栖境不同的两种跳甲复眼结构比较

栖息于荫暗隐蔽处的蛇莓跳甲(Altica fragariae)和向阳开阔地的萎陵跳甲(A.Ampelophaga)的复眼外部形态及小眼微细结构有如下相同特征：两复眼均比较小,呈“八”字型排列在头部近背方的两侧;每个小眼含有一个双凸面的角膜锥体、4个森氏细胞和7个小网膜细胞;2个主色素细胞及11-12个附色素细胞围绕在小眼的外缘;小网膜细胞和色素细胞内均有丰富色素颗粒,当光照强度发生变化时,小网膜细胞内的色素颗粒发生位移;在视杆中段横切面上,视杆由7个微绒毛呈平行排列的矩形视小杆组成,其中的6个视小杆互相连成一个近似六边形的框架,将另一个视小杆围在中央。两种跳甲复眼结构的主要差异有：蛇莓跳甲每个复眼大约仅有150个小眼,而萎陵跳甲约有2印个;复眼曲率半径前者只有后者的一半;视杆中段横切面上,视杆占整个小网膜面积的比率两虫分别为37%和25%,蛇莓跳甲高于萎陵跳甲。对以上形态结构特征可能具有的功能意义进行了初步讨论。     

蛇莓跳甲的生物学初步观察

蛇莓跳甲Alticafragariae(Nakane)是一种寡食性昆虫,在北京地区世代重叠现象明显,1年可发生2~3代,以成虫越冬,越冬时有明显的群集行为。蛇莓跳甲幼虫共3个龄期。在实验室条件下(光照∶黑暗=16∶8,25℃),蛇莓跳甲卵期为7~9d,平均7.57d;从幼虫孵出开始到羽化需要20~24d,其中雄虫平均需要21.31d,雌虫平均需要21.73d,羽化率为79%,羽化后5~7d可达到性成熟,开始交配、产卵。     

凹唇跳甲属的中国种类(叶甲科,跳甲亚科)

记述凹唇跳甲属Argopus Fischer von Waldheim的中国种类,共计16种,其中含2新种:似双齿凹唇跳甲A.similibidentata Wang et Ge,sp.nov.,产自浙江天目山及陕西宁陕火地塘;粗背凹唇跳甲A.foveolata Wang et Ge,sp.nov.产自黑龙江带岭、虎林;另黑胸凹唇跳甲A.miyakei Kimoto,1991,仅记录中国台湾,本文记载了来自福建、广西、贵州的6头标本(3♂♂,3♀♀),扩大了该种的分布范围.新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所国家动物博物馆.     

球须跳甲属的中国种类(鞘翅目,叶甲科,跳甲亚科)

记述球须跳甲属Acrocrypta Baly,1862的中国种类共计5种,其中包括1新种,即紫铜球须跳甲Acrocrypta Violaceicuprea Wang,sp.nov.;给出了球须跳甲属中国已知种的名录、地理分布以及检索表.模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

寡毛跳甲属中国种类(叶甲科,跳甲亚科)记述

记述了寡毛跳甲属Luperomorpha Weise的中国种类,共计27种,其中有6新种,新种为陈氏寡毛跳甲Luperomorpha cheni Wang et Ge,sp.nov.,光胸寡毛跳甲Luperomorpha glabricollis Wang et Ge,sp.nov.,广西寡毛跳甲Luperomorpha guangxiana Wang et Ge,sp.nov.,海南寡毛跳甲Luperomorpha hainana Wang et Ge,sp.nov.,膨梗寡毛跳甲Luperomorpha pedicelis Wang et Ge,sp.nov.,古铜寡毛跳甲Luperomorpha similimetallica Wang et Ge,sp.nov.。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆。     

中国潜跳甲属分类研究(鞘翅目:叶甲科:跳甲亚科)

本文系统研究了潜跳甲属Podagricomela Heikertinger的中国种类,共10种,包括1新记录种：黑足潜跳甲P.nigripes Medvedev。文中提供了分种检索表、简要描述和雌雄外生殖器特征图。在此基础上对本属在中国的地理分布格局进行了初步探讨。潜跳甲属Podagricomela Heikertinger的分布中心在中国,表现出由南向北分布的特点,主要分布于华南区、西南区、华中区和华北区,多以芸香科植物为寄主。     

跳甲属昆虫的食性及其生物学意义

跳甲属昆虫广布全世界,已知300多种,体色近似,外形差异不大,分类鉴定十分困难。但其中许多种类具特殊的食性特征,其寄主植物常是分类鉴定的向导和重要参考。作者分析了已知有寄主记录的59种跳甲的寄主,并根据其寄主范围划分为5种类型:取食多科、2科、1科多属、1科2属及1科1属,而以1科1属型为最多,占67.8%。至目前所知,其寄主范围限于双子叶植物,跳甲和寄主植物之间的对应关系是跳甲的“种”对植物的“属”。值得特别关注的是寄主植物的“种”与跳甲“亚种”之间的分化关系。成虫的取食范围大于幼虫,幼虫保持原始的取食特征。跳甲的同域物种分化可能通过食性转化而进行,食性转化可能先从成虫开始。成幼食性观察是研究寄主转移的关键。     

九行跳甲属及一新种(叶甲科,跳甲亚科)

记述叶甲科跳甲亚科九行跳甲属Lpromela Chen及1新种.新种产自中国海南省吊罗山.该属系Chen于1933年建立,模式种为L.costata Chen,产自日本.该属此前已知4种,L.okinawana Chujo及L.mi砌nutissima(Pic)等2种分布于日本,L.formosana Ohno记录于中国台湾,L.bupipennis Chen et Wang 记录于中国广西,连同本文一新种L.decemaculata Wang et Ge,sp.nov.本属迄今已知5种.其分布区限于亚洲东南部,其生物学尚属未知.     

云南横断山区的跳甲——丝跳甲属和云丝跳甲属(鞘翅目:叶甲科)

本文是1981年5月到9月云南横断山区跳甲调查的第一篇报告,包括丝跳甲HesPera weise和云丝跳甲yunohespera(新属)两属。调查地点南起大理、泸水,北至德钦和中甸大雪山(见图1考察路线),共采得丝跳甲16种,其中有10个新种;云丝跳甲1种,是新属新种。所有模式标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所。 以下分两个部分:区系分析和种类记述。     

基于Solexa高通量测序的黄曲条跳甲转录组学研究

黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) 是十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫。为深入了解其遗传信息, 本研究应用新一代高通量测序技术Illumina’s Solexa平台对黄曲条跳甲成虫的转录组进行测序, 并结合SOAPdenovo拼接聚类等分析软件, 获取大量的EST和挖掘功能基因。本文最终获得了4 924条序列重叠群（contig）, 其中包含2 209种与黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster蛋白基因具直系同源的独立基因（unigene）和610种黄曲条跳甲物种特有的unigene。结合Gene Ontology （GO）数据库进行分析, 发现大部分的unigene具结合能力（binding capability）和催化活性（catalytic activity）; 上百种unigene可聚类于生物学过程分类中的配子发生、 生殖腺发育和交配行为等重要功能。另外, 结合KEGG Pathway数据库分析发现, 共有363种unigene参与或涉及了40种代谢路径, 其中生物钟调控路径和植物次生代谢物路径等相关基因的发现, 有助于深入研究黄曲条跳甲行为发生的内在机理。Solexa高通量测序技术作为昆虫功能基因组研究的重要手段, 为发掘黄曲条跳甲功能基因发挥了重要作用, 也为在分子水平上研发黄曲条跳甲的防治新策略提供了更翔实的基因信息。     

Host plant use in sympatric closely related flea beetles

Studies on strategies of host plant use in sympatric-related species are significant to the theory of sympatric speciation. Altica fragariae Nakane and Altica koreana Ogloblin are sympatric closely related flea beetles found in Beijing, northern China. All their recorded host plants are in the subfamily Rosoideae of the Rosaceae, so we regard them as a model system to study interactions between herbivorous insects and plant-insect co-evolution. We conducted a set of experiments on the host preference and performance of these flea beetles to study whether these closely related species have the ability to use sympatric novel host plants and whether monophagous and oligophagous flea beetles use the same strategy in host plant use. Oviposition preference experiments showed that A. koreana, a monophagous flea beetle, displayed high host fidelity. However, A. fragariae, which is oligophagous, often made "oviposition mistakes," ovipositing on nonhost plants such as Potentilla chinensis, the host plant of A. koreana, although normal host plants were preferred over novel ones. Larval performance studies suggested that A. fragariae was able to develop successfully on P. chinensis. Feeding experiences of larvae had no effect on feeding preference, oviposition preference, and fecundity of adults. However, females were impaired in their reproductive ability when fed on nonhost plants. Therefore, A. fragariae finished their development of larval stages on P. chinensis and came back to their primary host plant, Duchesnea indica, for feeding and reproduction after eclosion.     

Recent speciation in three closely related sympatric specialists: inferences using multi-locus sequence, post-mating isolation and endosymbiont data

Shifting between unrelated host plants is relatively rare for phytophagous insects, and distinct host specificity may play crucial roles in reproductive isolation. However, the isolation status and the relationship between parental divergence and post-mating isolation among closely related sympatric specialists are still poorly understood. Here, multi-locus sequence were used to estimate the relationship among three host plant-specific closely related flea beetles, Altica cirsicola, A. fragariae and A. viridicyanea (abbreviated as AC, AF and AV respectively). The tree topologies were inconsistent using different gene or different combinations of gene fragments. The relationship of AF+(AC+AV) was supported, however, by both gene tree and species tree based on concatenated data. Post-mating reproductive data on the results of crossing these three species are best interpreted in the light of a well established phylogeny. Nuclear-induced but not Wolbachia-induced unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility, which was detected in AC-AF and AF-AV but not in AC-AV, may also suggest more close genetic affinity between AC and AV. Prevalence of Wolbachia in these three beetles, and the endosymbiont in most individuals of AV and AC sharing a same wsp haplotype may give another evidence of AF+(AC+AV). Our study also suggested that these three flea beetles diverged in a relative short time (0.94 My), which may be the result of shifting between unrelated host plants and distinct host specificity. Incomplete post-mating isolation while almost complete lineage sorting indicated that effective pre-mating isolation among these three species should have evolved.     

中国跳甲属一新种记述(鞘翅目,叶甲科,跳甲亚科)

跳甲属Altica Geoffroy为一世界广布属,全世界记载300余种.本文研究了中国的种类,包括分布于新疆的1新种,中国共记载了28种.文中提供了新种的形态描述、整体图、形态特征图及雌雄外生殖器图,同时给出了中国分布种类的名录、分布和寄主植物记录.新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

跳甲属7种卵扫描电镜形态比较

利用扫描电子显微镜对跳甲属Altica北京有分布的7个种的卵的形态结构进行观察和对比研究。结果表明7种卵在卵的大小、卵壳表面纹饰的形状、纹饰突起的程度、孔洞的多少等均存在明显差异。据此探讨了卵的表面形态结构在分类和系统发育中的作用,同时还探讨卵的形态结构与昆虫生境的相关性。     

Diversification of mitogenomes in three sympatric Altica flea beetles (Insecta,Chrysomelidae)

The Asian flea beetles Altica cirsicola, Altica fragariae and Altica viridicyanea are broadly sympatric and morphologically highly similar but feed on distantly related host plants. They have been suggested as a model for ecological speciation studies. However, their phylogeny and species limits remain uncertain. In this study, we added mitochondrial genomes from multiple individuals of each species to the growing database. Phylogenetic analyses based on 15 genes showed clear interspecific divergences of A. fragariae from the other species, but A. cirsicola and A. viridicyanea were not distinguishable by distance‐based or tree‐based methods of species delimitation due to non‐monophyly of mitogenomes relative to the morphologically defined entities, possibly affected by interspecific introgression. This was confirmed by wider sampling of mitochondrial COX1 (58 individuals) and the second internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster (ITS2; 68 individuals), which showed that ITS2, but not COX1, coincided with the morphological species limits. The full mitochondrial genomes are not able to shed further light on the species status, even with the most sensitive approach based on diagnostic characters, yet the whole mitogenome is useful to get improved estimates of intra‐ and interspecific variation, not affected by the stochastic error seen in individual genes.     

Multiple host shifts between distantly related plants, Juglandaceae and Ericaceae, in the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops leucophaea complex (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Insect herbivores such as gall formers and leaf miners are often highly specialized and adapted to their respective natal host plants. Due to the specialization and adaptation, it is presumed that host shifts readily occur among closely related plant species. Leaf-mining moths, the Acrocercops leucophaea complex, consist of three species, A. leucophaea, A. defigurata, and A. transecta. Larvae of all the species of the complex feed on Juglandaceae plants, but A. leucophaea and A. transecta are also associated with an Ericaceae plant, which is quite distantly related to Juglandaceae. Such a host utilization as in this species complex is very rare among phytophagous insects. In the present study, we estimate the history of host shifts by reconstructing the phylogeny of the A. leucophaea complex using molecular data (partial sequence of mitochondrial COI, 12S rDNA, and ND5). Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses indicated that the common ancestor of the A. leucophaea complex used Juglandaceae only, and that the association with Ericaceae has evolved in A. leucophaea and A. transecta independently. Parametric bootstrap analysis also supported multiple origins of the association with Ericaceae in this complex. These results imply that there are ecological and biochemical factors that promote host shifting between Juglandaceae and Ericaceae despite the two families being not closely related.     

New species, phylogeny, host-associations and geographic distribution of genus Cryptosporella (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales)

The phylogeny of Cryptosporella is revised to include recently discovered species. Eight species new to science are described and two new combinations are proposed, raising the total number of species accepted in Cryptosporella to 19. The species delimitation and phylogeny for Cryptosporella are determined based on analyses of DNA sequences from three genes (β-tubulin, ITS and tef1-α), comparative morphology of sexual structures on their host substrate, and host associations. The inferred phylogeny suggests that Cryptosporella has speciated primarily on Betulaceae with 16 species occurring on hosts in that plant family. The host range of most species seems to be narrow with nine species reported from a single host species or subspecies and seven species occurring on plants within a single host genus. A key to species is provided. The known distribution of Cryptosporella is expanded to mountain cloud forests of the provinces of Chiriquí in Panama and Tucumán in Argentina.     

Effects of phylogeny,leaf traits,and the altitudinal distribution of host plants on herbivore assemblages on congeneric Acer species

Historical, niche-based, and stochastic processes have been proposed as the mechanisms that drive community assembly. In plant–herbivore systems, these processes can correspond to phylogeny, leaf traits, and the distribution of host plants, respectively. Although patterns of herbivore assemblages among plant species have been repeatedly examined, the effects of these factors among co-occurring congeneric host plant species have rarely been studied. Our aim was to reveal the process of community assembly for herbivores by investigating the effects of phylogeny, leaf traits, and the altitudinal distribution of closely related host plants of the genus Acer. We sampled leaf functional traits for 30 Acer species in Japan. Using a newly constructed phylogeny, we determined that three of the six measured leaf traits (leaf thickness, C/N ratio, and condensed tannin content) showed a phylogenetic signal. In a field study, we sampled herbivore communities on 14 Acer species within an elevation gradient and examined relationships between herbivore assemblages and host plants. We found that herbivore assemblages were significantly correlated with phylogeny, leaf traits, phylogenetic signals, and the altitudinal distribution of host plants. Our results indicate that the interaction between historical and current ecological processes shapes herbivore community assemblages.