文心兰NaN3离体化学诱变及RAPD检测

采用3种浓度的NaN3分别对离体培养的文心兰类原球茎薄切片进行不同时间诱变处理,考察了不同浓度、不同时间诱变处理对类原球茎薄切片生长、类原球茎再生及再生苗生长的影响,并对再生苗DNA进行了RAPD检测.结果表明:诱变剂对类原球茎薄切片生长产生严重影响,部分薄切片褐化死亡,再生类原球茎生长受到抑制,再生苗数量减少,表现出...     

绿玉树试管苗物理化学诱变及其抗寒突变体的筛选

以已建立的微体繁殖体系为基础,对绿玉树再生丛芽进行Co^60γ射线不同剂量的辐射和不同浓度EMS诱变处理,以HYP为突变体选择压,筛选出抗HYP突变体小苗,并对突变体小苗进行抗寒测试。结果表明：辐射剂量影响丛芽的增殖、突变率及芽苗的生长,1．5KR为绿玉树丛芽辐射诱变比较适宜的剂量。0．2％的EMS亦能诱导绿玉树丛芽块产生突变芽,但与正常培养获得的再生小苗相比,诱变后产生的抗HYP芽苗生长缓慢,再生小苗矮小。抗HYP突变小苗的抗寒性比正常植物的抗寒性强。     

白桦愈伤组织化学诱变

用不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS）对白桦（Betula platyphalla Sak.）愈伤组织进行化学诱变处理。结果表明：EMS诱变剂的浓度和处理时间对愈伤组织的存活率有很大影响。在高浓度EMS短时间处理和低浓度EMS长时间处理条件下得到叶柄、叶片愈伤组织的半致死剂量。通过观察半致死剂量下愈伤组织的染色体发现,诱变后细胞中单倍体、非整倍体及多倍体比例均高于对照,这说明EMS的诱变处理引起了愈伤组织细胞中染色体数量的变化。     

白桦愈伤组织化学诱变

用不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methane sulfonate, EMS)对白桦(Betula platyphalla Sak.)愈伤组织进行化学诱变处理。结果表明: EMS诱变剂的浓度和处理时间对愈伤组织的存活率有很大影响。在高浓度EMS短时间处理和低浓度EMS长时间处理条件下得到叶柄、叶片愈伤组织的半致死剂量。通过观察半致死剂量下愈伤组织的染色体发现, 诱变后细胞中单倍体、非整倍体及多倍体比例均高于对照, 这说明EMS的诱变处理引起了愈伤组织细胞中染色体数量的变化。     

高皂苷轮叶党参EMS诱变突变体研究

以轮叶党参为材料,采用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理离体叶片和愈伤组织对轮叶党参进行诱变,选择最佳诱变组合,并对诱变再生群体进行遗传分析。结果表明:(1)轮叶党参叶片和愈伤组织经EMS处理的存活率和分化率均低于对照,并且随EMS浓度的升高和处理时间的延长而下降。(2)叶片和愈伤组织的致死处理组合分别是0.4%EMS处理4h和0.3%EMS处理4h,半致死组合分别为0.3%EMS处理2h和0.2%EMS处理2h,愈伤组织是EMS诱变轮叶党参的的最佳材料。(3)筛选出的6号变异株皂苷含量为5.061mg/g,较对照平均值提高了5.48%。(4)对诱变再生苗进行遗传分析,8个特异引物对10个供试材料共扩增出59条带,具有多态性的谱带数为44条,占74.6%。材料间的相似系数变化范围0.453～0.912,其中3号、7号株与其他8株达到了品种间遗传差异。研究认为,EMS处理可应用于轮叶党参无性变异系的诱变,3号、6号、7号植株为诱变产生的具有较高皂苷含量的初选植株。     

EMS处理对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)是一种常用的诱变剂,在作物诱变育种上应用广泛。EMS在诱变种子的同时也是一种非生物胁迫,能显著降低种子的发芽率。该实验以小麦‘扬麦15’种子为实验材料,设置了7个EMS浓度处理梯度(0%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%、1.4%和1.6%),每个浓度设置3个处理时间(10 h、12 h、14 h),在种子萌发后测定发芽势和发芽率,并对种子进行生物量测定和形态结构观察,探讨EMS处理对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响机制。结果表明：(1)随着EMS浓度的提高和处理时间的延长,小麦种子的萌发率逐渐降低;幼苗的生长逐渐变得缓慢,根长和叶长明显变短。(2)随着EMS处理浓度的升高和处理时间的延长,小麦种子胚乳内淀粉体的降解速率变缓。(3)同一处理时间下,EMS的浓度越高,小麦根系越短,根部横截面积、维管束面积以及皮层面积也越小。研究发现,EMS处理会明显降低小麦种子的发芽率,减缓种子贮藏物质的降解速度,抑制小麦根系的生长。     

甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）对萝卜早期发育性状的诱变效应

甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变育种有着诱变频率高、突变性状多及破坏性小等优点被广泛用于多种作物诱发突变育种。本研究利用不同浓度的EMS对不同品种的萝卜种子进行浸种处理后,发现EMS对萝卜的种子发芽率、萝卜苗根部长度及田间性状等指标上的诱变效应。研究结果表明随着EMS浓度(0.2%~2%)的增加,种子发芽率急剧降低且萝卜苗期根长明显变短,整体呈显著的抑制生长作用。不同品种间对EMS的敏感度依次顺序为短叶-13>夏抗40>春白11-58>双红一号。以半致死浓度为EMS浓度选择标准,确定了EMS处理不同品种萝卜间的适宜浓度为0.4%~0.6%。通过田间性状调查发现0.5%EMS处理短叶13萝卜种子下播大田后,相比对照处理品种表现子叶卷曲及撕裂、真叶增厚及黄化等情况,进一步表明EMS对短叶13萝卜存在的诱变效应。本研究确定了化学诱变剂EMS对萝卜诱变的半致死剂量,初步确认EMS对萝卜早期生长发育性状的诱变效应,将为后期的萝卜诱变育种研究提供研究材料和参考。     

赤霉素产生菌~#85104菌株原生质体的形成再生和紫外光对原生质体诱变条件的研究

赤霉产生菌在正常条件下不产生孢子,育种材料以多核菌丝体及其碎片为主,大部分常用的诱变剂对它们诱变效应较差。本文报导有关赤霉素产生菌~#85104菌株原生质体的获得、再生和紫外光诱变原生质体的条件,甘氨酸对菌丝体生长的影响,以及采用二硫苏糖醇预处理菌丝体等方面条件的研究。在采用紫外光照射原生质体的诱变处理下,已获得数株高产的新菌株。     

南昌霉素高产菌株的链霉素抗性基因突变诱变筛选研究*

通过链霉素对南昌霉素 (Nanchangmycin)产生菌NS 41 80菌株孢子的致死浓度测定基础上 ,采用诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯 (EMS)的不同诱变剂量对菌株孢子进行诱变处理 ,诱变处理的孢子涂布在含链霉素 ( 1 0 μg/mL)致死浓度的高氏平板上 ,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因 (str)突变株。然后从 3,0 0 0株链霉素抗性基因 (str)突变株中通过初筛获得比诱变出发菌株产素能力提高 2 0 %以上的菌株 2 0 2株。再进一步通过摇瓶复筛 ,获得比出发菌株产素能力分别提高 1     

磷对霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养细胞生长和多糖合成的影响

在确定了最适接种量和外植体细胞生理时间的基础上,研究了在不同起始磷浓度下,霍山石斛类原球茎生长、碳、氮消耗和多糖积累的动力学特性。以生长30d的类原球茎为材料,在接种量为100g/L时,类原球茎生长的最佳起始磷浓度为2.5mmol/L,培养36d时,类原球茎鲜重达496.5g/L。动力学分析表明,磷是霍山石斛类原球茎生长的限制性因素,胞内磷的积累水平与细胞生长具有相关性,2.5mmol/L的磷酸盐有利于碳、氮等营养物质的吸收;而多糖积累的最佳起始磷浓度为0.312mmol/L,培养36d时,其产量为2.22g/L。     

Priming biotic factors for optimal protocorm-like body and callus induction in hybrid Cymbidium (Orchidaceae), and assessment of cytogenetic stability in regenerated plantlets

Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and callus were induced in epiphytic hybrid Cymbidium Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’, where induction capacity was strongly explant dependent. Following the use of various explant sources (PLB, leaf tip or base, root tip or base, cell and tissue ‘suspension’), highest PLB formation and callus induction occurred when we used whole PLBs, PLB segments or PLB transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs) or longitudinal TCLs (lTCLs). Plantlet growth and photosynthetic state from whole or bisected PLBs, as well as from tTCLs were not significantly different, after analysis of chlorophyll content. However plantlets generated from lTCLs showed lower values for growth and photosynthetic parameters. All resultant plants were shown to be cytogenetically identical using RAPD and mtDNA analysis despite cytological variation and endopolyploidy occuring between different plant parts. Acclimatization and survival rate was shown to be 100% in the generated plants.     

小蔓长春花组织培养快速繁殖中的遗传稳定性

以小蔓长春花茎段为外植体,在含1.5mg·L-1NAA的MS固体培养基上直接生根,多次继代培养、移栽,建立小蔓长春花组织培养快速繁殖体系。利用RAPD技术结合高效液相色谱技术对连续三次继代无菌苗和炼苗后小蔓长春花的遗传稳定性、长春胺含量稳定性进行分析。结果显示,实验选取的20条随机引物共扩增出清晰的46个条带,不同植株扩增获得的条带数目和带型一致,在所检测范围内继代培养和炼苗均未影响小蔓长春花DNA序列。同时HPLC测得相应材料中长春胺含量均在0.12%以上,培养过程中长春胺含量稳定。本实验建立的小蔓长春花组织培养快速繁殖体系遗传稳定、长春胺含量稳定,可用于大量繁殖小蔓长春花无菌植株,为长春胺生产的提供资源。     

Micropropagation of Spathoglottis plicata

A rapid and reliable micropropagation method was established for Spathoglottis plicata. Nodal and leaf explants dissected from 8-month-old pot-grown seedlings were cultured on charcoal-amended Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 16 combinations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) at concentrations of 0.54–10.74 μm. Regeneration of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and subsequent plantlet development were observed from 98.5% of the nodal explants. Only 6.5% of leaf explants and occasionally some root segments (dissected from regenerated plantlets) were able to produce PLBs and then plantlets. The optimum plant growth regulator (PGR) combination for maximal PLB regeneration was 5.37 μm NAA and 0.44 μm BA. The best combination of PGR for plantlet development was 2.69–10.74 μm NAA and 8.88 μm BA. The NAA to BA ratios for maximal PLB induction and plantlet development were 12.2 and 0.3–1.2, respectively. Regenerated PLBs and plantlets, when cut into pieces of less than 1 mm and subcultured onto the above media, regenerated new PLBs and plantlets in another 3 months. Received: 20 February 1997 / Revision received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 16 June 1997     

文心兰原球茎形态发生与可溶性物质及抗氧化酶的关系

以文心兰切花品种'南茜'无菌苗为材料,取其茎尖通过组织培养诱导形成原球茎和幼苗,观察并分析了原球茎各形态发生阶段的特征及其可溶性糖和蛋白质含量、抗氧化酶(POD、CAT和SOD)活性以及相关同功酶(POD、EST和SOD)的变化.结果显示:(1)文心兰原球茎形态发生可分为外植体期、外植体膨大期、愈伤组织期、原球茎形成期、原球茎成熟期、叶鞘伸展期、顶端腋芽发育期及幼苗期8个阶段.(2)可溶性糖和蛋白质含量均在叶鞘伸展期出现最大峰值;POD活性在外植体膨大期、CAT和SOD活性在愈伤组织期分别出现最大峰值.SOD同工酶的2条酶带在愈伤组织期到幼苗期交替出现;EST同工酶在原球茎形成期有2条特异酶带.研究表明,可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量以及POD、CAT、SOD活性的特异变化与文心兰茎尖脱分化及原球茎再分化的实现密切相关,不同类型的同工酶在原球茎同一发生阶段表现出较大差异,EST同工酶的2条特异酶带可作为原球茎形成的标志.     

Conditions necessary for quantifying ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutations to purine-analogue resistance in Chinese hamster V79 cells.

We have investigated conditions necessary to quantify the relationship between exposure to a mutagen, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and the frequency of mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in V79 cells. Maximal expression of potential mutants has been achieved by either subculturing at fewer than 5 X 10(5) cells/100-mm dish at 2-day intervals or by daily feeding of cultures. An expression period of 5 days (measure from 1 day after the initiation of treatment with the chemical mutagen) should be allowed, since at least 4 days of expression is required to reach to steady maximum of mutation frequency. It appears that there is no concentration dependence of expression time necessary to reach a plateau of mutation frequency with increasing concentrations of EMS up to 1.6 mg/ml. About 1.25 X 10(5) cells/100-mm dish or fewer should be plated for selection to avoid the loss of mutants which occurs at 1.5 X 10(5) cells/dish, presumably through cross-feeding (metabolic cooperation). The use of 6-thioguanine in hypoxanthine-free medium (supplemented with dialyzed fetal calf serum) appears to be a very stringent condition for selection. Mutation induction by EMS as a function of EMS exposure (EMS concentration X treatment time) increases linearly with concentration up to 12 h. For these treatment periods, the observed mutation frequencies for EMS are directly proportional to mutagen exposure regardless of the duration of the treatment.     

Ploidy doubling by in vitro culture of excised protocorms or protocorm-like bodies in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaenopsis</Emphasis> species

Endopolyploidy was observed in the protocorms of diploid Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana with ploidy doubling achieved by in vitro regeneration of excised protocorms, or protocorm-like bodies (PLBs). Thirty-four per cent of the PLBs regenerated from the first cycle of sectioned protocorms were found to be polyploids with ploidy doubled once or twice as determined by flow-cytometry. The frequency of ploidy doubling increased as the sectioning cycles increased and was highest in diploid followed by the triploid and tetraploid. Regeneration of the endopolyploid cells in the tissue of the protocorms or PLBs is proposed as the source of the development of ploidy doubled plantlets. The frequency of ploidy doubling was similar in seven other Phalaenopsis species, although the rate of increase within cycles was genotype specific. In two species, a comparison of five parameters between 5-month-old diploid and tetraploid potted plants showed only the stomata density differed significantly. The flowers of the tetraploid plant were larger and heavier than those of the diploids. This ploidy doubling method is a simple and effective means to produce large number of polyploid Phalaenopsis species plants as well as their hybrids. The method will be beneficial to orchid breeding programs especially for the interspecific hybridization between varieties having different chromosome sizes and ploidy levels.     

The role of thin cell layers in regeneration and transformation in orchids

Thin cell layers (TCLs) offer a simple yet effective protocol that has contributed to major advances in clonal micropropagation of orchids. TLCs have been successfully used for protocorm-like body (PLB) and callus induction in Aranda, Coelogyne cristata, Cymbidium spp., Dendrobium spp., Doritaenopsis, Paphiopedilum, Renanthera, Rhynchostylis, Spathoglottis, and Xenikophyton. TCLs have also been a bulwark for genetic transformation studies of select genera. This review takes an in-depth look at how TCLs have been employed in orchid biotechnology and provides in-depth protocols that will allow for the generation of PLBs using TCLs. As PLBs in orchids are deemed somatic embryos, these will be useful for large-scale mass propagation in bioreactors or for long-term storage as synthetic seeds.     

Assessment of genetic stability in tissue-cultured products and seedlings of Saussurea involucrata by RAPD and ISSR markers

To control the genetic quality during the whole process of tissue culture of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Saussurea involucrate Kar. et Kir., DNA polymorphisms and genetic variations were investigated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. The genetic stability/variation in tissue-cultured products, including three calli, three adventitious shoots, regenerated plantlets and 2 year-old regenerated plantlets cultivated in the planting base in Tianshan Mountain, were assessed compared with 1 year-old and 2 year-old seedlings cultivated in the same planting base using aseptic seedlings as reference. Apparent genetic variation was detected in the 11 type of plant materials. The percentages of polymorphic bands in the RAPD and ISSR analysis were, respectively, 35% and 33%. Cluster analysis indicated that the genetic similarity values calculated on the basis of RAPD and ISSR data among the 11 type of plant materials were respectively ranged from 0.823 to 0.995 with a mean of 0.878 and 0.825 to 0.974 with a mean of 0.885, which classified the samples into three groups. The similarity coefficient also revealed that differences among three calli were not remarkable by both RAPD and ISSR analysis, and only chemical components and growth properties needed consideration in the screening of callus used for the next redifferentiation studies. But there are remarkable differences among three adventitious shoots analyzed by ISSR markers. Therefore, RAPD and ISSR markers are efficient tools in genetic variation assessment and quality control in plant tissue culture process.     

大薯类原球茎的离体诱导及再生体系的建立

采用正交试验设计方法,以大薯带节茎段为外植体,离体诱导类原球茎并建立大薯类原球茎的再生体系,以解决愈伤组织分化成苗和试管苗移栽成活率低的难题。结果表明：以带节茎段为外植体诱导类原球茎的最适培养基为MS（含3×Ca2＋）＋1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA＋0.2 mg·L-1 NAA＋0.1%PVP＋3%蔗糖,诱导率高达93.33%;类原球茎增殖的最适培养基为MS＋4mg·L-1 6-BA＋80 mg·L-1 Ad＋0.1%PVP＋3%蔗糖;类原球茎生根的最适培养基：1/2MS＋0.10 mg·L-1 NAA＋0.1%PVP＋3%蔗糖。将诱导得到的生根类原球茎植株进行炼苗,移栽基质珍珠岩：蛭石=2：1,移栽成活率可达到95%。