitata不同叶位层的分布调查结果显示,烟粉虱若虫在菜株各部位均有分布,但各部位间极不均匀。统计分析表明:其若虫的种群数量在同种蔬菜的菜株各部位间均存在极显著的差异。但在2种叶菜寄主间同一部位上烟粉虱若虫的种群数量差异不明显。通过对菜株各部位烟粉虱若虫量与整株总量的回归分析,建立了叶菜植株不同部位烟粉虱虫量与全株总虫量的回归方程及多元回归模型。     

Defense against Pieris rapae in cabbage plants induced by Bemisia tabaci biotype B

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are serious pests of vegetables, that can occur simultaneously on a single cabbage plant [Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (Brassicaceae)]. We determined whether pre‐feeding or infestation by B. tabaci on cabbage could induce physiological and biochemical responses of the plant against P. rapae. Developmental time, length, and weight of immature P. rapae, and defense‐related plant compounds (SOD, superoxide dismutase; POD, peroxidase; CAT, catalase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase) were measured. Development of P. rapae larvae was 21% slower on B. tabaci‐pre‐infested plants than on plants without B. tabaci infestation. When feeding on B. tabaci‐pre‐infested plants, 22% of P. rapae larvae pupated as compared with 83% on B. tabaci‐free plants. Weights of P. rapae from first to fourth instars that fed on B. tabaci‐pre‐infested plants were also reduced, whereas those of fifth instars and pupae were not. Similarly, body length of P. rapae from first to fourth instars was affected by B. tabaci pre‐infestation, whereas that of the fifth instars was not. Peroxidase and APX activities of the B. tabaci‐pre‐infested plants increased more than SOD and CAT. Peroxidase and SOD activities of B. tabaci and P. rapae co‐infested plants increased as compared with those of P. rapae‐infested plants; however, CAT and APX activities were not different between B. tabaci‐ and P. rapae‐infested plants. These results showed that B. tabaci infestation had a negative effect on P. rapae when they occurred simultaneously on the same host plant. The implications of the induced plant changes on the herbivore are discussed.     

淡色斧瓢虫(Axinoscymnus cardilobus)对烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)种群的控制作用

研究了大田笼罩条件下释放淡色斧瓢虫(Axinoscymnus cardilobus)对变叶木上烟粉虱种群的控制作用.每株释放1对淡色斧瓢虫对不同密度烟粉虱种群的控制效果差异显著.瓢虫和烟粉虱以1∶20比例释放对烟粉虱的防治效果较差,以1∶80比例释放对烟粉虱的防治效果不稳定、总体上看对烟粉虱的种群几乎没有控制效果;而以1∶40的比例释放的防治效果较好、较稳定,防效为35%～95%.释放不同数量的淡色斧瓢虫对同一密度烟粉虱种群的防治效果也差异显著.7周内在1∶40、3∶40、5∶40处理区,瓢虫对烟粉虱种群的防治效果分别为35%～95%、46%～90%和50%～98%.从经济学和生态学的角度综合考虑,瓢虫和烟粉虱以3∶40比例释放比较适宜.     

Phytoseiid predators as potential biological control agents for Bemisia tabaci

Mites of the family Phytoseiidae are known to be predators of whiteflies in several agroecosystems, especially of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, a pest with high resistance to chemical insecticides that occurs in greenhouses in temperate regions. We collected predatory mites that were found to co-occur with whiteflies in the Middle East for control of B. tabaci: Typhlodromus athiasae (Porath and Swirski), Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes, Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias-Henriot), Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot), Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga. As a first step in the evaluation of these species as biological control agents, we measured their life-history traits when feeding on whiteflies. The intrinsic rates of increase (r _m) of the predatory mite species ranged between 0.131 and 0.215 per day and E. scutalis had the highest r _m estimated. Comparisons with the r _m of B. tabaci indicate that some of the species should be capable of suppressing local populations of whitefly. The ability of predators to use alternative food was also tested, since it facilitates the setup of mass cultures and it can promote their persistence in the crop, even if the prey is scarce. All predatory mite species tested were able to survive and reproduce on a diet of broad bean pollen.     

The contribution of conservation biological control to integrated control of Bemisia tabaci in cotton

Integrated control systems are based on the complimentary contribution of chemical and biological control fostered by conservation of natural enemies. Yet, in the 50 years since the integrated control concept [ICC] [Stern, V.M., Smith, R.F., van den Bosch, R., Hagen, K.S., 1959. The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29, 81–101] was introduced there are few operational programs and even fewer attempts to analyze the mechanisms that allow chemical and biological control to act in concert. The dearth of demonstrable evidence for the ICC has eroded the credibility of biological control and its usage in operational IPM plans. We used in situ life tables within an experimental design to measure and compare the contribution and interaction of biological control and insecticides as tactical components within three pest management systems for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in cotton. Insecticides were the key factor immediately following applications of broad-spectrum materials or one of two selective insect growth regulators (IGRs), and this mortality replaced that provided by natural enemies. Two to six weeks later, however, mortality from natural enemies, primarily predation, in the IGR regimes rebounded to the high levels observed in untreated controls and became the key factor. Mortality from natural enemies remained depressed in the broad-spectrum insecticide regime. Single IGR applications were sufficient to suppress B. tabaci populations throughout the season, while up to five broad-spectrum applications were needed to achieve comparable control. The chemical residual of IGRs was limited to several weeks, demonstrating a key role for mortality from conserved natural enemies that extended the control interval. This “bioresidual” allows for long-term, commercially-acceptable pest suppression following the use of selective insecticides. We provide a rare experimental illustration of integrated control, where chemical and biological controls “augment one another”. Our approach and methodology could be applied to demonstrate and validate integrated control in many other systems, addressing a critical need for implementation of biological control in practicing IPM systems.