元谋干热河谷燥红土和变性土上植物叶片的元素含量及其重吸收效率

采用盆栽试验,研究元谋干热河谷燥红土和变性土上生长的植物叶片以及凋落叶营养元素含量,并分析养分重吸收效率对土壤类型与物种互作的响应.结果表明: 土壤类型对叶片N、P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、N∶P以及凋落叶N、P、Mn、N∶P均有显著影响;燥红土植物叶片与凋落叶N、Mn含量和N∶P显著高于变性土,而燥红土植物叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn和凋落叶P含量显著低于变性土.燥红土植物叶片N含量较变性土高34.8%,而P含量低40.0%;在叶片凋落时,N、P、K表现为重吸收,而其他元素呈富集状态.燥红土凋落叶Ca、Mg、Mn富集系数显著高于变性土.物种仅对叶片N含量有显著影响,物种与土壤交互作用对植物叶片和凋落叶元素含量影响不显著,表明各土壤类型对不同物种元素含量的影响方式较为一致.土壤类型对植物元素含量的影响可进一步作用于干热河谷植物凋落物分解、植物-土壤的养分反馈以及生物地球化学循环.     

To recycle or steal? Nutrient resorption in Australian and Brazilian mistletoes from three low‐phosphorus sites

Resorption is the process by which nutrients are withdrawn from leaves prior to leaf fall. Mistletoes are generally thought not to rely on nutrient resorption; being xylem‐tapping parasites, they instead derive the nutrients required for new growth from their host plant, at little or no cost. We measured nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) resorption in 18 parasitic mistletoe–host species pairs distributed across three sites with notably low‐P soil, also quantifying relationships with leaf lifespan (LL) and specific leaf area (SLA). There was little or no evidence of N, Ca or Mg resorption. By contrast, on average ～30% of P and ～20% of K were resorbed prior to leaf fall. Longer LL in mistletoes was associated with lower N and P concentrations in mistletoes and in host leaves. We provide evidence that, even though mistletoes are relatively inefficient in terms of nutrient resorption compared to non‐parasite species, on low‐P soils their ecological and evolutionary strategies for conserving phosphorous involve modulation of both leaf lifespan and P concentration in senesced leaves.     

东灵山地区辽东栎叶养分的季节动态与回收效率

为探讨辽东栎叶的养分回收对种群的适应能力和生态系统的养分循环的意义,在东灵山地区分析了辽东栎叶中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃa、Ｍg、Fe等６种元素的浓度和单位叶面积含量,确定了了辽东栎叶养分的季节动态与回收效率。结果发现：１）６种元素的浓度和单位叶面积含量在叶的生活史中都发生了明显的季节变化,其中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ等３种元素的浓度在展叶初期下降很快,阴后逐渐下降的,但单位叶面积含量是在７月下旬达到最大值;２）Ｃa浓度和单位叶面积含量整个生长季中一直保持上升趋势,Ｍg的季节变化无一定规律;３）Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｍg都有一定程度的回收,其中Ｎ、Ｐ的回收率分别为６７％和８７％,Ｃa、Ｆe在叶有所积累。为探讨叶养分回收效率在常绿和落叶植物中的差异,对栎属植物养分动态进行了比较分析。结果表明：１）落叶植物成熟叶中的Ｎ浓度稍高于常绿植物,但不显著,Ｎ的回收率与成熟叶中的浓度成显著正相关,;２）栎属植物的成熟叶和落叶中的Ｎ、Ｐ浓度间呈显著正相关。     

Potassium,calcium and magnesium antagonism in clones of Populus trichocarpa

Two clones of Populus trichocarpa varying in growth rate were grown in nutrient solutions with a range of K supply. In the leaves an antagonism between the levels of K and Ca+Mg was found, this was most extreme in the older leaves. Analysis of the contents of these elements in leaf vacuoles and cytoplasm suggests that in the vacuoles the total contents of K+Ca+Mg are controlled to maintain ionic and osmotic balance. At low K supply, the K deficit in the cytoplasm is not balance by accumulation of Ca and Mg, and it is suggested that other organic osmotica may accumulate. The regulation of K+Mg+Ca supplied to the leaves seems to be regulated by the roots and is not simple competition of ions for uptake sites at the plasmalemma.     

Determinants of Leaf Litter Nutrient Cycling in a Tropical Rain Forest: Soil Fertility Versus Topography

We investigated the influence of landscape-level variation in soil fertility and topographic position on leaf litter nutrient dynamics in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. We sampled across the three main edaphic conditions (ultisol slope, ultisol plateau, and inceptisol) to determine the effect of soil nutrients on leaf litter nutrient concentrations while controlling for topography, and to examine topographic effects while controlling for soil nutrients. Both leaf litter macronutrient [phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg)] and micronutrient concentrations were quantified throughout a 4-year period. Leaf litter [P], [N] and [K] varied significantly among soil types. The variation in [P], [N], and [K] was explained by soil fertility alone. Leaf litter [S], [Ca], and [Mg] did not vary among the three soil types. Macronutrient (P, K, Mg, S, Ca) concentrations in the leaf litter were much less variable than those of Fe and Al. Lower variability in essential plant nutrients suggests a great deal of plant control over the amount of nutrients resorbed before senescense. Leaf litter macronutrient concentrations varied significantly over the 4-year period, but the temporal variation did not differ among the three edaphic types as anticipated. Hence, although the magnitude of nutrient fluxes may be controlled by local factors such as soil fertility, temporal patterns are likely regulated by a common environmental variable such as precipitation or temperature.     

Seasonal changes in element contents in mangrove element retranslocation during leaf senescene

The concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (Cl) were followed monthly in pre-senescence leaves and post-abscission leaves of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce at the Jiulongjiang estuary, and Fujian, China. The element retranslocation efficiency (RE) was studied during leaf senescence. The element RE's evaluated using different methods were compared and a new method was put forward to evaluate element RE during leaf senescence in evergreen trees without concentrated leaf fall. The results showed that during leaf senescence, 77.22% N, 57.53% P, and 44.51% K were translocated out of senescing leaves. Translocation of nutrients out of senescing leaves back into shoots was an important nutnent-conservation mechanism for N and P, was less important for K, and did not occur for Ca, Mg, Na, or Cl. One of the reasons for the high primary productivity of mangroves in nutrient poor sites (especially with low N) is the high nutrient use efficiency.     

Relationships of Starch Concentration with Specific Leaf Weight and Mineral Concentrations in Potato Leaves Under Varied CO2 and Temperature

Foliar concentrations of starch and major nutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg along with specific leaf weight (SLW) were determined in the potato (Solaruan tuberosum L. ) cvs "Denali", "Norland” and "Russet Burbank" grown for 35 days under the CO2 concentrations of 500, 1 000, 1 500 and 2 000 μmol' mol-l at both 16 and 20 ℃ air temperature. The starch concentration, pooled from the three cuhivars, increased with increasing CO2 concentration at both 16 and 20 ℃, and was consistently higher at 16 ℃ than at 20 ℃. The SLW (g·m-2) was positively related to the foliar starch concentration on the basis of leaf area or dry weight. The concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in leaves were negatively related to starch concentration under 14% starch on a dry weight basis. Above 14%, there was no significant relationship between nutrient and starch concentrations. The similar patterns were seen when the SLW and nutrient concentrations were expressed on a starch-free basis. In contrast, the leaf concentration of K was not closely related to the starch concentration. The results indicated that the changes in SLW and concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in potato leaves only partially resulted from the changed starch concentration.     

锐齿栎林个体光合器官生长与营养季节动态

锐齿栎林单叶面积和干重的季节生长呈不同的S型曲线,叶面积叶干重比的季节变化呈不完全S型.叶从萌动到落叶持续约160d,展叶第1周,叶重量绝对增长快于叶面积的增加,之后相反.叶季节变化表现为叶面积增长迅速且持续时间较短,叶重量增加相对缓慢且持续时间较长.刚展叶时N、P、K含量很高,展叶期明显下降,落叶前最低,Ca含量季节变化则相反;Mg含量展叶期较高,之后逐渐下降且趋于稳定.叶N、P、K、Mg间呈显著的正相关,前者与Ca间呈显著的负相关.叶在生长期内具有较高的N/P、N/K,且其季节变化比单个元素含量更稳定;展叶初期K/Ca很高,之后变化逐渐稳定;叶K/Mg的季节变化趋于降低.展叶第1周叶N、P、K和Mg积累量迅速增加,继而缓慢增加,第45～50天达峰值,之后逐渐降低;Ca积累随叶龄的增加一直处于上升的趋势.叶内N、P、K、Mg和Ca积累量与叶的生长发育期有密切的关系.     

Effect of CaSO4 and NaCl on mineral content ofLeucaena leucocephala

The effects of varying CaSO₄ and NaCl levels on the nutrient content ofLeucaena leucocephala were established by examining the concentrations of Na, Ca, Cl, K and Mg in leucaena roots, stems and leaves. Leucaena was grown in nutrient solution at four levels of CaSO₄ (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mM) and NaCl (1, 25, 50 and 100 mM), in randomized blocks with five replications. Leucaena excluded sodium from stems and leaves when NaCl concentration was 50 mM or less. Sodium uptake decreased as CaSO₄ concentration increased. Calcium uptake was affected by NaCl concentration when substrate CaSO₄ concentration was 0.5 mM. At this level, 100 mM NaCl caused a marked decrease in leaf calcium and a marked increase in leaf Cl. In all other treatments, Cl uptake was not affected by CaSO₄ concentration. Potassium uptake was strongly depressed as NaCl concentration increased at low Ca concentration, but this effect was offset at high Ca. Magnesium uptake decreased as CaSO₄ levels increased.     

The effect of oxygen deficiency on uptake and distribution of nutrients in maize plants

Young maize (Zea mays L.) plants, 7 days after germination were exposed to nutrient solutions which were either aerated or not aerated for 14 days. Nutrients were supplied as 50% strength Hoagland’s solution or, in the case of the four ‘low nutrient’ treatments, N, P, K or Ca were supplied at the equivalent of 10% strength Hoagland’s solution. Shoot fresh weight was decreased by 25% due to lack of aeration; O₂ deficiency also impaired leaf elongation but not dry weights, suggesting that lack of O₂ in the roots impaired cell expansion in shoots more than dry weight accumulation. The distribution of N, P, K and Ca within shoots was consistent with their relative mobilities in the phloem; at least 7% of Ca in plants after 14 days of treatments was found in the oldest leaf whereas N, P and K were rapidly remobilised to younger tissues. Between 33 and 49% of the total N, P and K in the shoot was found in the 40 mm of tissue at the base of the growing leaves in plants grown for 14 days at low nutrient concentrations. Concentrations (dry weight basis) of phloem-mobile nutrients were also greatest in the growing zones of the leaves, especially in the case of N and P. Calcium, on the other hand, was found in relatively low concentrations in the youngest tissue and as with the other nutrients, concentrations declined due to low external supply, non-aeration or a combination of both. In spite of the failure of Ca to move from old to young leaves, the effect of the deficiencies of N, P and K was probably as severe as that of Ca in the youngest tissues of treated plants. Calcium uptake by the whole shoot appeared to be slightly less sensitive to O₂ deficits than that of N, P and K. This compensated for the failure of Ca to move to growing tissues during periods of low external Ca supply.     

Nutrient content and dynamics in north Swedish shrub tundra areas

Forbs and leaves of deciduous shrubs had high concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, P, and N. Deciduous dwarf shrubs had intermediate concentrations but higher than evergreen dwarf shrubs. Monocots, cryptogams, woody and belowground tissues had low concentrations.
Plant nutrient concentrations and nutrient content in soil organic matter increased from dry towards moist tundra areas.
The residence time of nutrients was considerably less than ten years in surface litter, but several decades or centuries in total organic matter. The longest residence time was found in the moist part of the tundra.
N, K, and P in Betula nana leaves were translocated to a great extent prior to leaf fall, whereas Mg and particularly Ca were only slightly translocated. As on other tundra areas shortage of nutrients probably limits plant growth. In that case short supply of N and F seems most probable due to retention in litter and soil organic matter.     

Order of release of ADP and Pi from phosphoenzyme with bound ADP of Ca2+-dependent ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum and of Na+, K+-dependent ATPase studied by ADP-inhibition patterns

The inhibition of Ca2+-dependent ATPase from SR [EC 3.6.1.3] by ADP was of mixed type under both low Ca2+ and high Mg2+ concentration and high Ca2+ and low Mg2+ concentrations. On the other hand, the inhibition of Na+, K+-dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] by ADP was of competitive type in the presence of low and high K+ concentrations. These results suggest that ADP is released before Pi from the phosphoenzyme with bound ADP (EPADP) in the case of Ca2+-ATPase, but that Pi is released before ADP in the case of Na+, K+-ATPase.     

Morphological and chemical leaf composition of Mediterranean evergreen tree species according to leaf age

Changes in morphology [leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), thickness and density] and chemical composition (macronutrients and fibres content) in different age leaves of eight evergreen Mediterranean woody species were investigated. LMA and leaf thickness increased with leaf age increasing. Young tissues possessed higher concentrations of N, P, K, and Mg and lower Ca concentrations on a dry mass basis. However, mineral content was independent of age on leaf area basis (except for Ca content) suggesting that the changes in mineral concentration with leaf ageing are due to dilution in the larger dry mass accumulated in the oldest leaves. Leaf tissue density (LTD) increased during the first year of the leaf life. Lignin and hemicellulose concentrations did not vary along leaf life and the cellulose concentration increased with leaf age in most species between the current-year and the one-year old leaves. Our results suggested that physical leaf reinforcement with a higher cellulose concentration and density might be a leaf response to the unfavourable climatic conditions during the first winter.     

Mass and nutrient loss of fresh plant biomass in a small black-water tributary of Caura river, Venezuelan Guayana

Decomposition rates and nutrient dynamic (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) were determined for green leaves and fine branches immersed in the water of a small tributary of Caura river (SE-Venezuela). 16% of the original dry weight of leaves and 11% of branches were lost at the end of the first sampling period: first month for leaves and second month for branches. This dry weight reduction was probably due to leaching of soluble material. After a 9-month period, the mass loss was 60% for leaves and 20% for fine branches. The pattern of dry weight and nutrient losses are in general agreement with previous studies of decomposition of leaf litter in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Potassium and magnesium are the elements most rapidly lost, showing the dominance of leaching processes; at the end of the first month 7% of the initial amount of K and 18% of the initial amount of Mg remained in leaves. The loss of calcium and phosphorus was much slower: 61% of Ca and 47% of P remained in the leaf material after the first sampling period. In contrast to K, Mg, Ca and P, the initial amount of nitrogen in leaves remained relatively unchanged during the first month of decomposition; in the subsequent sampling period, the amount of N decreased. The elements K and Mg in branches behaved similar to leaves: 4% of K and 22% of Mg were left at the end of the first sampling period. The initial amount of Ca and P in branches decreased slightly: 88% of Ca and 83% of P remained in branches at the end of this first sampling. Nitrogen behaved differently in branches than that in leaves. In branches the amount of N remained relatively unchanged during the first 5 months of decomposition; afterwards, N showed gradual increases, probably due to immobilization. At the end of the experiment the amount of N in branches was 16% higher than the initial amount.     

Growth and Deposition of Inorganic Nutrient Elements in Developing Leaves of Zea mays L

Spatial distributions of growth and of the concentration of some inorganic nutrient elements were analyzed in developing leaves of maize (Zea mays L.). Growth was analyzed by pinprick experiments with numerical analysis to characterize fields of velocity and relative elemental elongation rate. Inductively coupled plasma and atomic emission spectroscopy were used to measure nutrients extracted from segments of leaf tissue collected by position. Leaves 7 and 8, both elongating 3 millimeters per hour had maximum relative elemental growth rates of 0.06 to 0.08 millimeters per hour with maximum rates 20 to 50 millimeters from the node and cessation of growth by 90 millimeters from the node. Spatial distribution of dry weight density revealed that the rate of biomass deposition was maximum in the most rapidly expanding region and continued beyond the elongation zone. The nutrient elements K, Cl, Ca, Mg, and P showed different distribution patterns of ion density (on a dry weight basis). K and Cl had minimal density in the leaf tips; K density was maximum in the growing region, whereas Cl density was maximum at the region of growth cessation. Ca, Mg, and P had relatively high densities at the base of the elongation zone near the node and also in the tip regions. Near the node, P and Mg densities were higher in the young, growing leaves, whereas Ca density near the node was higher in older leaves that had completed elongation. Deposition rates of all nutrients were greatest in the region of maximum elongation rate.     

镉胁迫下草莓幼龄期叶、根矿质元素积累和分布的变化

采用水培实验,研究重金属镉对草莓幼龄期叶、根矿质元素含量和分布的影响。结果表明,高量镉降低草莓根中K、Ca、Mg、P、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe的积累,叶片相应元素以及B、Mo含量也随镉浓度增大而呈降低趋势;但镉浓度较低时,K、Mg、P、Zn在叶、根中的含量均增加,而后才随镉处理浓度提高而降低。在镉胁迫下,同一元素在草莓叶、根之间的分布也受到影响,而且某些矿质元素含量间有显著相关性。     

Seasonal variation in nutrient concentration in leaves and branches of Quercus pyrenaica

Abstract. Seasonal variation in nutrient concentration in leaves and branches of Quercus pyrenaica was studied in natural Q. pyrenaica forest in the Sierra de Gata (Salamanca Province, Spain). Two permanent plots were established at the two extremes of a rainfall gradient in this area: annual mean precipitation from 720 mm at Fuenteguinaldo (granite bedrock) to 1580 mm at Navasfrias (schists and graywackes). Leaf and branch samples were collected every three weeks during the growing season from May to October, at three height levels of the tree canopy. Seasonal changes and internal nutrient dynamics were investigated for N, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Fe and P during a two-year period. The concentrations of all nutrients varied among the seasons; these variations were related to nutrient mobility and the annual physiological cycle. Nutrient concentrations decrease in the case of K and P, while the sparse mobile nutrients Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe gradually accumulated during each growing season. In Navasfrias a considerable resorption of P from senescing leaves was detected. Different patterns were found for the other nutrients studied (Na and N).     

Cell-specific compartmentation of mineral nutrients is an essential mechanism for optimal plant productivity— another role for TPC1?

Vacuoles of different leaf cell-types vary in their capacity to store specific mineral elements. In Arabidopsis thaliana potassium (K) accumulates preferentially in epidermal and bundle sheath cells whereas calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are stored at high concentrations only in mesophyll cells. Accumulation of these elements in a particular vacuole can be reciprocal, i.e. as [K]vac increases [Ca]_vac decreases. Mesophyll-specific Ca-storage involves CAX1 (a Ca2⁺/H⁺ antiporter) and Mg-storage involves MRS2-1/MGT2 and MRS2-5/MGT3 (both Mg²⁺-transporters), all of which are preferentially expressed in the mesophyll and encode tonoplast-localised proteins. However, what controls leaf-cell [K]_vac is less well understood. TPC1 encodes the two-pore Ca²⁺ channel protein responsible for the tonoplast-localised SV cation conductance, and is highly expressed in cell-types that not preferentially accumulate Ca. Here, we evaluate evidence that TPC1 has a role in maintaining differential K and Ca storage across the leaf, and propose a function for TPC1 in releasing Ca²⁺ from epidermal and bundle sheath cell vacuoles to maintain low [Ca]vac. Mesophyll-specific Ca storage is essential to maintain apoplastic free Ca concentration at a level that does not perturb a range of physiological parameters including leaf gas exchange, cell wall extensibility and growth. When plants are grown under serpentine conditions (high Mg/Ca ratio), MGT2/MRS2-1 and MGT3/MRS2-5 are required to sequester additional Mg²⁺ in vacuoles to replace Ca²⁺ as an osmoticum to maintain growth. An updated model of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ transport in leaves is presented as a reference for future interrogation of nutritional flows and elemental storage in plant leaves.     

Nutrients Limiting Soybean (glycine max l) Growth in Acrisols and Ferralsols of Western Kenya

Low soybean yields in western Kenya have been attributed to low soil fertility despite much work done on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition leading to suspicion of other nutrient limitations. To investigate this, a nutrient omission trial was set up in the greenhouse at the University of Eldoret-Kenya to diagnose the nutrients limiting soybean production in Acrisols from Masaba central and Butere sub-Counties, and Ferralsols from Kakamega (Shikhulu and Khwisero sub-locations) and Butula sub-Counties and to assess the effect of liming on soil pH and soybean growth. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with ten treatments viz; positive control (complete), negative control (distilled water), complete with lime, complete with N, minus macronutrients P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) and with, micro-nutrients boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) omitted. Visual deficiency symptoms observed included interveinal leaf yellowing in Mg omission and N addition and dark green leaves in P omission. Nutrients omission resulted in their significantly low concentration in plant tissues than the complete treatment. Significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower shoot dry weights (SDWs) than the complete treatment were obtained in different treatments; omission of K and Mg in Masaba and Shikhulu, Mg in Khwisero, K in Butere and, P, Mg and K in Butula. Nitrogen significantly improved SDWs in soils from Kakamega and Butula. Liming significantly raised soil pH by 9, 13 and 11% from 4.65, 4.91 and 4.99 in soils from Masaba, Butere and Butula respectively and soybean SDWs in soils from Butere. The results show that, poor soybean growth was due to K, Mg and P limitation and low pH in some soils. The results also signify necessity of application of small quantities of N for initial soybean use.     

温州蜜柑果实发育过程中矿质营养元素含量的动态变化

本文分析了温州蜜柑丰产园不同发育阶段的果实氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、硼的含量。矿质元素在果实中的动态变化规律与叶片中的变化规律显然不同。一是含量比叶片低;二是浓度的最高峰期出现比叶片早。果实发育前中期元素含量变化较复杂,9月以后趋向稳定。对可否以9月至10月上旬作为采果样时期以进行营养诊断作了讨论。