腐胺对小菜蛾幼虫生长及保护酶活力的影响

在实验室条件下测定腐胺处理对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.) 3龄幼虫取食量、存活、羽化率、蛹重及保护酶活力的影响。结果表明,腐胺对小菜蛾幼虫的取食量、存活、羽化及保护酶活力均有明显的影响。经过腐胺处理后,3龄幼虫的取食量、存活率、化蛹率及体内SOD和POD活力均明显高于蒸馏水对照;但腐胺对其蛹重、蛹的羽化率及体内CAT活力却无明显的影响。     

亚精胺对小菜蛾幼虫生长及保护酶活力的影响

在实验室条件下测定经亚精胺处理后,对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.3龄幼虫取食量、存活、羽化率、蛹重及保护酶活力的影响。结果表明,亚精胺对小菜蛾幼虫的取食量、存活、羽化及保护酶活力均有明显的影响。经过亚精胺处理后的大部分时间段,3龄幼虫的取食量、存活率、化蛹率及体内SOD和POD活力均明显高于蒸馏水对照;对处理后24和36h CAT活力也有明显的促进作用;但亚精胺对其蛹重、蛹的羽化率却无明显的影响。     

反刍动物取食量及其调节

反刍动物取食量受动物因素、环境因素和植物因素的影响。取食量的估计可基于5个途径:饲料生物量或动物体重的短期变化; 食道或瘤胃瘘管技术; 食口计数法; 日粪便排出量和消化率的测定; 双链烷技术。取食量的调控机制极为复杂, 任何单因子都很难给予完全的解释。多因子途径将有助于这一问题的解决。中枢神经系统应当作为探索这一课题的重要基础。无论是从生理学、解剖学或行为学的途径, 重要的是寻找和发现中枢神经系统和来自动物体内环境各种信号间的联系, 并且探索建立这种联系的巧妙机制以及这种机制是如何在短期和长期的条件下对取食量加以调控。     

明纹柏松毛虫各龄幼虫取食量和排粪量

观察明纹柏松毛虫Dendrolimus suffuscus illustratus Lajonquiere各龄幼虫取食习性和排粪规律,测量各龄幼虫的取食量和排粪量.结果表明,1)明纹柏松毛虫幼虫多为8个龄期,幼虫全期取食,主要在夜间进食,取食量和排粪量随着幼虫龄期的增大而增加,其中第7龄和第8龄幼虫的平均取食量和排粪量...     

云杉阿扁叶蜂幼虫龄期与取食量观测

云杉阿扁叶蜂AcantholydapiceacolaXiaoetZhou的幼虫隐藏于虫粪结成的虫巢内，在取食针叶时将头、胸伸出虫巢，停息或受惊扰时即缩回。由于虫巢质地紧密、不易拉开，因此确定该虫龄期及发育进度很困难。曾有报道云杉阿扁叶蜂幼虫龄期为5龄[1]，而各龄期幼虫取食量及虫体大小未见详细报道。为了确定此虫的最佳防治时期和防治阈值，获得可靠预测预报资料，我们于1995年在甘肃省山丹县大黄山林场对云杉阿扁叶蜂幼虫头宽、体长、龄期及取食量作了详细观测，现将结果整理如下。更方法（1）林间选择大小均匀的二年生青海云杉枝条，将刚孵化的幼…     

温度对金银花尺蠖幼虫取食量及食物利用效率的影响

在室内研究不同温度(19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃和31℃)对金银花尺蠖幼虫取食量、取食速率、近似消化力和食物利用率的影响。结果表明,较低温度(19℃和22℃)时金银花尺蠖幼虫的取食量和取食速率比较小,近似消化力和食物利用率比较低,随着温度的升高,金银花尺蠖幼虫的取食量、取食速率、近似消化力和食物利用率均逐渐增大,到25℃时达到最大,分别为607.36 mg、27.47 mg/d、58.45%、20.81%;高温(31℃)时取食量明显减少,取食速率、近似消化力和食物利用率明显降低。根据所建立的平均取食量、取食速率、近似消化力、食物利用率与温度间的回归模型计算得出,金银花尺蠖幼虫取食量、取食速率、近似消化力和食物利用率最大的最适温度分别为26.15℃、25.02℃、25.38℃和25.30℃。     

椰子织蛾幼虫龄数及取食量的雌雄差异

为了明确椰子织蛾幼虫的龄数、取食量及龄期。在室温25℃±3℃,寄主食料椰子叶饲养条件下,测量了雌、雄幼虫头壳宽、取食量并记录了各龄幼虫的发育历期。结果表明,椰子织蛾雌性幼虫有9-10个龄数,雄性幼虫有8-10个龄数。1-10龄雌虫的头壳宽约为0.2300,0.3250,0.4300,0.5267,0.7700,0.9633,1.3775,1.5850,1.8200,2.1929 mm。1-10龄雄虫的头壳宽约为0.2233,0.3214,0.4125,0.5300,0.6529,0.8675,1.1267,1.3375,1.4950,1.8925 mm。9-10龄雌虫的头壳宽显著大于雄虫的头壳宽。头壳宽与龄数具有很强的相关性。椰子织蛾幼虫的取食量随龄数的增大而增加。椰子织蛾1代雌性幼虫平均取食椰子叶的面积(3607.23±146.83 mm~2)显著高于1代雄性幼虫平均取食椰子叶的面积(1991.25±143.92 mm~2)。1-5龄幼虫的取食量最小,小于50 mm~2。8-10龄为暴食期。1-10龄幼虫的发育历期分别为4.55±0.16,5.69±0.24,5.73±0.37,5.22±0.15,5.11±0.46,4.61±0.46,5.12±0.68,6.00±0.43,6.86±0.40和8.75±1.55 d。对于雌、雄成虫个体差异较大的昆虫,对其幼虫头壳宽值和取食量的测定应雌、雄幼虫分别测定。椰子织蛾的防治适期应在未造成严重为害的1-5龄幼虫高蜂期进行。以幼虫头壳宽为主,同时结合取食面积判定幼虫所处龄数,可为准确掌握防治时期提供科学依据。     

温度对安婀珍蝶取食量的影响

安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday&Hewitson)作为控制害草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的生物防治因子,在14～26℃范围内,在相同温度不同龄期的取食量变化规律相同.1～4龄幼虫之间,幼虫的取食量变化不大,但在4龄以后,幼虫的取食量成倍增长.不同温度下安婀珍蝶幼虫各龄期取食量随温度的升高而增大;1、3、5、6龄幼虫的取食量在23℃时达最高,在26℃时有所回落;幼虫期的总取食量在14～26℃范围内,取食量随温度的升高而增大;14～17℃之间,取食量增加较快,在17℃以后,取食量增加缓慢.通过分析建立安婀珍蝶幼虫日平均取食量与温度间的回归模型:Y=-60.054+8.788X-0.402X2+0.006X3,P＜0.05,R2=0.9989,对模型进行计算得出安婀珍蝶取食量最适温度为25.58℃.     

虫害诱导的植株对小菜蛾取食和生长发育的影响

本文从菜田生态系统的角度出发,就黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)取食诱导对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)造成的影响进行了研究。黄曲条跳甲取食诱导对小菜蛾取食的影响比较明显,一般来说,黄曲条跳甲少量或短时间的取食会刺激小菜蛾幼虫在相应叶片上的取食,反之则会抑制;而且不同的寄主,不同完整度的叶片(即是否被黄曲条跳甲取食过)上的承载能力不同,芥菜、白菜、菜心和萝卜的承载力弱于甘蓝和芥蓝,黄曲条跳甲取食过的叶片弱于未被黄曲条跳甲取食过的叶片;不同数量的黄曲条跳甲取食对小菜蛾的产卵量影响显著,对其余生物学参数影响不显著,少量的黄曲条跳甲取食会刺激小菜蛾的产卵,多数则会抑制。     

似士维螨对西洋参根的取食量及其繁殖潜势

【目的】作为西洋参Panax quinquefolium L.的新害虫,似士维螨Schwiebea similis Manson蛀食参根,造成较大的经济损失。本研究旨在测定它对参根的取食量,进而为估算其经济阈值提供参数。【方法】本实验将似士维螨活雌螨接种于含湿沙和西洋参根粉的培养皿中塑料环内,在7级雌螨接种量N_0(每环1,2,3,4,5,6和7♀)和5个温阶T(15.6,18.5,21.2,24.5和27.2℃)条件下培养其实验种群,记载并分析了5类变量:安居期D、峰螨数N_p、雌均殖数PCR、成虫当量AE和均食量FA。【结果】变量D随T升高而快速下降,也因N_0增加而缓慢下降;N_p随N_0增加而显著上升,其回归式为N_p=21.8+17.2N_0;PCR随N_0增加而显著下降,PCR=63.4-28.1N_0+6.2N_0~2-0.4N_0~3,其曲线变化趋势与N_p相反;同时发现了螨虫拥挤效应;AE随N_0增加而显著上升,AE=16.2+12.7N_0;FA=0.25±0.13 mg/头。【结论】这5类变量较为全面地反映了似士维螨实验种群的食量范围和繁殖潜势。上述估算值将为探索其经济阈值提供依据;所用实验方法将为同类研究提供参考。     

Characterization of a myrosinase cDNA from Brassica parachinensis and its defense role against Plutella xylostella after suppression

Abstract In Brassicaceae, myrosinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosinolate and plays an important role in anti‐herbivore defense. We have cloned and characterized the full‐length complementary DNA of myrosinase gene from Brassica parachinensis that exhibits high sequence identity with myrosinase genes from other Brassica species. To investigate the role of this myrosinase in defense against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), we constructed an RNA‐interference (RNAi) cassette expressing a double‐stranded RNA that targeted myrosinase and transfected it into B. parachinensis. Myrosinase was suppressed in the resulting transgenic plants. Diamondback moth larvae feeding on transgenic plants had lower larval and pupal weights, longer pupal duration, and lower fecundity than those feeding on non‐transgenic plants, suggesting that the diamondback moth has adapted to the glucosinolate‐myrosinase defensive system. Therefore, the suppression of myrosinase is a potential approach for controlling the diamondback moth.     

三突花蛛对小菜蛾幼虫的捕食效应

本文研究三突花蛛对小菜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应及干扰因素对捕食作用的影响。结果表明,三突花蛛对小菜蛾幼虫的捕食效应属HollingⅡ型反应,捕食作用率随捕食者-猎物比率上升而下降,雌蛛的捕食效应强于雄蛛。     

小菜蛾幼虫空间格局的地统计学分析

应用地统计学方法分析了小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella (L .)幼虫空间格局 ,建立了东西和南北 2个方向上多个半变异函数曲线模型。结果表明 ,在菜花 (Brassicaolenaceavar.botrylis)和早甘蓝 (Brassisaoleracea)地中小菜蛾幼虫种群的半变异函数曲线皆为球形 ,其空间格局为聚集型 ;小菜蛾幼虫在菜花上和在早甘蓝上的空间变程分别为 0 62～ 1 5 9m和 2 47～ 5 98m ,空间不连续性强度分别为 0 8779～0 9999和 0 862 1～ 0 91 2 4。     

Survival and behavior of Plutella xylostella larvae on cabbages with leaf waxes altered by treatment with S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate

Cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.) treated with S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) herbicide had reduced amounts of leaf surface waxes (40.6% of controls) and reduced densities of leaf surface wax crystallites (20.8% of controls). Leaf waxes of EPTC-treated plants chemically and morphologically resembled leaf waxes of genetically glossy cabbages resistant to the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Survival of larvae was significantly reduced on EPTC-treated cabbage plants in three out of four experiments (62.0–15.3% of survival on controls). P. xylostella neonates also moved more rapidly on EPTC-treated plants than on untreated controls (1.84±0.16 cm/min on controls vs. 3.94±0.24 cm/min on treated plants; P=0.0001). These results support the hypotheses that reduction in leaf waxes is the basis of resistance to P. xylostella in genetically glossy plants and that reduced acceptance by larvae is associated with this resistance. Modification of leaf surface waxes with EPTC or similar compounds may have potential as an economic control for P. xylostella in Brassica crops.     

去甲斑蝥素对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食作用及取食行为的影响

去甲斑蝥素(NCTD)是斑蝥素(CTD)的衍生物,可人工合成。去甲斑蝥素对害虫有毒杀作用。为明确它是否有拒食作用及其作用方式,本研究以小菜蛾幼虫为供试昆虫,采用叶碟浸液法对试虫拒食作用及取食量、取食选择、取食次数和持续时间等取食行为进行了生物测定。拒食作用结果显示,2-48 h内NCTD处理组的幼虫取食量明显低于对照组且两者差距随时间逐渐增加,拒食率与剂量呈显著正相关,增加剂量会增加拒食率。行为研究结果显示,小菜蛾处理组试虫的单次平均取食时长明显减少,仅为对照组的70. 6%,而持续取食次数和试探次数均明显增多,分别是对照组的1. 4倍和1. 9倍。结果表明,NCTD对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食作用主要表现在降低试虫的取食量,减少取食时间,增加试探次数。     

General odorant-binding proteins and sex pheromone guide larvae of Plutella xylostella to better food

Olfaction of Lepidopteran larvae has received little attention, compared to the damage to crops done by insects at this stage. We report that larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella are attracted to their natural sex pheromone and to their major component (Z)-11-hexadecenal, but only in a food context. For such task they use two general odorant-binding proteins (GOBPs), abundantly expressed in the three major sensilla basiconica of the larval antenna, as shown by whole-mount immunostaining and immunocytochemistry experiments. None of the three genes encoding pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are expressed at this stage. Both recombinant GOBPs bind (Z)-11-hexadecenal and the corresponding alcohol, but not the acetate. Binding experiments performed with five mutants of GOBP2, where aromatic residues in the binding pocket were replaced with leucine showed that only one or two amino acid substitutions can completely abolish binding to the pheromone shifting the affinity to plant-derived compounds. We hypothesise that detection of their species-specific pheromone may direct larvae to the sites of foraging chosen by their mother when laying eggs, to find better food, as well as to reduce competition with individuals of the same or other species sharing the same host plant. We also provide evidence that GOBP2 is a narrowly tuned binding protein, whose affinity can be easily switched from linear pheromones to branched plants terpenoids, representing a tool better suited for the simple olfactory system of larvae, as compared to the more sophisticated organ of adults.     

取食不同寄主植物小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺敏感性及体内解毒酶活性的变化

为探明寄主植物影响小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.抗药性的内在因素,本研究以小菜蛾嗜好性不同的菜心(Brassica parachinensis)、芥菜(B.juncea)、白菜(B.chinensis)和芥蓝(B.alboglabra)4种寄主植物为材料,利用生物测定和解毒酶活力测定的方法,研究了取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾幼虫对氯虫苯甲酰胺敏感性及体内解毒酶活力变化情况。结果表明,4种寄主植物饲养小菜蛾5代后,其敏感性分别为菜心>芥菜>白菜>芥蓝,且其体内活性酶谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)比活力差异显著(P<0.05),活性的强弱与其敏感性相一致。以取食芥蓝的小菜蛾体内2种解毒酶活性最强。说明寄主植物能影响小菜蛾药剂敏感性及解毒酶活性。试验结果对小菜蛾的综合防控及抗氯虫苯甲酰胺机理研究具有重要的参考价值。     

萜类化合物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食活性

采用叶碟浸液法测试从松节油合成的26个不同结构萜类化合物样品对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)4龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果显示,编号为2,4,8,13,27,31的6个化合物,即诺卜醇、诺卜丙基醚、内型异莰烷基甲醇丙酸酯、4-(1-甲基乙烯基)-1-环己烯-1-乙醇丙酸酯、羟基香茅醛丙酸酯、羟基香茅醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛具有较高的拒食活性。处理有效成分为0.01g/mL时,这6个化合物24h拒食率为70%～100%。其中2,4,8号3个化合物拒食活性最高,处理有效成分为0.01g/mL和0.001g/mL时,24h拒食率分别为98.33%,99.80%,100.00%和85.60%,83.90%,66.97%;并且持效性较好,72h拒食率分别为92.67%,89.97%,98.73%和63.20%,63.30%,45.93%。