Ecological thresholds of Suaeda salsa to the environmental gradients of water table depth and soil salinity

The responses of Suaeda salsa to the environmental gradients of water table depth and soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta, China were analyzed from the aspect of ecological thresholds which were developed from the Gaussian model. Based on the correlation analysis of population biomass, density, height, coverage and abundance of Suaeda salsa, population biomass was selected as the population index for further analysis. The results indicated that the optimum water table depth for the growth of Suaeda salsa was about −0.42 m, the ecological thresholds were from −0.92 m to 0.08 m, and the optimum ecological thresholds were from −0.67 m to −0.17 m. To the soil salinity gradient, the optimum was about 12.71 g/kg, the ecological thresholds were from 5.17 g/kg to 20.25 g/kg, and the optimum ecological thresholds were from 8.94 g/kg to 16.48 g/kg. However, the effect of water-salinity interaction seemed to be important to the growth of Suaeda salsa, which was discussed through analyzing the water table depth-soil salinity relationship and their interactions. By using Ward cluster analysis and Gamma distances, 69 sampling sites were classified into 7 kinds of Suaeda salsa communities. It was found that there was a remarkable response of the community structure of Suaeda salsa to the water table depth and soil salinity gradients, which can be a switchover from xeromorphic and saline-alkali plants to limnophytes, and vice versa.     

水、盐梯度下黄河三角洲湿地植物种的生态位

利用排序等方法将黄河三角洲湿地19个植物种在水深和土壤盐分梯度下依次排列,并分别划分为低、中、高水深（或土壤盐分）3个生态种组,分析了水、盐梯度下植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠.结果表明:水深梯度下,芦苇、盐地碱蓬等中水深生态种组植物种生态位宽度较大,香蒲、穗状狐尾藻等高水深生态种组植物种生态位宽度最小;土壤盐分梯度下,盐地碱蓬、柽柳等高土壤盐分生态种组植物种生态位宽度较大,而中、低土壤盐分生态种组的植物种生态位宽度均较小.水深和土壤盐分梯度下的生态位重叠分别沿着植物种在两种梯度上的排序而规律变化,通常同一生态种组内部植物种的生态位重叠较大,不同生态种组植物种的生态位重叠较小.黄河三角洲湿地植物种在水深、土壤盐分梯度下的生态位分化现象,可能有助于阐释湿地植物共存及带状分布的形成机制.     

盐旱互作对不同生境盐地碱蓬种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了盐旱互作对潮间带和盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬棕色种子萌发、地上部生长和离子积累的影响。不同盐浓度预处理后,未萌发的种子风干后复水,其萌发率与对照相比没有降低,说明两种生境盐地碱蓬种子萌发期间都耐干湿交替。400mmol/LNaCl溶液浇灌的潮间带生境盐地碱蓬幼苗在第3次干旱处理后萎蔫幼苗的百分比高于盐碱地生境的,而复水后正常幼苗的百分比却相反。400mmol/LNaCl溶液处理下,第3次干旱处理复水后,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗地上部离子含量(主要是Na+和Cl-)高于潮间带生境的。表明在干旱情况下,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗能积累更多的无机离子,降低渗透势,提高根系吸收水分的能力。上述结果说明,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗较潮间带生境盐地碱蓬幼苗更耐盐与干旱的交互作用。     

盐城海滨湿地景观演变关键土壤生态因子与阈值研究

文章以盐城海滨湿地典型区域为案例,以2011年4月和2012年4月对海滨湿地土壤数据为基础,结合2011年ETM 遥感影像,运用灰色关联分析、线性回归模拟和地统计学方法,辨识海滨湿地景观演变的关键生态因子,并确定其生态阈值。得出基本结论如下：(1)海滨湿地土壤理化性质海陆差异明显：从米草沼泽—碱蓬沼泽—芦苇沼泽,土壤水分和盐度表现出递减的趋势;土壤有机质、营养盐总体上从米草沼泽—碱蓬沼泽—芦苇沼泽,表现出两头高中间低的特征;湿润年份土壤水分高于干旱年份,湿润年份土壤盐度低于干旱年份。(2)灰色关联分析表明:干旱年份,水分＞盐度＞铵态氮＞速效钾＞有机质＞有效磷;湿润年份为：盐度＞水分＞有效磷＞铵态氮＞速效钾＞有机质,因此把土壤水分和盐度确定为海滨湿地景观演变的关键生态因子。(3)土壤水分和盐度在东西海陆方向上的变异大于南北海岸延伸方向上的变异。(4)将景观类型图和海滨湿地土壤水分与盐度分异图叠加分析,得出：芦苇滩土壤水分阈值＜42.332%,盐度阈值＜0.745%;碱蓬滩土壤水分阈值为38.836%～46.593%,盐度阈值为0.403%～1.314%;米草滩土壤水分阈值＞39.475%,盐度阈值＞0.403%;光滩的土壤阈值＞41.550%,盐度阈值＞0.656%。     

石油污染盐碱土壤翅碱蓬根围的细菌多样性及耐盐石油烃降解菌筛选

为了更好地了解石油污染盐碱土壤翅碱蓬根围的细菌多样性,采用16S rRNA基因克隆文库方法对其进行分析,在此基础上采用富集培养方法从该生境中分离筛选耐盐石油烃降解菌.16S rRNA基因克隆文库分析结果表明,海杆菌属(Marinobacter)、食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)是该生境中的优势菌.他们可能在石油污染盐碱土壤翅碱蓬植物修复过程中起重要作用.进一步采用富集培养方法,从该生境中分离得到8株耐盐石油烃降解菌,可以耐受6％-10％浓度的NaCl,石油烃降解率在32.3％-57.0％之间.经16S rRNA基因序列分析,8株菌隶属于戈登氏菌属(Gordonia)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、迪茨菌属(Dietzia)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).他们可能参与石油污染盐碱土壤翅碱蓬植物修复过程中的石油烃降解.     

Ellenberg’s water table experiment put to the test: species optima along a hydrological gradient

An important aspect of niche theory is the position of species’ optima along ecological gradients. It is widely believed that a species’ ecological optimum takes its shape only under competitive pressure. The ecological optimum, therefore, is thought to differ from the physiological optimum in the absence of interspecific competition. Ellenberg’s Hohenheim water table experiment has been very influential in this context. However, the water table gradient in Ellenberg’s experiment was produced by varying the soil thickness above the water table, which confounded the potentially disparate impacts of water table depth (WTD) and soil depth on species growth. Accordingly, here we have re-evaluated Ellenberg’s work. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that physiological and ecological optima are identical and unaffected by interspecific interaction. We used the same six grasses as in Ellenberg’s experiments, but in our mesocosms, WTD was varied but soil depth kept constant. The design included both an additive component (with/without plant interaction) and a substitutive component (monocultures vs. species mixtures). The results show that the physiological optima along the hydrological gradient varied greatly between species, even in the absence of interspecific interaction. Within species, however, physiological and ecological optima appeared identical in most cases, irrespective of the competition treatment. We conclude that the ‘physiological capacity’ of species largely determines where they are able to persist and that any impact of interspecific interaction is only marginal. These findings are at variance with Ellenberg’s rule, where competition is considered to shift the distribution of a species away from its physiological optimum.     

Responses of saltcedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarix chinensis</Emphasis>) to water table depth and soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta,China

Significant studies about Tamarix chinensis as an introduced invasive plant species have been implemented in North America. However, the response of native T. chinensis to its environment is not well known in China. T. chinensis is a useful species in preventing sea water intrusion in coastal areas of northern China. It is necessary to fully understand the relationships between environmental conditions and ecological characteristics of this species to better preserve its habitats. The Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve, one of the major distribution regions of T. chinensis, was then selected as a case study area to investigate the response of this species to water table depth and soil salinity (Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺). It was found that sites with shallow water table depths (less than 1.5 m) and low soil salinity (less than 30 psu), provided the best habitat conditions for T. chinensis. The results also showed that plant height, stem diameter, and crown width were all positively correlated to plant age, while they had negative correlations with water table depth. Negative correlations between plant height and soil salinity, plant stem diameter and soil salinity were also concluded. However, no obvious relationship between the crown breadth of T. chinensis and soil salinity was observed. Four types of T. chinensis habitats were obtained based on the ecological characteristics of T. chinensis individuals associated with soil salinity and water table depth, i.e., (1) Low water table with high soil salinity; (2) Deep water table with high soil salinity; (3) Deep water table with low soil salinity; (4) Inundation with low salinity. These results provide a sound basis for wetland management in the Yellow River Delta.     

培养基质、储藏方式和盐度对三种海滨植物种子萌发的影响

研究了培养基质、储藏方式和盐度对3种海滨植物互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)种子萌发的影响,探索在潮间带环境下海滨植物种子萌发适应策略。结果表明:3种植物的干藏种子和湿藏芦苇种子随着盐度的升高,萌发率和萌发速率均显著下降,湿藏互花米草和盐地碱蓬种子在各盐度下萌发率和萌发速率差异不显著。各盐度-土培-干藏互花米草,中、高盐度-土培-干藏盐地碱蓬,土培各处理,中、高盐度-水培-干藏,高盐度-水培-湿藏芦苇种子萌发失败。湿藏提高了各盐度处理下土培互花米草,中、高盐度-水培和土培盐地碱蓬,淡水、中盐度-水培芦苇种子的萌发率和萌发速率。干藏互花米草种子在中、高盐度和土埋条件下种子的萌发受到抑制,限制了互花米草向高潮带与潮上带的扩展;而经常受潮水浸淹保持湿润的种子能抵抗高盐和泥沙沉积,导致互花米草种群逐步向低潮带方向发展;湿藏芦苇种子在淡水中萌发率和萌发速率最高,当潮上带盐度降低时,芦苇具有很强的竞争优势,但是对盐度和土埋敏感,限制了其向海的拓展;盐地碱蓬在中、高盐度和土培条件下萌发速率最高,快速萌发的适应策略和广适应性在盐地碱蓬占据高潮带和中潮带广大区域的过程中起到了重要的作用。     

种植盐地碱蓬改良滨海盐渍土对土壤微生物区系的影响

利用盐生植物盐地碱蓬对天津河口滨海盐碱地进行生物修复,研究了其对土壤微生物区系的影响.结果表明,种植区碱蓬根系土壤的可溶性盐分与对照土壤相比下降了41%（重量法）和37%（电导法）;根系土壤的微生物数量明显增加,其中细菌、放线菌和真菌分别较对照增加了2.3倍、4.3倍和71倍,与对照相比均为显著性差异.根系微生物的耐盐性结果显示,随着土壤盐分的降低,根系微生物生长的最适盐度也随之降低,耐盐性较低的微生物种群已逐渐成为优势种群.系统发育分析表明,枯草杆菌属成为植物修复后土壤中的优势种群.     

翅碱蓬对镉的耐性及吸收特性的研究

重金属Cd具有高毒性,对生物体危害较大.盘锦红海滩优势物种翅碱蓬能够吸收一定量的重金属,因此可用于湿地滩涂污染的原位修复.通过水培的方法,以翅碱蓬为研究对象,测定不同浓度Cd胁迫下翅碱蓬的根长、苗高、鲜重、叶绿素含量、及根、茎、叶内Cd的含量,探讨Cd对于翅碱蓬生长发育的影响以及对Cd的吸收规律.结果表明:低浓度Cd对...     

盐地碱蓬基因工程研究进展

盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)是一种典型的抗逆性强的真盐生植物,且营养丰富、含有多种功能 成分,蕴涵着巨大的生态、经济和社会效益,特别是在植物耐盐基因工程的研究利用方面更显示 出了广阔的应用前景和巨大的利用价值,因而近年来日益为人们所重视。目前对盐地碱蓬抗逆 特别是抗盐机制的研究已从生理水平深入到了生化及分子水平,并由此带动了其耐盐基因工程 的研究;另一方面,对其保健和药用功效的研究也取得了一定进展。以盐地碱蓬抗盐机制及其基 因工程研究为重点对以上方面的成果进行了综述。     

Trade-off between leaf chlorophyll and betacyanins in Suaeda salsa in the Liaohe estuary wetland in northeast China

Aims Pigment composition is an important functional trait that can be affected by environmental factors. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soil salinity on pigment composition in Suaeda salsa by comparing chlorophyll and betacyanin content in the Liaohe estuary wetland, a typical coastal wetland in northeast China.Methods We investigated the plant biomass, percentage of red leaves and pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and betacyanins) in S. salsa in intertidal and supratidal zones of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Liaohe estuary wetlands. The Na + content of both the soil and plant was also measured. Full analysis of variance and multivariate analysis were used to compare differences in pigment content and Na + content between the supratidal and intertidal zones.Important findings Pigment composition was significantly affected by soil salinity. With increasing soil salinity, the percentage of red leaves was higher in the intertidal zone than in the supratidal zone. In all three reaches, plants had lower chlorophyll a content and higher betacyanin content in the intertidal zone than in the supratidal zone. Compared to chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b was less sensitive to soil salinity. There were no differences in chlorophyll b content between the intertidal and supratidal zones in the upper and lower reaches. Furthermore, pigment composition was associated with both the plant tissue and soil Na + content. Compared to the supratidal zone, the intertidal zone had a higher Na + content in plants. There was a negative relationship between plant chlorophyll content and soil Na + content, but a positive relationship between betacyanin content and soil Na + content. Overall, the results indicated that there might be a trade-off between leaf chlorophyll and betacyanin content in S. salsa to maintain its growth and survival in high salinity environments.     

Effect of daily salinity fluctuation on the intraspecific interactions of a euhalophyte (Suaeda salsa) along a salinity gradient

每日盐度波动对真盐生植物盐地碱蓬种内相互作用沿盐度梯度的影响 土壤盐度的异质性是河口潮间带的一个突出的环境特征,影响植物的生长和盐沼中生物相互作用的转变。本研究旨在探究盐度梯度和盐度波动对一种真盐生植物的种内相互作用的交互影响。     

盐胁迫对不同生境盐地碱蓬光合及离子积累的影响

为了探讨盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)适应不同生境的生理机制, 研究了盐处理(1、200和600 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)对盐碱地和潮间带两种生境盐地碱蓬地上部分及根系有机干重、叶片叶绿素含量及光合放氧速率、叶片和根中离子积累的影响。结果表明: 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl对两种生境盐地碱蓬地上部分及根系的有机干重无显著影响, 说明两种生境盐地碱蓬均具有较强的抗盐性; NaCl处理显著降低了两种生境盐地碱蓬叶片的光合放氧速率; 各浓度NaCl处理下, 盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬叶片的光合放氧速率均高于潮间带生境的, 潮间带生境盐地碱蓬叶片中叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值均高于盐碱地生境的; 各浓度NaCl处理下, 潮间带生境盐地碱蓬叶片中的Cl^-含量均低于盐碱地生境的; 与叶片中情况相反, 高盐处理下, 潮间带生境盐地碱蓬根中的Cl^-含量均高于盐碱地生境的。说明与盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬相比, 潮间带生境盐地碱蓬的根系可能对Cl^-具有较强的积累或限制其向地上部分运输的能力, 这些特征可能是盐地碱蓬适应不同生境的结果。     

禹城市耕地土壤盐分与有机质的指示克里格分析

针对目前黄淮海平原盐渍土改良区存在的土壤盐碱、瘠薄等障碍问题,以该区域典型县域禹城市为研究对象,综合运用GIS和非参数地质统计学的指示克立格法,对0-20 cm深度的耕地土壤盐分和有机质的空间变异性进行了分析,并给出了土壤盐分和有机质满足一定阀值条件的概率分布图。结果表明,土壤盐分和有机质采用指示克里格方法都可以获得较为稳健的变异函数;受结构性因素与随机性因素共同影响,它们的指示半方差均表现为中等强度的空间自相关性,且单元指示克里格与多元指示克里格插值结果表明,土壤盐分、有机质的概率分布存在空间上的规律性与相似性;在空间分布上,研究区域土壤盐分含量高和有机质含量低的高概率区域主要分布在西北部的张庄镇、西部的房寺镇以及南部的莒镇乡等地区,该区域有一定的次生盐渍化风险;而土壤盐分含量高和有机质含量低的低概率分布区域主要分在徒骇河流经的河滩高地,土壤类型为褐土化潮土,是研究区域的主要高产区,基本无盐渍化。研究获取的综合指示概率分布图和概率风险评价对土壤可持续利用管理具有重要意义,为区域土壤质量的提高和土壤障碍因子消减提供参考。     

降雨量和降雨时间共同调控黄河三角洲典型盐沼湿地土壤碳矿化

研究降雨格局(如降雨量和降雨时间)对滨海盐沼湿地土壤碳矿化的影响,对于深入理解土壤碳的稳定性和积累机制具有重要意义。本研究选取远离海岸且不受潮汐影响的黄河三角洲原生盐地碱蓬盐沼湿地为对象,通过野外原状土柱的控制试验,分析土壤碳矿化(CO₂和CH₄通量)在不同时期(干旱期和湿润期)对降雨事件的响应。结果表明: 降雨时间和降雨量对土壤CO₂通量的影响存在交互作用。在干旱期,大降雨事件显著降低了土壤CO₂通量;而湿润期的降雨事件对土壤CO₂通量没有显著影响,这可能与盐沼湿地的水盐运移有关。降雨量、降雨时间及其交互作用均对土壤CH₄通量没有显著影响。降雨时间和降雨量对CH₄/CO₂比率均没有显著影响,但是相关分析表明随着土壤含水量和盐分的升高,CH₄/CO₂比率呈升高趋势。随着降雨量的增加,土壤含水量和土壤盐分都显著增加,且两因素呈现显著的正相关关系。因此,未来该地区降雨体系改变将可能通过调控土壤水盐运移等条件对该滨海湿地土壤碳矿化和碳汇功能产生深远影响。     

Specific regulation of SOD isoforms by NaCl and osmotic stress in leaves of the C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa L

The halophyte Suaeda salsa L., exposed to different NaCl concentrations (100 and 400 mmol/L) and polyethylene glycol (isoosomotic to 100 mmol/L NaCl) containing nutrient solutions under normal or K+-deficient conditions for 7 days, was used to study effects of NaCl salinity and osmotic stress on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, malonedialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoform activities. Photosynthetic capacity was not decreased by NaCl treatment, indicating that S. salsa possesses an effective antioxidative response system for avoiding oxidative damage. Seven SOD activity bands were detected in S. salsa leaf extracts, including an Mn-SOD and several isoforms of Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD. It turned out that NaCl salinity and osmotic stress lead to a differential regulation of distinct SOD isoenzymes. This differential regulation is suggested to play a major role in stress tolerance of S. salsa.     

Waterlogging and salinity effects on two Suaeda salsa populations

Adaptations to combined salinity and waterlogging stress were evaluated in two Suaeda salsa populations from different saline environments. Seedlings were exposed to 1, 200 and 600 mM NaCl in drained or waterlogged sand for 22 days in a glasshouse. Waterlogging did not significantly affect the K(+) /Na(+) ratio or Cl(-) concentration in leaves of either population. Adventitious roots were produced only by the inland population and under the waterlogged condition. X-ray microanalysis showed that S. salsa roots of the intertidal population accumulated more [Na(+) ] and [Cl(-) ] in both the cortex and stele than the roots of the inland population. The ability of roots to exclude Na(+) and Cl(-) was greater in the intertidal population than in the inland population, which may explain why leaves of the intertidal population accumulated less Na(+) and Cl(-) than the leaves of the inland population. The lower level of Cl(-) than Na(+) in leaves of both populations may result from the greater ability of roots to exclude Cl(-) than Na(+) . These traits may help the two S. salsa populations adapt to their different saline environments.     

Phenotypic plasticity of the coarse root system of Prosopis flexuosa, a phreatophyte tree, in the Monte Desert (Argentina)

Prosopis flexuosa trees in the Monte Desert grow in dune and inter-dune valleys, where the water table is located at 6–14 m depth. We asked whether trees in the dunes, which are less likely to access the water table, present a coarse surface root architecture that might favor the exploration / exploitation of dune resources, compensating for water table inaccessibility. We characterized the architecture of surface roots of valley and dune trees, together with the soil environment. The dune held 50 % less and deeper gravimetric soil water (along a 4 m profile), 3-times less organic matter, 2-times less available phosphorous, and a sharper contrast of ammonium and nitrate concentration between plant canopies and uncovered soil than the valley. Coarse surface roots of dune trees were highly branched and grew tortuously at 0.56?±?0.16 m depth before sinking downward near the tree crown, suggesting an intensive exploitation of the ephemeral, deep, and canopy-linked resources. In contrast, trees from the valley spread their profuse and less branched surface roots mainly horizontally at 0.26?±?0.08 m depth, several meters outside the crown probably exploring this resource-rich site. A model for the environmental control of root architecture together with potential ecological effects is discussed.     

新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带主要植物种的生态位分析

采用Levins公式和王刚生态重叠计测方法,对新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带中的7个植物种,分别从群落梯度和3个单一生态因子（土壤水分维,土壤盐分维,土壤酸碱度维）上对其生态位分化进行了定量分析。结果如下：（1）在群落梯度上,生态位大小依次为红砂（0.7010）,梭梭（0.6434）,角果藜（0.4774）,雾冰藜（0.3745）,盐爪爪（0.3541）,叉毛蓬（0.3354）和碱蓬（0.2769）;（2）红砂在土壤水分、土壤盐分、土壤酸碱度维上的生态位分别为0.5274,0.6039和0.3620,梭梭在这3维上分别为03320,0.3083和0.5103,从生态位宽度看,红砂和梭梭处于优势种地位,其余为非优势种;（3）每个物种在群落梯度上的生态位宽度基本大于在上述3个资源轴上的平均生态位;（4）红砂与梭梭在土壤盐分维上的生态位重叠最大（0.4203）。表明了这两个优势种在利用土壤盐分方面有相似的特性。