基于淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)核型似近系数的聚类分析及其系统演化意义

为揭示淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)植物染色体组遗传与进化,阐明该属植物系统亲缘关系和现代地理分布格局形成。该文对淫羊藿属植物51个分类群(43种、1亚种、6变种和1个栽培品种)和2种温哥华属(Vancouveria Morren et Decne.)植物的根尖进行了有丝分裂中期染色体核型分析,并运用核型似近系数聚类分析方法对这53个分类群植物的核型进行了聚类研究。结果表明:所有种类的染色体数均为12,二倍体(2n=2x=12),第1对同源染色体均为随体染色体,核型均为Stebbins的2A或1A型。可见,淫羊藿属植物染色体组在遗传进化中确实较为保守,种间核型非常相似。核型似近系数聚类分析为淫羊藿属植物系统进化研究提供了一些明显的线索。分析结果完全支持该属属下两个亚属(Subgen.Rhizophyllum和Subgen.Epimedium)的划分。亚属Epimedium的核型似近系数聚类结果显示,该类群物种间的系统亲缘关系与地理分布密切相关。核型似近系数分析结果还发现,来自东亚地区的淫羊藿属植物染色体组具有明显的变异,显示了更高的遗传多样性。基于上述研究结果,推断了淫羊藿属植物现代地理分布格局的形成过程。该研究结果可为淫羊藿属植物的资源利用、系统分类和遗传演化等领域的研究提供参考。     

山茶属植物的染色体数目和核型

本文对已报道的(包括作者的研究)山茶属植物的染色体数目和核型作一简单的讨论,结合地理分布情况,提出由二倍体向多倍体进化可能是山茶属植物进化的一个重要途径。山茶属植物的核型多为Stebbins核型分类的“2A”型,表明山茶属植物是一个较原始的种系。本文中12种的染色体数目和2种的核型为首次报道。     

蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的核型不对称性分析

报道了蜘蛛抱蛋属(Aspidistra)两种植物的染色体数目和核型,其中河口蜘蛛抱蛋(A.hekouensi)的染色体数目(2n=38)为首次报道,四川蜘蛛抱蛋(A.sichuanensis)染色体数目也为2n=38,但其核型与以往的报道有差别.使用染色体内不对称系数(A1)和染色体间不对称系数(A2)对该属34种植物核型的不对称性进行了分析,结果表明该属植物的核型似乎并没有向不对称性增强的方向演化.     

大果榕亚组三种榕树传粉榕小蜂核型研究

研究了木瓜榕(Ficus auriculata Loureiro)、苹果榕(F.oligodon Miquel)及未知榕(Ficus sp.)3种榕树传粉榕小蜂的核型。结果表明:3种榕树对应的传粉榕小蜂具有非常相似的核型,染色体数目相同为2n=10,染色体全部为中着丝粒染色体;核型公式2n=2X=10=10M,核型均为Stebbins-1A型。以臂比不对称性系数Dc和相对长度不对称性系数Dt作二维散点图,Ceratosolen emarginatus Mayr(木瓜榕传粉榕小蜂)和C.emarginatus Mayr(苹果榕传粉榕小蜂)具有非常相近的核型不对称系数,核型不对称性大于Ceratosolen sp.(未知榕传粉榕小蜂),显示出两者更近的亲缘关系,而Ceratosolen sp.(未知榕)与前两者亲缘关系较远。此外,比较了Ceratosolen属和Blastophaga属在核型方面的差异,认为染色体数目包括染色体形态能够作为准确区分Ceratosolen属和Blastophaga属的依据,并对Ceratosolen属的核型进化进行了初步探讨。     

云南大叶茶细胞学研究

本文采用去壁低渗法研究了云南大叶茶的染色体核型,间期核形态和多核现象。结果表明大多数染色体是中部着丝粒染色体,5对是近中部着丝粒染色体,第7和12对染色体中各有1条具随体染色体。根据Levan等的分类原则,其核型为2n=20m+8sm+2sm(SAT),属于Stebbins核型分类的“2A”型,同时亦发现有“2B”型的核型。云南大叶茶间期核型为浓密分散型和复杂染色中央微粒型两种;并首次发现茶树中的多核现象,在所观察的1250个细胞中有6个是具双核细胞(占0.48％),有2个是具三核细胞占(0.16％)。另外,本文还对部份山茶属植物的核型进行了讨论。从核型上可以看出:(1)山茶属植物在进化上属于较原始的种系;(2)山茶属植物核型的进化基本符合Stebbins提出的植物界核型进化的规律,即对称—→不对称;(3)山茶属植物的核型在一定范围内变异甚大,这种变异没有一定的规律性。这些观点与张宏达提出的山茶属植物的分类系统基本吻合。带随体的染色体数目在山茶属植物核型的进化上没有什么明显的变化规律。     

野牡丹科6种植物染色体数目及核型分析

研究了野牡丹科国产野牡丹属(Melastoma L.)4种植物和从国外引种的蒂牡花属(Tibouchina Aubl.)2种植物的染色体数目,并对4种野牡丹属植物的核型进行分析。结果表明, 野牡丹属植物的染色体数目为2n=24,为二倍体植物,蒂牡花属的蒂牡花(T. urvillean)和银毛野牡丹(T. heteromall)的染色体数目为2n=36。核型公式为：野牡丹(M. malabathricum) 2n=10m(2SAT)+14sm;毛稔(M. sanguineurn) 2n=10m+12sm+2st;地稔(M. dodecandrum) 2n=12m+12sm;细叶野牡丹(M. intermedium) 2n=12m＋10sm+2st。核型分析表明国产野牡丹属植物染色体为小染色体,绝对长度为0.43~1.79 µm;核型不对称系数为59.47~62.91,均属2B型。野牡丹属植物的核型为首次报道。     

江豚染色体的初步研究

江豚是一种广泛分布于浅海和河湾的无背鳍豚。其分类学研究[b]、说明该属中有多个种。分布在我国沿海和长江中的江豚,过去曾被认为与日本的江豚同属一种,命名为Neophocaena asiaeorientalis。有关它的染色体组型     

基于荧光原位杂交的藜属植物核型分析

为精确地识别藜属植物染色体组的核型特征,该文研究了4种来自青海高原的野生藜属植物(灰绿藜、藜、菊叶香藜及杂配藜)和1种从美国引进的栽培藜麦品种PI614932-HX(3)基于染色体荧光原位杂交(rDNA FISH)的核型。利用5S rDNA和45S rDNA对5种藜属植物有丝分裂中期的染色体进行FISH研究。藜属植物的核型分析结果表明:(1)藜属植物中存在二倍体(2n=2x=18)和四倍体(2n=4x=36)两种倍性,藜麦和灰绿藜为四倍体,其余3种为二倍体。(2)藜麦、灰绿藜、藜、菊叶香藜及杂配藜的核型公式分别为2n=4x=36=34m(2AST)+2sm,2n=4x=36=32m(4AST)+4sm,2n=2x=18=16m(4AST)+2sm,2n=2x=18=18m及2n=2x=18=16m+2sm。(3)染色体由大部分的中部着丝粒染色体(m)和少部分近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)组成。(4)核型类型除了菊叶香藜为1B以外,其余均属于2B类型。(5)在藜麦、灰绿藜及藜中具有分布位置不同、数量不等的双随体。5S rDNA、45S rDNA FISH结果表明:(1)藜麦和灰绿藜的染色体上存在2对5S rDNA位点和1对45S rDNA位点,藜、杂配藜的染色体上存在1对5S rDNA位点和1对45S rDNA位点,菊叶香藜的染色体上只存在1对5S rDNA位点。(2)5S rDNA和45S rDNA位点均位于染色体的短臂上。该研究首次获得了藜属植物基于5S rDNA和45S rDNA荧光原位杂交核型,为藜属植物亲缘关系研究和细胞生物学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学依据。     

葱属Anguinum亚属4种19居群的核型研究

石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)葱亚科(Allioideae)葱族(Allieae)葱属(Allium)的Anguinum亚属在中国分布有6种2变种,该亚属植物具有重要的药用价值。该研究在扩大样本量和覆盖范围的基础上,采用常规压片法对葱属Anguinum亚属4种植物19居群的染色体核型进行了研究,首次报道了心叶韭(Allium ovalifolium var.cordifolium)的核型。结果表明:供试类群中茖葱都为四倍体,对叶韭和心叶韭都为二倍体,太白韭具有二倍体和四倍体,染色体基数均为x=8,核型类型都为2A型,每个居群都具有随体染色体,随体染色体多为st染色体,随体均位于短臂末端,并且对叶韭眉县居群和太白韭聂拉木居群存在B染色体。结合前人研究结果讨论了Anguinum亚属植物的染色体特征、随体染色体的多态性和该亚属植物的进化方式,探讨了茖葱(Allium victorialis)和对叶韭(A.listera)的细胞地理学问题。得到如下推论:(1)染色体加倍和结构变异是Anguinum亚属进化的两种重要机制,环境异质性使得Anguinum亚属植物随体染色体具较高的多态性;(2)茖葱通过多倍化和无性繁殖并存来扩大居群;(3)染色体形态变异是对叶韭适应环境变异的重要方式。     

中国独活属的核型研究

本文首次报道了我国独活属10种(含1变种)的核型,其中8种的染色体数目亦为首次报道。研究表明它们的染色体数目均为2n＝2x＝22,为二倍体,其核型为中部着丝点和亚中部着丝点染色体组成,仅具1A和2A两种类型。有4种具随体染色体,在部分H．vicinum植株中发现有1条B染色体,在H．millefolium var．longilobum中同时存在2n＝22和2n＝24的非整倍体．不同种的染色体形态不同,为分类研究提供了细胞学依据。 本文在核型分析基础上讨论了该属分类群的划分、种间亲缘关系及演化,并结合我国毗邻地区该属细胞学资料和地理分布规律,提出我国西南部的横断山区是独活属的频度中心和多样性中心。     

Cytogenetic characterization and description of an XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system in catfish Harttia carvalhoi (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Karyotypic and cytogenetic characteristics of catfish Harttia carvalhoi (Paraíba do Sul River basin, S?o Paulo State, Brazil) were investigated using differential staining techniques (C-banding, Ag-staining) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S and 5S rDNA probes. The diploid chromosome number of females was 2n = 52 and their karyotype was composed of nine pairs of metacentric, nine pairs of submetacentric, four pairs of subtelocentric and four pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The diploid chromosome number of males was invariably 2n = 53 and their karyotype consisted of one large unpaired metacentric, eight pairs of metacentric, nine pairs of submetacentric, four pairs of subtelocentric, four pairs of acrocentric plus two middle-sized acrocentric chromosomes. The differences between female and male karyotypes indicated the presence of a sex chromosome system of XX/XY1Y2 type, where the X is the largest metacentric and Y1 and Y2 are the two additional middle-sized acrocentric chromosomes of the male karyotype. The major rDNA sites as revealed by FISH with an 18S rDNA probe were located in the pericentromeric region of the largest pair of acrocentric chromosomes. FISH with a 5S rDNA probe revealed two sites: an interstitial site located in the largest pair of acrocentric chromosomes, and a pericentromeric site in a smaller metacentric pair of chromosomes. Translocations or centric fusions in the ancestral 2n = 54 karyotype is hypothesized for the origin of such multiple sex chromosome systems where females are fixed translocation homozygotes whereas males are fixed translocation heterozygotes. The available cytogenetic data for representatives of the genus Harttia examined so far indicate large kayotype diversity.     

Karyotypes of two rare rodents, Hapalomys delacouri and Typhlomys cinereus (Mammalia, Rodentia), from Vietnam

Karyotypes of Hapalomys delacouri (Rodentia, Muridae) and Typhlomys cinereus (Rodentia, Platacanthomyidae) from Vietnam are described for the first time. The diploid karyotype of Hapalomys delacouri is 38 (NFa=48), consisting of six pairs of bi-armed and 12 pairs of acrocentric autosomes decreasing in size; plus a large metacentric X chromosome and Y chromosome, also metacentric, that is equal in size to the largest pair of acrocentric autosomes. The newly described karyotype differs significantly from that reported for Hapalomys delacouri from northern Thailand. The latter record very likely represents a different species of Hapalomys, possibly the taxon Hapalomys pasquieri described from north-central Laos.The diploid karyotype of Typhlomys cinereus is 38 (NF=48), consisting of five pairs of meta- to submetacentric and 14 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes varying in size from large to small; sex chromosomes were not defined.     

A new chromosomal race (2n=44) of Nannospalax xanthodon from Turkey (Mammalia: Rodentia)

A new karyotype for blind mole rats was recorded in Tunceli province in Eastern Turkey. The karyotype contained 44 chromosomes, including 13 biarmed pairs, 7 acrocentric pairs, and one heteromorphic pair with a submetacentric and an acrocentric homologue in the autosomal complement (FNa=69). The X chromosome was submetacentric and the Y chromosome medium-sized subtelocentric (FN=73). Distinct dark centromeric C-bands were observed on most of the biarmed and three pairs of the acrocentric autosomes. The NORs were detected on short arms of three subtelocentric pairs and one acrocentric pair of autosomes. The diploid number of chromosomes and the karyotype characteristics observed are obviously unique among hitherto studied populations of blind mole rats and the complement can be evaluated as a new chromosome race of Nannospalax xanthodon. The distribution ranges of individual chromosome races of the species recorded in Eastern Anatolia are revised and possible interracial hybridization is discussed in respect of the finding of a new race.     

Karyotypes and systematics of Asian high-mountain voles, genus Alticola (Rodentia, Arvicolidae). Results of Mongolian-German biological expeditions since 1962, No. 211.

Six species/subspecies of Asian high-mountain voles, genus Alticola, were studied cytogenetically via conventional staining and C- and G-banding. The karyotypes are very similar. The standard karyotype, as in A. strelzovi strelzovi, consists of 56 chromosomes. These are split into 25 acrocentric pairs, one large subtelocentric pair, one small metacentric pair, a large acrocentric X chromosome, and a small Y chromosome, which varies in shape. Constitutive heterochromatin is almost entirely restricted to small centromeric regions. A small submetacentric pair of autosomes in both subspecies of A. semicanus and a medium-sized Y chromosome in A. argentatus severtzovi are of importance in systematics. The data suggest that A. barakshin, A. semicanus, and A. argentatus are separate species.     

The karyotype of Brachyteles arachnoides (E. Geoffroy, 1806) (Primates: Platyrrhini)

The karyotype of one female Brachyteles arachinoides (E. Geoffroy, 1806) was studied. The specimen exhibited 62 chromosomes, which could be arranged in three clearly distinguishable groups: the first one including 5 pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes, the second one including 8 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes and the third one including 18 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The X chromosome pair could not be identified.This study was supported by grants from CNPq (SIP 04/011), Brazil.     

Somatic chromosomes of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

The chromosome complement of 2 male and 15 female adult squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) have been studied in peripheral blood and kidney cultures and bone marrow preparations. The diploid chromosome number is 44. Six of the chromosome pairs are metacentric (isobrachial), 9 pairs submetacentric (heterobrachial) and the remaining 6 pairs are acrocentric (cephalobrachial). The X chromosome is the longest submetacentric (heterobrachial), ranking 5 in order of decreasing size. The Y chromosome is the smallest acrocentric (cephalobrachial) of the complement.A female and male karyotype is presented.Supported, in part, by Grant HDO 1952-03 from the United States Public Health Service.     

Karyotype of the Snow Sculpin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myoxocephalus brandti</Emphasis> Steindachner (Cottidae) from Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan

The karyotype of the snow sculpin Myoxocephalus brandti, 2n = 44, NF = 46, from Peter the Great Bay was studied. Two-armed chromosomes were presented by one pair of metacentric chromosomes of medium size; one-armed chromosomes included two pairs of large subtelocentric chromosomes and a pair of large acrocentric chromosomes. Ag-NOR-staining in the telomere vicinity revealed nucleolus-organizing regions in one metacentric chromosome and in one medium size acrocentric chromosome in one of the fishes, in two homological small acrocentric chromosomes in three fishes, and in one acrocentric chromosome of average size in six fishes. No difference between the male and female karyotypes and any type of variability was revealed. The karyotypes of the snow sculpin M. brandti and the frog sculpin M. stelleri were compared. Their distinctions and similarities were displayed.Original Russian Text Copyright ¢ 2005 by Biologiya Morya, Ryazanova.     

臭鼩染色体的研究

本文采用骨髓染色体制片法,对捕自我国浙江萧山市的臭鼩进行了组型、G-带、C-带和核仁组织区银染的观察分析。结果表明,我国臭鼩染色体数目为2n=40,组型为8(m)+2(sm)+10(st)+18(t),性染色体为,(?):X(m或sm),Y(m或sm);♀:XX(m或sm)。G-带较为丰富,每一对染色体都有其特定的带型,较易于辨别与配对。在C-带方前,4对中间着丝粒染色体与5对亚端着丝粒染色体均具有不同程度的着丝粒带,1对亚中着丝粒染色体与9对端着丝粒染色体缺乏C-带物质,性染色体具丰富的远端带及中间带.银染的结果显示,第5、12和13对染色体具银染物质。     

Karyological observations on Turbellaria Proseriata: karyometric analysis ofMonocelis fusca,M. lineata (Monocelididae) andParotoplana macrostyla (Otoplanidae)

A karyometric analysis of the chromosome set of the marine turbellariansMonocelis fusca, M. lineata andParotoplana macrostyla has been carried out. The karyotype of the twoMonocelis species investigated (2n=6) is formed by three pairs of small and similarly sized chromosomes: InM. fusca, chromosome 1 is metacentric, chromosome 2 acrocentric and chromosome 3 is subtelocentric.M. lineata also presents one pair of metacentric chromosomes (chromosome 2), while chromosomes 1 and 3 are submetacentric.P. macrostyla (2n=12) reveals two pairs of large metacentric and four pairs of small chromosomes, three of which are metacentric, whereas the last is subtelocentric.     

仓鼠属三个种的核型分析

本文分析了仓鼠属三个种的常规核型及G带核型,即大搬仓鼠(Cricetulus triton)2n=28,长尾仓鼠(C.longicaudatus)2n=24,花背仓鼠(C.barabensis)2n=22。讨论时结合文献报道的短尾仓鼠(C.eversmanni),无斑短尾仓鼠(C.curtatus),灰仓鼠(C.migratorius)的有关核型资料作了比较,结果证明:(1)染色体是鉴别这6个种类的有效方法之一。(2)大搬仓鼠具有较原始的核型,可能是祖先进化中的一个早期分枝。(3)这6个种类的染色体进化机制主要是罗伯逊融合,但也有染色体的断裂、易位和倒转。