TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF UV RADIATION EFFECTS ON ANTARCTIC CYANOBACTERIA

The mat-forming cyanobacterium Phormidium murrayi West and West isolated from a meltwater pond on the McMurdo Ice Shelf was grown in unialgal batch cultures to evaluate the temperature dependence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) effects on pigment composition, growth rate, and photosynthetic characteristics. Chlorophyll a concentrations per unit biomass were generally reduced in cells grown under UVR (low UV-A plus UV-B). In vivo absorbance spectra showed that the carotenoid/chlorophyll a ratio increased as a function of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and UVR exposure and varied inversely with temperature. Ultraviolet inhibition of growth (percentage reduction of μ_max at each temperature) increased linearly with decreasing temperature, consistent with the hypothesis that net inhibition represents the balance between temperature-independent photochemical damage and temperature-dependent biosynthetic repair. There was no significant effect of UVR on photosynthesis over the first hour of exposure, but significant UV inhibition was observed after 5 days. Unlike growth, however, there was no apparent effect of temperature on the magnitude of UV inhibition of photosynthesis. These results imply that assays of UVR effects on photosynthesis are not an accurate guide to growth responses and that low ambient temperatures can have a major influence on the UV sensitivity of polar organisms. In a set of assays at 20° C (preacclimation under 300 μmol photons·m^?2·s^?1 and 20° C), growth was strongly depressed by UVR over the first day of exposure but then gradually increased over the subsequent 4 days, approaching the growth rates in the minus UVR control. This evidence of acquired tolerance indicates that the damaging effects of UVR will be most severe in environments where there is a mismatch between the timescale of change in exposure and the timescale of UV acclimation.     

THE EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET‐B RADIATION ON ANTARCTIC SEA‐ICE ALGAE1

The impacts of ultraviolet‐B radiation (UVB) on polar sea‐ice algal communities have not yet been demonstrated. We assess the impacts of UV on these communities using both laboratory experiments on algal isolates and by modification of the in situ spectral distribution of the under‐ice irradiance. In the latter experiment, filters were attached to the upper surface of the ice so that the algae were exposed in situ to treatments of ambient levels of PAR and UV radiation, ambient radiation minus UVB, and ambient radiation minus all UV. After 16 d, significant increases in chl a and cell numbers were recorded for all treatments, but there were no significant differences among the different treatments. Bottom‐ice algae exposed in vitro were considerably less tolerant to UVB than those in situ, but this tolerance improved when algae were retained within a solid block of ice. In addition, algae extracted from brine channels in the upper meter of sea ice and exposed to PAR and UVB in the laboratory were much more tolerant of high UVB doses than were any bottom‐ice isolates. This finding indicates that brine algae may be better adapted to high PAR and UVB than are bottom‐ice algae. The data indicate that the impact of increased levels of UVB resulting from springtime ozone depletion on Antarctic bottom‐ice communities is likely to be minimal. These algae are likely protected by strong UVB attenuation by the overlying ice and snow, by other inorganic and organic substances in the ice matrix, and by algal cells closer to the surface.     

砷对蓝藻光合作用和细胞生长的影响

在世界的许多地方, 砷污染是一个严重的问题, 尤其是水体中的污染程度更加严重。砷主要以As( V) 和As( ó ) 形式存在。由于AsO43- 在结构上与PO43-很相似, 它通过磷转运途径进入细胞, 因此砷的毒性主要是源于对磷代谢的干扰1 。砷对于人和动物的危害性是人所共知的, 它会引发细胞凋亡, 导致多种组织和器官发生癌变, 从而引起死亡。但是砷对于水体生态系统中的重要类群) 藻类的生理和生长的影响报道较少。       

大气臭氧层减薄、地表紫外辐射增强与植物的响应

臭氧层减薄、温室效应和酸雨是人类面临的全球性环境问题 ,并受到了广泛的重视。本文主要论述大气臭氧层减薄引起的地表紫外辐射增强 ,以及对植物的影响。1 　大气臭氧层减薄与地表紫外辐射增强大气臭氧层能吸收强烈的太阳紫外辐射 ,使地球生物得以正常生长 ,从而成为地球生命的有效保护层。二十多年前 ,人们注意到平流层臭氧衰减 〔1〕,近十年全球臭氧层平均减少了 2 %～ 3% ,并且还在加剧。臭氧层快速减薄已经通过卫星得到证实 ,最明显的减薄发生在南极大陆上空 ,在春季 ,衰减率高达71 % 〔2〕。过去十年我国北京香河和昆明两个监测站的监…     

紫外线辐射增加对大豆光合作用和生长的影响

通过模拟南京地区自然光中有效紫外线Ｂ和紫外线Ａ辐射,增大辐射剂量对大豆光合作用,生长及生物量形成的影响迸行了研究。３个加强的ＵＶ辐射（０．１５,０．３５,０．７０Ｗ·ｍ－２）处理均使大豆植株矮化,抑制根、茎、叶的生长及干物质的积累。在３个ＵＶ处理中,生物效应以０．７０Ｗ·ｍ－２处理力最大,０．１５Ｗ·ｍ－２处理影响最小。ＵＶ辐射匀能使大豆叶片光合作用下降。下降幅度随ＵＶ辐射强度的增大而增大,本文还对ＵＶ影响大豆生长的可能机制进行了探讨。     

GROWTH OF ANTARCTIC CYANOBACTERIA UNDER ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION: UVA COUNTERACTS UVB INHIBITION1

A mat-forming cyanobacterium (Phormidium mur-rayi West and West) isolated from an ice-shelf pond in Antarctica was grown under white light combined with a range of UVA and UVB irradiances. The 4-day growth rate decreased under increasing ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with a ninefold greater response to UVB relative to UVA. In vivo absorbance spectra showed that UVA and to a greater extent UVB caused a decrease in phycocyanin/ chlorophyll a and an increase in carotenoids/chlorophyll a. The phycocyanin/chlorophyll a ratio was closely and positively correlated to the UVB-inhibited growth rate. Under fixed spectral gradients of UV radiation, the growth inhibition effect was dominated by UVB. However, at specific UVB irradiances the inhibition of growth depended on the ratio of UVB to UVA, and growth rates increased linearly with increasing UVA. These results are consistent with the view that UVB inhibition represents the balance between damage and repair processes that are each controlled by separate wavebands. They also underscore the need to consider UV spectral balance in laboratory and field assays of UVB toxicity.     

INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF PAR AND UV‐B RADIATION ON PSII ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN THE MARINE ALGA DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

To better understand the interactions between PAR and UV‐B radiation in microalgae, the marine chlorophyte alga Dunaliella tertiolecta was subjected to a UV‐B flux of 4.1 W·m ^{? 2} (unweighted) with varying PAR fluxes. Rate constants for damage and repair processes during UV‐B exposure increased with PAR flux. However, recovery after UV‐B exposure increased with PAR up to 300 μmol quanta·m ^{? 2}·s ^{? 1} 1 Received 17 September 2002. Accepted 19 February 2003. , beyond which photoinhibition of PSII electron transport was found to decrease recovery rates. In the absence of PAR during the post UV‐B exposure period, no recovery was seen, indicating that perhaps the lack of light available for photosynthesis depresses repair either directly or indirectly by affecting ATP synthesis. Possible mechanisms for the observed interactions between PAR and UV‐B exposure are discussed.     

UV‐B INDUCTION OF UV‐B PROTECTION IN ULVA PERTUSA (CHLOROPHYTA)1

The green macroalga Ulva pertusa Kjellman produced UV‐B absorbing compounds with a prominent absorption maximum at 294 nm in response only to UV‐B, and the amounts induced were proportional to the UV‐B doses. Under a 12:12‐h light:dark regime, the production of UV‐absorbing compounds occurred only during the exposure periods with little turnover in the dark. There was significant reduction in growth in parallel with the production of UV‐B absorbing compounds. The polychromatic action spectrum for the induction of UV‐B absorbing compounds in U. pertusa exhibits a major peak at 292 nm with a smaller peak at 311.5 nm. No significant induction was detected above 354.5 nm, and radiation below 285 nm caused significant reduction in the levels of UV‐B absorbing compounds. After UV‐B irradiation at 1.0 W·m^?2 for 9 h, the optimal photosynthetic quantum yield of the samples with UV‐B absorbing compounds slightly increased relative to the initial value, whereas that of thalli lacking the compounds declined to 30%–34% of the initial followed by subsequent recovery in dim light of up to 84%–85% of the initial value. There was a positive and significant relationship between the amount of UV‐B absorbing compounds with antioxidant activity as determined by the α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay. In addition to mat‐forming characteristics and light‐driven photorepair, the existence and antioxidant capacity of UV‐B absorbing compounds may confer U. pertusa a greater selective advantage over other macroalgae, thereby enabling them to thrive in the presence of intense UV‐B radiation.     

EFFECTS OF UV‐B RADIATION ON THE D1 PROTEIN REPAIR CYCLE OF NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES FROM THREE LATITUDES (CANADA,BRAZIL, AND ARGENTINA)1

Ultraviolet radiation effects were examined in natural phytoplankton communities from Rimouski (Canada), Ubatuba (Brazil), and Ushuaia (Argentina). Outdoor pump‐mixed mesocosms were submitted to ambient solar radiation (NUVB) and ambient with additional UV‐B radiation (UVBR) from lamps (HUVB), corresponding to a local 60% ozone depletion scenario. At all sites, neither algal biomass nor dark‐adapted F_v/F_m were significantly affected by additional UVBR, suggesting the presence of active UV protection or repair mechanisms. To examine the role of D1 protein turnover, essential for PSII repair, short‐term surface incubations were performed in the presence or absence of lincomycin, a chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor. Effects on PSII were determined using chl a in vivo fluorescence, whereas the D1 protein was detected immunochemically. In the absence of D1 repair, D1 pools and F_v/F_m decreased to a similar extent under both light treatments. In the presence of D1 repair, D1 pools suffered faster net degradation under HUVB compared with NUVB, whereas F_v/F_m was maintained for both light treatments, suggesting that HUVB exposure in field populations had more effect on D1 synthesis and PSII repair than on D1 degradation. The fewer undamaged reaction centers remaining in phytoplankton under HUVB were able to maintain F_v/F_m or actually recovered during the dark acclimation before F_v/F_m measurements. The D1 pools suffered faster net degradation at the tropical site where high irradiance drove faster D1 degradation and high water temperature enabled fast enzymatic activities. This study shows the crucial role of dynamic changes in D1 turnover in the photobiology of natural planktonic communities across a range of latitudes.     

光合抑制剂DCMU对异养生长蓝藻叶绿素合成的作用

与被子植物不同,蓝藻叶绿素的合成存在依赖于光和不依赖于光的两条途径1,故异养生长的蓝藻在黑暗条件下同样合成叶绿素。在不同营养条件下,蓝藻的叶绿素合成也相对稳定,其含量常作为生物量的指标。已知DCMU是一种光合作用抑制剂,阻断光系统向质体醌的电子传递。有报道显示,DCMU可调控蓝藻Calothrix的细胞分化2。但DCMU对于蓝藻叶绿素合成的作用从未见报道。在对表达glk和lac ZYA基因蓝藻的异养生长研究中3,作者发现DCMU显著抑制丝状固氮蓝藻的叶绿素合成,而对单细胞蓝藻没有影响。       

SHIFT FROM CHLOROPHYTES TO CYANOBACTERIA IN BENTHIC MACROALGAE ALONG A GRADIENT OF NITRATE DEPLETION1

A survey of the spatial distribution of benthic macroalgae in a fluvial lake of the St. Lawrence River (Lake Saint‐Pierre, Quebec, Canada) revealed a shift in composition from chlorophytes to cyanobacteria along the flow path of nutrient‐rich waters originating from tributaries draining farmlands. The link between this shift and changes in water quality characteristics was investigated by sampling at 10 sites along a 15 km transect. Conductivity, current, light extinction, total phosphorus (TP; >25 μg P · L^?1), and ammonium (8–21 μg N · L^?1) remained fairly constant along the transect in contrast to nitrate concentrations, which fell sharply. Filamentous and colonial chlorophytes [Cladophora sp. and Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.) Bory] dominated in the first 5 km where nitrate concentrations were >240 μg N · L^?1. A mixed assemblage of chlorophytes and cyanobacteria characterized a 1 km transition zone where nitrate decreased to 40–80 μg N · L^?1. In the last section of the transect, nitrate concentrations dropped below 10 μg N · L^?1, and cyanobacteria (benthic filamentous mats of Lyngbya wollei Farl. ex Gomont and epiphytic colonies of Gloeotrichia) dominated the benthic community. The predominance of nitrogen‐fixing, potentially toxic cyanobacteria likely resulted from excessive nutrient loads and may affect nutrient and trophic dynamics in the river.     

农田冬小麦生长和产量对臭氧动态暴露的响应

 评估臭氧(O₃)污染对农田冬小麦生长和产量的影响是污染生态学和生理生态学研究的重要内容之一。该研究运用开顶式气室(OTC),对冬小麦‘ 嘉403’(Triticum aestivum cv. Jia 403)进行了O₃动态暴露的田间原位试验。实验设置过滤空气组(CF)、自然大气组(NF)和两个不同浓度的 O₃动态暴露组(DO100和DO150)。结果表明：1) O₃浓度增加,一方面可以改变灌浆期冬小麦叶片气体交换参数的日变化规律;另一方面引起表观 光量子产额、光饱和点和光补偿点等光响应参数的显著降低。这表明灌浆期叶片光合能力的下降是气孔因素和非气孔因素共同作用的结果。2) O₃暴露可以改变小麦形态特征,如植株变矮、叶片衰老加速、 叶面积变小,并最终导致产量大幅下降。     

臭氧污染与陆地生态系统生产力

空气污染的严重性、普遍性和不断发展的趋势及其对陆地生态系统生产力造成的重大影响已引起科学工作者的高度重视,成为一个急需解决的重要课题。对流层臭氧(O₃)在空气污染现状与未来发展趋势中占据重要角色,该文重点探讨了O₃对陆地生态系统生产力的光合、分配、生长和产量形成等主要过程的影响及其对整个生态系统的长期效应,并评述了相关研究方法进展。主要结论包括:O₃在生产力形成过程中的每个环节中都有着不同程度的负面影响,通过影响光合作用和气孔导度,减少根冠比改变碳分配量,而最终导致粮食生产和森林生物量损失率高达30%;气候变化、CO₂和O₃协同作用对植物影响较为复杂,有促进也有抑制;生态系统模拟已成为研究O₃污染影响陆地生态系统生产力的主要方法之一,在区域评估和未来气候预测方面都具有重要作用。     

水分胁迫对小麦叶片光合作用的影响及其与抗旱性的关系

在水分胁迫初期,两个小麦品种叶片光合速率,气孔导度和细胞间隙CO_2浓度降低,气孔限制值增加,光合速率的降低主要是气孔因素的限制。中度到严重水分胁迫使叶片光合速率、气孔导度和气孔限制值降低,细胞间隙CO_2浓度明显增加,且叶圆片放氧能力,叶绿体Hill反应、叶绿素荧光强度和表观量子产额降低,此时光合速率的降低主要是叶肉细胞光合活性的下降引起的。抗旱性弱的郑引一号叶肉细胞光合活性比抗旱性强的丰抗13更容易受到水分胁迫的影响。     

低强度微波辐射对人精子非热生物效应的研究

选用频率２４５０ＭＨｚ分别在３、５、７、９ｍＷ／ｃｍ２的功率密度,使用新型宽带横电磁传输室（ＢＴＥＭＣＥＬＬ）辐射人精子１小时,我们发现只有５ｍＷ／ｃｍ２的强度对人射子的活动度、存活率、畸形率又穿卵率有显著的影响,这表明在５ｍＷ／ｃｍ２附近存在明显的功率密度窗效应。同时还发现,７ｍＷ／ｃｍ２组的精子的染色体出现畸变。最后对实验结果进行了讨论。     

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICAN STRAINS TO THE PHYLOGENY OF CYANOBACTERIA: FOCUSING ON THE NOSTOCACEAE (NOSTOCALES,CYANOBACTERIA)1

To date, phylogenies have been based on known gene sequences accessible at GenBank, and the absence of many cyanobacterial lineages from collections and sequence databases has hampered their classification. Investigating new biotopes to isolate more genera and species is one way to enrich strain collections and subsequently enhance gene sequence databases. A polyphasic approach is another way of improving our understanding of the details of cyanobacterial classification. In this work, we have studied phylogenetic relationships in strains isolated from freshwater bodies in Senegal and Burkina Faso to complement existing morphological and genetic databases. By comparing 16S rDNA sequences of African strains to those of other cyanobacteria lineages, we placed them in the cyanobacterial phylogeny and confirmed their genus membership. We then focused on the Nostocaceae family by concatenated analysis of four genes (16S rDNA, hetR, nifH, and rpoC1 genes) to characterize relationships among Anabaena morphospecies, in particular, Anabaena sphaerica var. tenuis G. S. West. Using a polyphasic approach to the Nostocaceae family, we demonstrate that A. sphaerica var. tenuis is more closely related to Cylindrospermospsis/Raphidiopsis than to other planktonic Anabaena/Aphanizomenon. On the basis of phylogeny and morphological data, we propose that these three significantly different clusters should be assigned to three genera.