Resveratrol reduces infarct size and improves ventricular function after myocardial ischemia in rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resveratrol, a polyphenol present in grapes and red wine, on ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. After permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery, surviving rats were randomly allocated to three groups and treated with 1 mg/kg/day resveratrol (R-1 group), 0.1 mg/kg/day resveratrol (R-0.1 group), or vehicles (control group) administered by intraperitoneal injection once daily for four weeks. We examined the effects of resveratrol by echocardiography, hemodynamic studies, histologic examinations, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The R-1 group had significantly increased fractional shortening of the left ventricle, ameliorated left ventricular dilatation, reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and reduced infarct size. In contrast, the R-0.1 group experienced no beneficial effects on myocardial infarction. The R-1 group also had significantly attenuated expression of myocardial atrial natriuretic peptide and transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNAs. This study indicates that resveratrol is a potent cardioprotective agent in MI rats. Its cardioprotective effects may be due to a reduction of atrial natriuretic peptide and transforming growth factor-beta1, which are known to protect the heart from detrimental remodeling.     

Etanercept Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Decreasing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

The protective role of etanercept in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether etanercept modulates neutrophil accumulation, TNF-α induction and oxidative stress in an ischemia/reperfusion injured rat heart model. Rats were randomly exposed to sham operation, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) alone, MI/R+ etanercept. The results demonstrated that compared to MI/R, etanercept reduced myocardial infarction area, myocardial myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, serum creatinine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and both serum and myocardial TNF-α production. Etanercept also markedly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in MI/R rats. In summary, our data suggested that etanercept has protective effects against MI/R injury in rats, which may be attributed to attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress.     

罗布麻通过抑制氧化应激反应减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤

目的:观察罗布麻叶提取物(apocynum venetum leaf extract AVLE)预处理对心肌缺血再灌注(MI/R)损伤的影响。方法:采用SD大鼠MI/R模型,随机分为sham(假手术)组、MI/R组、AVLE预处理+MI/R组,检测血流动力学,采用氯化三苯基四氮唑和伊文思蓝双染法检测心梗面积、以血浆肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性检测心肌损伤情况、以超氧化物、丙二醛(MAD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量检测心肌氧化应激以及Western blot方法检测gp91phox的表达。结果:与MI/R组相比,AVLE预处理组左室压上升、下降最大速率(±LVdp/dtmax)升高(P0.05),心肌梗死面积减少,两组分别为41.5±4.5%和32.0±3.5%(P0.05),血浆CK和LDH活性分别降低到1653±62 U/L和2461±152 U/L(P0.05),减少了心肌组织超氧化物的含量(P0.05)。AVLE治疗显着降低gp91phox的表达(P0.05),使SOD活性增加(P0.05),MDA水平显著降低(P0.05)。结论:AVLE通过抑制I/R心肌的氧化应激发挥心脏保护作用。     

白藜芦醇后处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤海马CA1区Bax、Bcl-2的影响

摘要 目的：探讨白藜芦醇后处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响。方法：清洁级雄性SD大鼠60只随机分为假手术组（n=12）、I/R组（n=12）、白藜芦醇组（n=36）,白藜芦醇组按不同剂量分为低剂量、中剂量、高剂量组（10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg）,每组12只。假手术组：仅暴露大鼠颈外动脉,不做缺血处理;I/R组：采用改良线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注损伤模型（缺血2 h,再灌注24 h）;白藜芦醇组：造模方法同I/R组,在大鼠缺血2h后,将不同剂量白藜芦醇腹腔注射入大鼠体内,比较各组SD大鼠神经功能缺损评分、采用Western blotting法、免疫组化法对大鼠脑组织缺血侧海马CA1区Bax和Bcl-2表达进行比较。结果：白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组神经功能缺损评分均低于I/R组,随着白藜芦醇剂量的增加,神经功能缺损评分逐渐降低,其中白藜芦醇高剂量组神经功能缺损评分降低最为明显;白藜芦醇组与I/R组相比,不同剂量白藜芦醇组Bax表达逐渐减少,而Bcl-2表达明显增加,其中以白藜芦醇高剂量组改变最为明显。结论：高剂量白藜芦醇可以降低大鼠神经功能缺损评分,减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制与Bax、Bcl-2的表达有关。     

Regulation of components of the brain and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems by 17beta-estradiol after myocardial infarction in female rats

The present study tested the hypothesis that 17beta-estradiol (E2) inhibits increases in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the brain and heart after myocardial infarction (MI) and, thereby, inhibits development of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction after MI. Age-matched female Wistar rats were treated as follows: 1) no surgery (ovary intact), 2) ovariectomy + subcutaneous vehicle treatment (OVX + Veh), or 3) OVX + subcutaneous administration of a high dose of E2 (OVX + high-E2). After 2 wk, rats were randomly assigned to coronary artery ligation (MI) and sham operation groups and studied after 3 wk. E2 status did not affect LV function in sham rats. At 2-3 wk after MI, impairment of LV function was similar across MI groups, as measured by echocardiography and direct LV catheterization. LV ACE mRNA abundance and activity were increased severalfold in all MI groups compared with respective sham animals and to similar levels across MI groups. In most brain nuclei, ACE and AT1R densities increased after MI. Unexpectedly, compared with the respective sham groups the relative increase was clearest (20-40%) in OVX + high-E2 MI rats, somewhat less (10-15%) in ovary-intact MI rats, and least (< 10-15%) in OVX + Veh MI rats. However, because in the sham group brain ACE and AT1R densities increased in the OVX + Veh rats and decreased in the OVX + high-E2 rats compared with the ovary-intact rats, actual ACE and AT1R densities in most brain nuclei were modestly higher (< 20%) in OVX + Veh MI rats than in the other two MI groups. Thus E2 does not inhibit upregulation of ACE in the LV after MI and amplifies the percent increases in ACE and AT1R densities in brain nuclei after MI, despite E2-induced downregulation in sham rats. Consistent with these minor variations in the tissue renin-angiotensin system, during the initial post-MI phase, E2 appears not to enhance or hinder the development of LV dysfunction.     

Two-dimensional analysis of myocardial protein expression following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in rabbits

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MI/R) can be related to leukocyte activation with subsequent release of cytokines and oxygen derived free radicals. Activation of the complement system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Inflammatory injury will subsequently result in cellular activation and protein synthesis. In the present study we analyzed the myocardial protein expression and its pattern following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, with and without complement inhibition with the synthetic serine protease inhibitor Futhan/nafamstat mesilate (FUT-175) known to inhibit classical and alternative complement pathway in a rabbit model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (60 min I+180 min R). FUT-175 significantly reduced myocardial necrosis, i.e. creatine kinase release which were analyzed for the three groups (p<0.05). Similarly, histological analysis demonstrated preservation of myocardial tissue injury and reduced leukocyte accumulation following FUT-175 treatment. Further, the myocardial protein expression was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis following MI/R in the different groups. The protein patterns were evaluated by means of MELANIE III, a computer assisted gel analysis system. The biochemical identification of the proteins of interest was, achieved using nanohigh-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. On average, 509 +/- 25 protein spots were found on the gels. A pattern of 480 spots with identical positions was found on every gel of five animals of each group. We analyzed ten spots which were significantly altered (i.e., in eight spots we observed decreased protein expression and in two spots we observed increased expression, vehicle vs. sham), by using mass spectrometry. Superoxide dismutase precursor and alphaB-crystallin were identified. We compared sham group vs. vehicle group and vehicle group vs. FUT-175 treated animals. Expression of the two identified proteins decreased by half the amount in the vehicle group when compared to sham treated animals. Treatment with FUT-175 preserved significantly superoxide dismutase precursor and alphaB-crystallin protein expression when compared to vehicle animals. The results present marked differences in myocardial protein expression after ischemia and reperfusion and following treatment with the complement inhibitor FUT-175. Our results illustrate the application of proteomics to discover possible new therapeutic targets or to detect unexpected effects of pharmacological inhibitors.     

地高辛抗血清阻断内洋地黄素对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的：探讨地高辛抗血清对大鼠实验性心肌缺血／再灌注损伤（MI／R）的心肌氧化应激的影响。方法：采用左冠状动脉前降支结扎30min,复灌45min建立在体大鼠MI／R模型。SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、缺血／再灌注模型组、生理盐水组、维拉帕米组、小、中、大剂量地高辛抗血清组：于再灌注45min后检测左室心尖部缺血区心肌中内洋地黄素含量、心肌细胞膜Na^＋,K^＋-ATP酶和SOD活性以及MDA含量,光镜下观察心肌组织形态学变化。结果：MI／R组和生理盐水组大鼠心肌组织内洋地黄素水平明显升高,细胞膜Na^＋,K^＋-ATP酶活性明显下降,心肌组织SOD活性降低,MDA水平升高。治疗组包括维拉帕米组均能减轻心肌组织结构损伤,降低MDA水平,部分恢复SOD活性;但只有地高辛抗血清能降低心肌组织内洋地黄素水平,恢复心肌细胞膜Na^＋,K^＋-ATP酶活性。结论：地高辛抗血清通过拮抗内洋地黄素,恢复心肌细胞膜Na^＋,K^＋-ATP酶活性,从而减轻缺血／再灌注时的氧自由基损伤。     

在低氧预处理延迟心肌保护中钙网蛋白表达升高

本文分别在整体实验和细胞培养条件下研究钙网蛋白（calreticulin,CRT）在低氧预处理（hypoxic preconditioning,HPC）延迟心肌保护中的表达及其信号转导机制。（1）整体实验时Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：假手术（sham）组、仅结扎冠状动脉的心肌缺血（myocardial infarction,MI）组和HPC后再结扎冠状动脉的HPC＋MI组,分别于术后24h、14d和28d观察HPC对缺血后心功能和梗死区、危险区面积的影响;采用Western blot检测CRT表达以及p38丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（p38mitogenactivated protein kinase,p38MAPK）、应激活化蛋白激酶（stress-activated protein kinase,SAPK）活性。（2）原代培养Sprague—Dawley乳鼠心肌细胞,随机分为6组：低氧,复氧（hypoxia／reoxygenation,H／R）组、HPC组、HPC＋H,R组、p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580＋HPC＋H／R（SB＋HPC＋H／R）组、SAPK抑制剂SP600125＋HPC＋H瓜（SP＋HPC＋H／R）组和正常对照组;采用台盼蓝排斥实验、乳酸脱氢酶（1actate dehydrogenase,LDH）活性检测及流式细胞仪检测各组细胞损伤情况;采用Western blot检测CRT表达及p38MAPK、SAPK的磷酸化水平。主要结果如下：（1）整体动物实验结果表明,HPC改善缺血对心肌左室压力最大上升,下降速度（＋dp／dtmax）的抑制,限制心肌梗死面积;HPC后CRT表达呈动态变化：术后24h时HPC＋MI组CRT表达增高106％（P〈0．05vsMI组）,以危险区最为显著;14d至28d表达逐步降低。相关分析显示,术后24h时CRT表达量与心功能呈正相关（r=0．9867,P〈0．05）,与梗死面积呈负相关（r=-0．9709,P〈0．05）。（2）细胞培养实验结果表明,HPC可减轻H／R诱导的心肌细胞LDH漏出,增加心肌细胞存活率,降低细胞凋亡;单纯HPC可诱导CRT表达轻度增加（222％,P〈0．05vs对照组）,而损伤性H／R诱导CRT过表达（503％,P〈0．05vs对照组）,HPC可降低H／R诱导CRT表达升高的幅度;p38MAPK活性与HPC诱导的CRT表达呈正相关（r=0．9021,P〈0．05）,而SAPK活性与其呈负相关（r=-0．8211,P〈0．05）。由此得出结论：（1）整体实验中HPC可明显改善缺血后心脏的收缩与舒张功能,限制心肌梗死范围,促进危险区心肌恢复;心肌梗死早期,HPC诱导CRT表达上调,参与心肌保护;（2）细胞培养实验中HPC可诱导CRT适度表达,增强原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞对H／R损伤的抵抗力;p38MAPK可能介导HPC诱导的CRT表达,而SAPK激活可能不利于心肌保护。     

Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The objective of the current study is to investigate whether ginsenoside Rb1, a major pharmacological extract of ginseng that could attenuate myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R) injury in non-diabetic myocardium, can attenuate MI/R injury in diabetes that are more vulnerable to ischemic insult. Rats were divided into seven groups: (i) diabetic sham, (ii) diabetic, (iii) normal, (iv) diabetic + ginsenoside Rb1, (v) diabetic + wortmannin, (vi) diabetic + wortmannin + ginsenoside Rb1, (vii) diabetic sham + wortmannin. Ginsenoside Rb1 and/or wortmannin were administered prior to inducing MI/R (30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min reperfusion). At the end of the experiment, postischemic myocardial infarct size was significantly higher in the diabetic untreated group as compared to normal (P < 0.05), accompanied with increased myocardial apoptosis, elevated plasma CK-MB and LDH release and reduced blood pressure. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduced infarct size, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and caspase-3 activity compared to the diabetic group. The cardioprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 were cancelled by wortmannin. Ginsenoside Rb1 significantly upregulated phosphorylated Akt expression, which was attenuated by wortmannin. Ginsenoside Rb1 exerts cardioprotective effects against MI/R injury in diabetic rats, which is partly through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 K)/Akt pathway. Thus this study shows a novel pharmacological preconditioning with ginsenoside Rb1 in the diabetic myocardium.     

LOX-1 inhibition in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: modulation of MMP-1 and inflammation

A recently identified lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) mediates endothelial cell injury and facilitates inflammatory cell adhesion. We studied the role of LOX-1 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 60 min of left coronary artery (LCA) ligation, followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Rats were treated with saline, LOX-1 blocking antibody JXT21 (10 mg/kg), or nonspecific anti-goat IgG (10 mg/kg) before I/R. Ten other rats underwent surgery without LCA ligation and served as a sham control group. LOX-1 expression was markedly increased during I/R (P < 0.01 vs. sham control group). Simultaneously, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and adhesion molecules (P-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1) was also increased in the I/R area (P < 0.01 vs. sham control group). There was intense leukocyte accumulation in the I/R area in the saline-treated group. Treatment of rats with the LOX-1 antibody prevented I/R-induced upregulation of LOX-1 and reduced MMP-1 and adhesion molecule expression as well as leukocyte recruitment. LOX-1 antibody, but not nonspecific IgG, also reduced myocardial infarct size (P < 0.01 vs. saline-treated I/R group). To explore the link between LOX-1 and adhesion molecule expression, we measured expression of oxidative stress-sensitive p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). The activity of p38 MAPK was increased during I/R (P < 0.01 vs. sham control), and use of LOX-1 antibody inhibited p38 MAPK activation (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that myocardial I/R upregulates LOX-1 expression, which through p38 MAPK activation increases the expression of MMP-1 and adhesion molecules. Inhibition of LOX-1 exerts an important protective effect against myocardial I/R injury.     

Knockdown of lncRNA AK139328 alleviates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic mice via modulating miR‐204‐3p and inhibiting autophagy

This study was aimed at investigating the effects of lncRNA AK139328 on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) in diabetic mice. Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) model was constructed in normal mice (NM) and diabetic mice (DM). Microarray analysis was utilized to identify lncRNA AK139328 overexpressed in DM after myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (MI/R). RT‐qPCR assay was utilized to investigate the expressions of lncRNA AK139328 and miR‐204‐3p in cardiomyocyte and tissues. Left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractioning shortening (FS) were obtained by transthoracic echocardiography. Haematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining were utilized to detect the damage of myocardial tissues degradation of myocardial fibres and integrity of myocardial collagen fibres. Evans Blue/TTC staining was used to determine the myocardial infarct size. TUNEL staining was utilized to investigate cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The targeted relationship between lncRNA AK139328 and miR‐204‐3p was confirmed by dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay. MTT assay was used for analysis of cardiomyocyte proliferation. Western blot was utilized to investigate the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), Atg7, Atg5, LC3‐II/LC3‐I and p62 marking autophagy. Knockdown of lncRNA AK139328 relieved myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in DM and inhibited cardiomyocyte autophagy as well as apoptosis of DM. LncRNA AK139328 modulated miR‐204‐3p directly. MiR‐204‐3p and knockdown of lncRNA AK139328 relieved hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via inhibiting cardiomyocyte autophagy. Silencing lncRNA AK139328 significantly increased miR‐204‐3p expression and inhibited cardiomyocyte autophagy, thereby attenuating MIRI in DM.     

当归多糖通过上调VEGF抑制细胞凋亡

本研究旨在探讨当归多糖减轻糖尿病缺血再灌注(I/R)诱导大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的作用机制。通过构建糖尿病I/R大鼠模型,再将大鼠随机分为4组(n=10):假手术组(Sham)、糖尿病I/R组(I/R)、I/R+10 mg/kg当归多糖组(I/R+ANG)、I/R+10 mg/kg当归多糖+15μg/kg阿柏西普组(I/R+ANG+AF);通过TTC染色法分析不同实验组大鼠心肌梗死面积差异;使用ELISA试剂盒分析当归多糖干预对I/R大鼠心肌酶水平和氧化应激反应的影响;借助TUNEL/DAPI双重染色分析各组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡情况;通过Western blotting检测当归多糖对血管内皮生长因子A (VEGFA)蛋白表达的影响。TTC染色检测结果表明,与糖尿病I/R组相比,当归多糖可显著减少糖尿病I/R大鼠心肌梗塞面积(p<0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示,与I/R组相比,当归多糖显著降低了糖尿病I/R组大鼠心肌酶--LDH和CK血清水平(p<0.05),并降低TNF-α(p<0.05)、IL-6 (p<0.05)水平,以及上调SOD活性(p<0.05)。TUNEL/DAPI双重染色镜检观察到当归多糖组的TUNEL阳性心肌细胞百分比显著低于I/R组(p<0.05);蛋白免疫印迹分析表明,与假手术组相比,在糖尿病I/R大鼠中检测到p-eNOS蛋白表达下调;而与I/R相比,当归多糖显著减轻了I/R对p-eNOS蛋白表达的抑制作用;与I/R组和阿柏西普组相比,当归多糖处理组的Caspase-3活化水平较低(p<0.05)。而VEGF抑制剂--阿柏西普处理均明显减轻上述当归多糖在糖尿病I/R大鼠中的所有有益作用。当归多糖通过减轻糖尿病I/R大鼠的氧化应激以及炎症反应,以及上调VEGFA表达和抑制Caspase-3活化来减弱糖尿病缺血/再灌注诱导的心肌细胞凋亡,从而在大鼠体内发挥心脏保护作用。     

Protective effects of Curcuma longa on ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial injuries and their mechanisms

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) in the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model of myocardial infarction (MI). Wistar rats were divided into three groups and received saline orally (sham, control I/R group) and Curcuma longa 100 mg/kg (CL-100 treated group) respectively for one month. On the 31st day, rats of the control I/R and Cl treated groups were subjected to 45 min of occlusion of the LAD coronary artery and were thereafter reperfused for 1 h. I/R resulted in significant cardiac necrosis, depression in left ventricular function, decline in antioxidant status and elevation in lipid perodixation in the control I/R group as compared to sham control. Myocardial infarction produced after I/R was significantly reduced in the Cl treated group. Cl treatment resulted in restoration of the myocardial antioxidant status and altered hemodynamic parameters as compared to control I/R. Furthermore, I/R-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited by Cl treatment. The beneficial cardioprotective effects also translated into the functional recovery of the heart. Cardioprotective effect of Cl likely results from the suppression of oxidative stress and correlates with the improved ventricular function. Histopathological examination further confirmed the protective effects of Cl on the heart.     

Depression Increases Sympathetic Activity and Exacerbates Myocardial Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction: Evidence from an Animal Experiment

Depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Excessive sympathetic activation and serious myocardial remodeling may contribute to this association. The aim of this study was to discuss the effect of depression on sympathetic activity and myocardial remodeling after MI. Wild-type (WT) rats were divided into a sham group (Sham), a myocardial infarction group (MI), a depression group (D), and a myocardial infarction plus depression group (MI+D). Compared with controls, the MI+D animals displayed depression-like behaviors and attenuated body weight gain. The evaluation of sympathetic activity showed an increased level in plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine and higher expression of myocardial tyrosine hydroxylase in the MI+D group than the control groups (p<0.05 for all). Cardiac function and morphologic analyses revealed a decreased fractional shortening accompanied by increased left ventricular dimensions, thinning myocardium wall, and reduced collagen repair in the MI+D group compared with the MI group (p<0.05 for all). Frequent premature ventricular contractions, prolonged QT duration and ventricular repolarization duration, shorted effective refractory period, and increased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia were displayed in MI+D rats. These results indicate that sympathetic hyperactivation and exacerbated myocardial remodeling may be a plausible mechanism linking depression to an adverse prognosis after MI.     

蓝莓花色苷预处理对大鼠心肌梗死的保护作用

目的观察蓝莓花色苷（blueberryanthocyanin,BBA）预处理对实验性急性心肌梗死大鼠心肌梗死面积,心肌肌钙蛋白-T（cTn-T）表达,Bax、Bcl-2mRNA表达的影响,探讨其干预心肌梗死的机制。方法40只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组,心肌梗死模型组,BBA低、中、高剂量组,药物干预4周,末次给药30min后结扎左冠状动脉前降支建立心梗动物模型。24h后,TTC检测心肌梗死面积;Westernblotting方法检测心肌细胞cTn-T蛋白表达;realtimePCR方法检测Bcl-2mRNA、BaxmRNA表达。结果模型组和假手术组相比,模型组心肌梗死面积显著升高（P〈0．01）,心肌细胞cTn．T蛋白表达下降（P〈0．05）,Bcl-2mRNA表达下降（P〈0．05）,BaxmRNA表达显著升高（P〈0．01）,Bcl-2／Bax比值显著降低（P〈0．01）。BBA干预给药组和模型组相比,中剂量组心肌梗死面积低于模型组（P〈0．05）,低剂量组心肌细胞cTn-T蛋白表达升高（P〈0．05）,中剂量组Bcl-2mRNA表达升高（P〈0．05）,低、中剂量组BaxmRNA表达下降（P〈0．05）,中剂量组Bcl-2／Bax比值升高（P〈0．05）。结论蓝莓花色苷对心肌梗死后心肌细胞具有明确的保护作用,其机制可能与减少心肌梗死面积,上调心肌细胞eTn-T蛋白的表达,上调Bcl-2mRNA表达、下调BaxmRNA表达,抑制心肌梗死后心肌细胞凋亡有关。     

Differential proteomic profiling to study the mechanism of cardiac pharmacological preconditioning by resveratrol

Recent studies demonstrated that resveratrol, a grape-derived polyphenolic phytoalexin, provides pharmacological preconditioning of the heart through a NO-dependent mechanism. To further explore the molecular mechanisms involved in resveratrol-mediated cardioprotection, we monitored the effects of resveratrol treatment after ischemia-reperfusion on the protein profile by implementation of proteomic analysis. Two groups of rats were studied; one group of animals was fed resveratrol for 7 days, while the other group was given vehicle only. The rats were sacrificed for the isolated working heart preparation and for isolation of cytoplasmic fraction from left ventricle homogenates to carry out the proteomic as well as immunoblot at baseline and at the end of 30 min ischemia/2-h perfusion. The results demonstrate significant cardioprotection with resveratrol evidenced by improved ventricular recovery and reduced infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The left ventricular cytoplasmic fractions were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Differentially regulated proteins were detected with quantitative computer analysis of the Coomassie blue stained 2-DE images and identified by MALDI-TOF (MS) and nanoLC-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Five redox-regulated and preconditioning- related proteins were identified that were all upregulated by resveratrol: MAPKK, two different alphaB-crystallin species, HSP 27 and PE binding protein. Another HSP27 species and aldose reductase were downregulated and peroxiredoxin- 2 remained constant. The results of the immunoblot analysis of phosphorylated MAPKK, -HSP27 and -alphaB-crystallin and PE binding protein were consistent with the proteomic findings, but not with peroxiredoxin-2. The proteomic analysis showed also downregulation of some proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and matrix and the myofilament regulating protein MLC kinase-2. The results of the present study demonstrate that proteomic profiling enables the identification of resveratrol induced preconditioning-associated proteins which reflects not only changes in their expression level but also isoforms, post-translational modifications and regulating binding or activating partner proteins.     

Aerobic training prevents cardiometabolic changes triggered by myocardial infarction in ovariectomized rats

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of aerobic training (AT) on autonomic, cardiometabolic, ubiquitin‐proteasome activity, and inflammatory changes evoked by myocardial infarction (MI) in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats were ovariectomized and divided into four groups: sedentary + sham (SS), sedentary + MI (SI), AT + sham surgery (TS), AT + MI (TI). AT was performed on a treadmill for 8 weeks before MI. Infarcted rats previously subjected to AT presented improved physical capacity, increased interleukin‐10, and decreased pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Metabolomic analysis identified and quantified 62 metabolites, 9 were considered significant by the Vip Score. SS, SI, and TS groups presented distinct metabolic profiles; however, TI could not be distinguished from the SS group. MI dramatically increased levels of dimethylamine, and AT prevented this response. Our findings suggest that AT may be useful in preventing the negative changes in functional, inflammatory, and metabolic parameters related to MI in ovariectomized rats.     

Echocardiographic detection of congestive heart failure in postinfarction rats

In studies of congestive heart failure (CHF) treatment, it is essential to select animals with a similar degree of cardiac dysfunction. However, this is difficult to establish without hemodynamic evaluation in rat postinfarction-induced CHF. This study aimed to diagnose CHF in long-term follow-up postinfarction rats using only echocardiographic criteria through a J-tree cluster analysis and Fisher's linear discriminant function. Two sets of sham and infarcted rats were studied. The first was used to perform cluster analysis and the second to prospectively validate the results. Six months after inducing myocardial infarction (MI), rats were subjected to transthoracic echocardiography. Infarct size was measured by histological analysis. Six echocardiographic variables were used in the cluster analysis: left ventricular (LV) systolic dimension, LV diastolic dimension-to-body weight ratio, left atrial diameter-to-body weight ratio, LV posterior wall shortening velocity, E wave, and isovolumetric relaxation time. Cluster analysis joined the rats into one sham and two MI groups. One MI cluster had more severe anatomical and echocardiographic changes and was called MI with heart failure (MI/HF+, n = 24, infarct size: 42.7 ± 5.8%). The other had less severe changes and was called MI without heart failure (MI/HF-, n = 11, infarct size: 32.3 ± 9.9%; P < 0.001 vs. MI/HF+). Three rats with small infarct size (21.6 ± 2.2%) presenting mild cardiac alterations were misallocated in the sham group. Fisher's linear discriminant function was built using these groups and used to prospectively classify additional groups of sham-operated (n = 20) and infarcted rats (n = 57) using the same echocardiographic parameters. The discriminant function therefore detected CHF with 100% specificity and 80% sensitivity considering allocation in MI/HF+ and sham group, and 100% specificity and 58.8% sensitivity considering MI/HF+ and MI/HF- groups, taking into account pathological criteria of CHF diagnosis. Echocardiographic analysis can be used to accurately predict congestive heart failure in postinfarction rats.