真核细胞的辅转录激活因子

真核细胞的辅转录激活因子关键词辅转录激活因子真核细胞的增殖与分化主要由细胞外分子激发,这些分子或是自由存在,或是以其它细胞的表面蛋白形式存在,它们都与被激活的细胞的表面受体相互作用。配体─受体相互作用启动了细胞内信号级联,引起精选的基因快速地转录诱导...     

轮状病毒感染相关受体的研究进展

轮状病毒是引起婴幼儿腹泻的主要病原体之一,由三层同心的蛋白质衣壳包被双链RNA基因组构成。轮状病毒感染宿主细胞主要依赖于病毒识别细胞表面的特异性受体并与其发生结合,因此,受体是病毒感染细胞的重要因素。目前已发现的受体包括唾液酸、整合素、Toll样受体、血型组织抗原等,本文将对参与轮状病毒感染的相关受体作一简要概述。     

病毒受体的研究进展

病毒受体是引发宿主受病毒感染的主要决定因素。病毒受体是指位于宿主细胞表面能被病毒吸附蛋白识别并与之结合 ,从而引起病毒感染的分子复合物。病毒吸附于宿主细胞表面是病毒感染的起始环节。而病毒受体与病毒吸附蛋白的结合是有其特异性的 ,即病毒感染细胞具有不同的组织嗜性和宿主范围。1 .病毒受体的本质病毒受体可分为单分子或多分子复合体。从生化角度上来说 ,大多数是蛋白聚糖、脂类或糖脂、糖蛋白 3种类型。硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖为单纯疱疹病毒的受体 ,多瘤病毒和正粘病毒的受体为糖蛋白及糖脂的神经节苷脂。部分病毒受体是细胞表…     

原子力显微镜单分子力谱研究生物分子间相互作用

原子力显微镜单分子力谱是近年来发展起来的能在单分子水平研究生物分子相互作用的新工具。本文综述了单分子力谱的测定原理、方法及其在研究蛋白．蛋白、蛋白-DNA相互作用,蛋白质去折叠和活细胞上配体／受体结合中的应用进展。     

受体相互作用蛋白3——细胞凋亡与坏死的调节阀

综述了受体相互作用蛋白(RIPs)蛋白结构和RIP3调控细胞凋亡与坏死机制的研究进展．受体相互作用蛋白3(receptor-interacting protein 3, RIP3)是丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族成员之一,该蛋白质家族包含一类高度保守的丝/苏氨酸激酶结构域．RIP家族激酶作为细胞应激传感分子,在调控细胞凋亡、细胞坏死和存活通路中发挥重要作用．近年发现,RIP3参与肿瘤坏死因子TNFα诱导的细胞程序化坏死的生物学过程．认识RIP3调控TNFα诱导的细胞凋亡与坏死不同死亡途径转换的分子机制,有助于发现肿瘤治疗的新策略．     

轮状病毒受体的研究进展

本文从病毒的宿主、受全唾液酸残基及受体分子的化学特征等几个方面介绍了目前对轮状病毒受体分子的研究水平,对病毒受体的研究,有助于了解病毒及受体相互作用的分子机制,防治有重要意义。     

N—糖链在细胞粘附中的作用

参与细胞与细胞,细胞与基质相互作用的细胞粘附分子均为含Ｎ－糖链的蛋白,Ｎ－糖链在细胞的识别、粘附过程中起一定的作用。本文就纤维蛋白、层粘连蛋白、整合蛋白、选择蛋白和凝集素受体等分子中Ｎ－糖链与细胞识别和粘附关系加以讨论。     

蛋白质组学研究中的一种新方法——配体垂钓

基于表面等离子共振技术的配体垂钓技术能在蛋白质组水平上研究蛋白质的相互作用与功能,提供控制细胞功能的新靶标．其通过将受体固定在芯片表面,当被检测样品流过芯片表面时,配体与受体相结合, 实现俘获未知的相互作用的伙伴蛋白或复合体,并结合质谱技术鉴定出未知蛋白及其序列．     

乙型脑炎病毒吸附与进入细胞的分子机制研究

流行性乙型脑炎病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus, JEV)为蚊媒传播的黄病毒家族成员之一,是流行性乙型脑炎(简称乙脑)的病原体,其遍布整个东南亚和南亚地区,且感染后会引起严重神经系统症状,因而对人类生命健康造成巨大威胁。JEV吸附与进入宿主细胞是其感染靶细胞的关键步骤,参与这一过程的分子主要是JEV表面的包膜蛋白以及宿主细胞表面的10余种黏附分子或病毒受体,包括被多种病毒使用的细胞表面分子、热休克蛋白以及特异性结合病毒的分子。明确参与JEV吸附与进入宿主细胞的分子,不仅能为阐明JEV与宿主细胞相互作用关系和发病机制提供新的线索,还将对乙脑的预防以及治疗提供重要信息。现对参与JEV吸附与进入细胞的相关分子作一概述。     

整合蛋白内化及再循环机制

整合蛋白是一类异源二聚体跨膜受体,通过介导细胞与细胞、细胞与细胞外基质以及细胞与病原体间的相互作用,影响细胞增殖、迁移、分化和凋亡,因此在癌症等疾病发生过程中具有重要的作用。整合蛋白的构象和活性决定了其与配体的结合能力,这种结合能力对整合蛋白功能的调控起到至关重要的作用。研究发现,某些整合蛋白能持续地从细胞表面内化形成内体,随后再循环到细胞表面,这个过程主要通过快速(短环路)和缓慢(长环路)两种循环途径完成。以上表明,整合蛋白的内化和再循环途径受到时间和空间上的调控。该综述阐述了整合蛋白内化的分子机制和再循环路径。     

An Effective Platform for Exploring Rotavirus Receptors by Bacterial Surface Display System

Rotavirus(RV) is a major foodborne pathogen. For RV prevention and control, it is a key to uncover the interaction mechanism between virus and its receptors. However, it is hard to specially purify the viral receptors, including histo-blood group antigens(HBGAs). Previously, the protruding domain protein(P protein) of human norovirus(genotype Ⅱ.4) was displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli, and it specifically recognized and captured the viral ligands. In order to further verify the feasibility of the system, P protein was replaced by VP8* of RV(G9 P[8]) in this study. In the system, VP8*could be correctly released by thrombin treatment with antigenicity retaining, which was confirmed by Western blot and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. Type A HBGAs from porcine gastric mucin(PGM) were recognized and captured by this system. From saliva mixture, the captured viral receptor bound with displayed VP8* was confirmed positive with monoclonal antibody against type A HBGAs. It indicated that the target ligands could be easily separated from the complex matrix. These results demonstrate that the bacterial surface display system will be an effective platform to explore viral receptors/ligands from cell lines or food matrix.     

人肝癌细胞BEL-7402中热休克蛋白70相伴甲胎蛋白的实验研究

为研究人肝癌细胞BEL-7402中热休克蛋白70(HSP70)与甲胎蛋白(AFP)的相互作用,采用免疫化学和免疫荧光检测HSP70和AFP在肝癌细胞中的表达和定位.HSP70与AFP的相互关系通过免疫共沉淀和蛋白印迹杂交进行分析.结果免疫化学显示人肝癌细胞BEL-7402中存在高水平的HSP70和AFP共表达,均定位于细胞浆.AFP存在于HSP70单抗的免疫沉淀中,而HSP70则存在于AFP单抗的免疫沉淀中.结果表明人肝癌细胞BEL-7402中HSP70与AFP相伴.两者之间的相互关系研究将成为探讨肝癌的发生和免疫治疗的新途径.     

Modulation of the Chaperone DnaK Allosterism by the Nucleotide Exchange Factor GrpE

Hsp70 chaperones comprise two domains, the nucleotide-binding domain (Hsp70_NBD), responsible for structural and functional changes in the chaperone, and the substrate-binding domain (Hsp70_SBD), involved in substrate interaction. Substrate binding and release in Hsp70 is controlled by the nucleotide state of DnaK_NBD, with ATP inducing the open, substrate-receptive DnaK_SBD conformation, whereas ADP forces its closure. DnaK cycles between the two conformations through interaction with two cofactors, the Hsp40 co-chaperones (DnaJ in Escherichia coli) induce the ADP state, and the nucleotide exchange factors (GrpE in E. coli) induce the ATP state. X-ray crystallography showed that the GrpE dimer is a nucleotide exchange factor that works by interaction of one of its monomers with DnaK_NBD. DnaK_SBD location in this complex is debated; there is evidence that it interacts with the GrpE N-terminal disordered region, far from DnaK_NBD. Although we confirmed this interaction using biochemical and biophysical techniques, our EM-based three-dimensional reconstruction of the DnaK-GrpE complex located DnaK_SBD near DnaK_NBD. This apparent discrepancy between the functional and structural results is explained by our finding that the tail region of the GrpE dimer in the DnaK-GrpE complex bends and its tip contacts DnaK_SBD, whereas the DnaK_NBD-DnaK_SBD linker contacts the GrpE helical region. We suggest that these interactions define a more complex role for GrpE in the control of DnaK function.     

A Functional DnaK Dimer Is Essential for the Efficient Interaction with Hsp40 Heat Shock Protein

Highly conserved molecular chaperone Hsp70 heat shock proteins play a key role in maintaining protein homeostasis (proteostasis). DnaK, a major Hsp70 in Escherichia coli, has been widely used as a paradigm for studying Hsp70s. In the absence of ATP, purified DnaK forms low-ordered oligomer, whereas ATP binding shifts the equilibrium toward the monomer. Recently, we solved the crystal structure of DnaK in complex with ATP. There are two molecules of DnaK-ATP in the asymmetric unit. Interestingly, the interfaces between the two molecules of DnaK are large with good surface complementarity, suggesting functional importance of this crystallographic dimer. Biochemical analyses of DnaK protein supported the formation of dimer in solution. Furthermore, our cross-linking experiment based on the DnaK-ATP structure confirmed that DnaK forms specific dimer in an ATP-dependent manner. To understand the physiological function of the dimer, we mutated five residues on the dimer interface. Four mutations, R56A, T301A, N537A, and D540A, resulted in loss of chaperone activity and compromised the formation of dimer, indicating the functional importance of the dimer. Surprisingly, neither the intrinsic biochemical activities, the ATP-induced allosteric coupling, nor GrpE co-chaperone interaction is affected appreciably in all of the mutations except for R56A. Unexpectedly, the interaction with co-chaperone Hsp40 is significantly compromised. In summary, this study suggests that DnaK forms a transient dimer upon ATP binding, and this dimer is essential for the efficient interaction of DnaK with Hsp40.     

Innate immune recognition of respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory infection in infants and young children. Severe clinical manifestation of RSV infection is a bronchiolitis, which is common in infants under six months of age. Recently, RSV has been recognized as an important cause of respiratory infection in older populations with cardiovascular morbidity or immunocompromised patients. However, neither a vaccine nor an effective antiviral therapy is currently available. Moreover, the interaction between the host immune system and the RSV pathogen during an infection is not well understood. The innate immune system recognizes RSV through multiple mechanisms. The first innate immune RSV detectors are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and nucleotide-biding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). The following is a review of studies associated with various PRRs that are responsible for RSV virion recognition and subsequent induction of the antiviral immune response during RSV infection. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(4): 184-191]     

Direct observation to chemokine receptor 5 on T-lymphocyte cell surface using fluorescent metal nanoprobes

Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a cell surface protein required for HIV-1 infection. It is important to detect the amount and observe the spatial distribution of the CCR5 receptors on the cell surfaces. In this report, we describes the metal nanoparticles which were specially designed as molecular fluorescent probes for imaging of CCR5 receptors on the T-lymphocytic PM1 cell surfaces. These CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) metal complexes were prepared by labeling mAbs with Alexa Fluor 680 followed by covalent binding the labeled mAbs on the 20 nm silver nanoparticles. Compared with the labeled mAbs without metal, the mAb-metal complexes were found to display enhanced emission intensity and shortened lifetime due to interactions between fluorophores and metal. The mAb-metal complexes were incubated with the PM1 cell lines. The confocal fluorescent intensity and lifetime cell images were recorded on single cells. It was observed that the mAb-metal complexes could be clearly distinguished from the cellular autofluorescence. By analyzing a pool of cell images, we observed that most CCR5 receptors appeared as clusters on the cell surfaces. The fluorophore-metal complexes developed in this report are generally useful for detection of cell surface receptors and provide a new class of probe to study the interaction between the CCR5 receptors with viral gp120 during HIV infections.     

口服轮状病毒活疫苗的安全性临床观察

为了观察口服轮状病毒活疫苗的安全性,2004年4~10月在济南市中心医院预防接种门诊对总服用该疫苗的410例7月龄~3岁的幼儿密切观察其反应,测量腋下体温并询问有无不适症状等。结果显示,95.61%幼儿(392/410)无不良反应;约4.39%(18/410)出现发热、腹泻等不良副反应,其中强反应3例(0.73%),中度反应11例(2.68%),轻度反应4例(0.98%),均于对症治疗后3日内缓解并消失。临床资料证明,使用该疫苗是安全的。     

Identification of lipopolysaccharide binding site on high molecular weight kininogen

Plasma kallikrein kinin system (KKS) activation along with its cellular receptors expression are increased after injury and in patients with septic shock, hypotensive bacteremia and rhesus monkey infected with Salmonella typhimurium. KKS signaling cascade is activated by activated factor XII (FXIIa, Hageman factor)- and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP)-dependent pathways on endothelial cells. Among the many entities that comprise the KKS, high molecular weight kininogen (HK), a bradykinin precursor, is critical in the assembly and activation of this system. HK is primarily expressed in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. The activation of the KKS influences the permeability of the endothelium by liberating bradykinin (BK) from HK. BK is a potent inflammatory peptide which stimulates constitutive bradykinin B2 and inducible B1 receptors to release nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Regardless of the triggers, PK can only be activated on HK bound to the artificial negatively charged or to cell membrane surfaces. Since LPS has a negatively charged moiety and the ability to induce inflammatory responses in human, we determined the interaction between LPS and HK. HKH19 (HK cell binding site) and heparin inhibited LPS binding to HK with IC₅₀s of 15 nM and 20 μg/ml, respectively. C1-inhibitor and N-acetylglucosamine glycan inhibited LPS binding to HK with IC₅₀s of about 10 μg/ml and 10 mM, respectively. This novel study underscores the implication of HK in infection. We propose that HKH19, heparin, and C1-inhibitor present therapeutic potential for the treatment of sepsis and hypotensive bacteremia.     

Crosstalk between Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (EGFR) and integrins in resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in solid tumors

Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in a variety of physiological and pathologic processes, including development, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Integrin-mediated attachment to ECM proteins has emerged to cue events primitively important for the transformed phenotype of human cancer cells. Cross-talk between integrins and growth factor receptors takes an increasingly prominent role in defining adhesion, motility, and cell growth. This functional interaction has expanded beyond to link integrins with resistance to Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (EGFRs). In this regard, integrin-mediated adhesion has two separate functions one as a clear collaborator with growth factor receptor signaling and the second as a basic mechanism contributing in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) which affects response to chemotherapy. This review provides an overview of these mechanisms and describes treatment options for selectively targeting and disrupting integrin interaction to EGFR for cancer therapy.