山羊乳腺生物反应器表达人促红细胞生成素的分离纯化

以离子交换、疏水作用、HPLC和凝胶过滤层析等方法对山羊乳腺生物反应器表达的人促红细胞生成素 (erythropoietin ,EPO)进行了分离纯化 ,初步探讨了其分离工艺 ,结果得到了纯度达到 96%以上的纯品 ,所纯化的EPO分子质量为 32kDa ,糖基化程度根据理论分子质量测算为40 %。Western blot证明所得纯化产品具有天然EPO免疫原性 ,N端氨基酸序列测定与文献报道一致 ,ELISA检测免疫活性为 2 4 0 0 0 0IU mg,表明通过 4步纯化步骤可以得到高纯度的产品 ,为今后工艺放大提供了有力的实验依据。     

无血清培养基生产重组人红细胞生成素的纯化

用无血清培养基在生物反应器中培养CHO-EPO C2细胞株,培养上清中重组人红细胞生成素表达水平达10～21 mg/L.培养上清经过三步纯化后纯度可达到98%以上,比活性约为1.5×10⁵ U/mg.纯化第一步使用反相柱层析,可将样品体积浓缩约30倍.取其收集液进行DEAE-离子交换柱层析,最后进行分子筛层析,全过程回收率为40%左右.SDS-PAGE表明,所制备终产品分子质量为35～40 ku,等电聚焦方法测其等电点在3.75～4.15之间,均属文献报道范围;ELISA和蛋白质印迹实验结果证明其具有天然红细胞生成素抗原性;采用溴化氰裂解方法做肽谱电泳,结果与理论推测相符.该纯化路线简单、迅速、高效,重复性好,可用于规模化生产临床使用重组人红细胞生成素.     

转基因植物表达重组蛋白的研究进展

植物表达系统的一些潜在优点 ,如重组蛋白的高积累水平 ,糖基化 ,细胞内的定位和自然储藏的稳定性是目前植物生产重组蛋白系统研究成为热点的主要原因 .在研究和选择转基因植物表达系统的过程中 ,转化 ,转化后 ,翻译 ,翻译后等环节都会影响到最终产物的数量和质量 ,因此应该了解基因表达的规律 ,以制定植物生产重组蛋白合适的策略 ,重组蛋白积累水平是关键 ,但其它因素如植物的选择 ,转基因植物的处理 ,下游加工等同样重要 .某些情形下 ,仅下游加工的成本一项就影响到特定植物表达系统的实际应用价值 .     

Peroxidase-Induced Wilting in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

Peroxidases are a family of isoenzymes found in all higher plants. However, little is known concerning their role in growth, development, or response to stress. Plant peroxidases are heme-containing monomeric glycoproteins that utilize either H2O2 or O2 to oxidize a wide variety of molecules. To obtain more information on possible in planta functions of peroxidases, we have used a cDNA clone for the primary isoenzyme form of peroxidase to synthesize high levels of this enzyme in transgenic plants. We were able to obtain Nicotiana tabacum and N. sylvestris transformed plants with peroxidase activity that is 10-fold higher than in wild-type plants by introducing a chimeric gene composed of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the tobacco anionic peroxidase cDNA. The elevated peroxidase activity was a result of increased levels of two anionic peroxidases in N. tabacum, which apparently differ in post-translational modification. Transformed plants of both species have the unique phenotype of chronic severe wilting through loss of turgor in leaves, which was initiated at the time of flowering. The peroxidase-induced wilting was shown not to be an effect of diminished water uptake through the roots, decreased conductance of water through the xylem, or increased water loss through the leaf surface or stomata. Possible explanations for the loss of turgor, and the significance of these types of experiments in studying isoenzyme families, are discussed.     

用转基因植物生产基因工程疫苗

用转基因植物生产外源蛋白质产品是一个有吸引力的廉价生产系统,它有可能替代外源蛋白质的发酵生产系统。通过外源基因的瞬时表达或稳定表达方式,多种疫苗已在植物中产生,在植物中表达的抗原保持了它自身的免疫原性,植物在这方面的应用具有独特的优 点。     

转人α-乳清白蛋白基因烟草中半胱氨酸含量的提高

将人α-乳清白蛋白基因构建到植物表达载体上,通过农杆菌介导采用叶盘法将人α-乳清白蛋白基因导入到烟草中,经过PCR和Southern blot分析表明:人α-乳清白蛋白基凶已经整合到烟草基因组中;经过RT-PCR葙GUS组织化学染色证明:人α-乳清白蛋白基因得到了表达.测定了9株转基因烟草叶片半胱氨酸含量,大部分植株有着明显的提高,最高幅度达到了318.02%,半胱氨酸含量平均提高了166.40%.     

重组人促红细胞生成素纯化工艺的优化

采用堆积床生物反应器,用无血清培养基培养分泌重组人促红细胞生成素（rhEPO）的工程细胞株ZK9703.所收集的上清,采用阴离子交换层析－反相层析－分子筛层析三步纯化工艺路线,分别用Q－Sepharose XL-C4-S-200（方法Ⅰ）和DEAE Sepharose FF-Source-S-200(方法Ⅱ）纯化3批产品,所得EPO纯度达98％以上,体外比活性大于1.3^10^5IU/mg。方法Ⅰ、方法Ⅱ纯化过程的EPO体外活性回收率分别为23.56%和28.57%。本纯化方法Ⅱ工艺纯化日程短,分离效果好,EPO体内、体外活性回收率较高,更适合于大规模生产重组人促红细胞生成素。     

转基因植物表达植酸酶研究进展

植酸是植物体内磷的主要存在形式,其绝大部分不能被单胃动物消化吸收,而随粪便排出体外造成环境污染;同时,植酸又是一种抗营养因子,它通过络合植物体内的一些营养成分而降低植物的营养价值。通过植物转基因方法使植物自身表达足量的植酸酶,以减小植酸带来的不利影响,是提高植物性饲料营养价值和控制环境磷污染的一种经济有效的措施。就转基因植物植酸酶的优势、研究现状、存在的问题及其发展前景进行了综述。     

Generation and Phenotypic Analysis of a Transgenic Line of Rabbits Secreting Active Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the Milk

Production of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) for therapeutic purposes relies on its expression in selected clones of transfected mammalian cells. Alternatively, this glycoprotein can be produced by targeted secretion into the body fluid of transgenic mammals. Here, we report on the generation of a transgenic rabbits producing rhEPO in the lactating mammary gland. Transgenic individuals are viable, fertile and transmit the rhEPO gene to the offspring. Northern blot data indicated that the expression of the transgene in the mammary gland is controlled by whey acidic protien (WAP) regulatory sequences during the period of lactation. While the hybridization with total RNA revealed the expression only in the lactating mammary gland, the highly sensitive combinatory approach using RT-PCR/hybridization technique detected a minor ectopic expression. The level of rhEPO secretion in the founder female, measured in the period of lactation, varied in the range of 60–178 and 60–162 mIU/ml in the milk and blood plasma, respectively. Biological activity of the milk rhEPO was confirmed by a standard [³H]-thymidine incorporation test. Thus, we describe the model of a rhEPO-transgenic rabbit, valuable for studies of rhEPO glycosylation and function, which can be useful for the development of transgenic approaches designed for the preparation of recombinant proteins by alternative biopharmaceutical production.     

Transgenic Tobacco Plants Low in Phytochrome A Content

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants were transformed with a construct encoding phytochrome A (PHYA) antisense RNA. The construct inserted into the tobacco genome contained squash PHYA cDNA in an antisense orientation under the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter providing for gene expression in higher plant tissues. Using immunoblot analysis and Z3-B1 antibodies against PHYA, the authors demonstrated that the PHYA content of the transgenic plants was lower than that of the wild-type plants. The studies of PHYA-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation by high-intensity far-red light showed a considerable decrease in light sensitivity of the transgenic hypocotyl characteristic for aphyAmutation.     

重组人促红细胞生成素中试纯化工艺研究

采用堆积床生物反应器,用无血清培养基培养分泌ｒｈＥＰＯ的工程细胞株ＸＰ９５０１。所收集的上清液,经过快速离子交换层析—反相—分子筛层析纯化后,所得ＥＰＯ纯度达９９％以上,比活性为１－５×１０５ＩＵ／ｍｇ。整个纯化全过程的ＥＰＯ体内活性回收率为４６％。所纯化的ＥＰＯ分子量为３６ｋｄ,等电点为３－５。免疫印迹证明其有天然ＥＰＯ的免疫原性,Ｎ端１５个氨基酸序列分析与文献报道一致。本纯化工艺路线简单,时程短,重复性好,适合于大规模生产重组人促红细胞生成素。     

雪花莲凝集素基因（gna）的改造及其抗蚜性

用定点突变方法对编码雪花莲凝集素（Galanthus nivalis agglutinin,GNA)前体蛋白的DNA序列进行了改造和转基因烟草9Nicotana tabacum L.）抗蚜性的研究。结果表明,将GNA编码序列中含有的稀有密码子改造后,GNA的表达水平从占总可溶性蛋白的0.17％增加到0.25％,转基因烟草的抗蚜性也随之增强,从平均抑制桃蚜（Myzus per-sicae(Sulzer））虫口密度63.7％显地提高到71.0％。     

两种凝集素基因在转基因烟草中表达的研究

构建了含尾穗苋凝集素基因(ACA)的cDNA序列和改造后的雪花莲凝集素基因(GNA)的植物表达载体pBACG。在此表达载体中,ACA和GNA基因的表达分别由35S启动子和CoYMV启动子控制。通过农杆菌介导,将ACA和GNA基因转化到烟草中,经卡那霉素筛选获得60株转化再生植株。对PCR检测呈阳性的50株植株进行接蚜虫实验,结果表明,其平均抑虫率达83．9％。Southern blotting分析表明,ACA和GNA基因都已整合到烟草基因组中。Western blotting结果显示这两个基因在不同植株中都可表达其相应的蛋白质,但表达水平不同。部分Western blotting分析呈阳性植株的抗蚜性与T0代相近,达85．3％,说明这两个基因的抗蚜功能可以稳定遗传。     

乳腺特异高表达人促红细胞生成素转基因奶山羊的制备

目的制备乳腺特异性高表达人促红细胞生成素（hEPO）转基因奶山羊。方法采用牛β-乳球蛋白基因（BLG）调控元件和hEPO全长编码序列基因组DNA构建真核表达载体,应用受精卵原核注射的方法制备hEPO转基因山羊。结果在原核注射获得的188头羔羊中,经Southern blot法检测有4头羊含有hEPO基因,其中3头为母羊,1头公羊于出生后20d死亡;3头转基因母羊hEPO基因的拷贝数分别为1、10、2;Western blot检测结果显示转基因羊乳中的hEPO分子质量为32kDa;MTT法检测结果表明,在泌乳10d的3只转基因羊乳汁中,每毫升乳汁中hEPO活性分别达到1.17×10^2IU、1.90×10^4IU、1.91×10^4IU。结论牛BLG能够调控hEPO基因在山羊乳腺中高表达,为实现其他药用蛋白在山羊乳腺中表达奠定了基础。     

Expression of a Thermostable Bacterial Cellulase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

The bacterial gene of the thermostable endo--1,4-glucanase (cellulase) was shown to retain its activity and substrate specificity when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. The leader peptide of the carrot extensin was efficient in transferring the bacterial enzyme into the apoplast. The expression of the bacterial cellulase gene leads to changes in the plant tissue morphology. In the transgenic plant lines, regeneration of primary shoots from callus occurred at the three to five times higher cytokinin (6-BAP) concentration than in control plants. The transgenic plants that expressed the bacterial gene exhibited increased bushiness and altered leaf shape. The transgenic plants developed can be used as models for studying the cellulases role and function in plants.     

Effect of Active Oxygen Radicals on Protein and Carbohydrate Moieties of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin

Our previous study showed that active oxygen radicals generated from a Fenton system and a xanthine plus xanthine oxidase system caused serious loss of in vivo bioactivity of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO), a highly glycosylated protein. In the present study, we characterized the oxidative modifications to the protein and carbohydrate moiety of EPO, which lead to a reduction of its bioactivity. In vitro bioactivity was reduced when EPO was treated with oxygen radi cals generated from a Fenton system in the presence of 0.016 mM H₂0₂, and the reduction was directly proportional to the loss of in vivo bioactivity. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that dimer formation and degradation was observed under more severe conditions (Fenton reaction with 0.16 mM H₂0₂). The tryptophan destruction was detected at 0.016 mM H₂O₂ and well correlated with the loss of in vitro bioactivity, whereas loss of other amino acids were occurred under more severe conditions. Treatment with the Fenton system did not result in any specific damage on the carbohydrate moiety of EPO, except a reduction of sialic acid content under severe condition. These results suggest that active oxygen radicals mainly react with the protein moiety rather than the carbohydrate moiety of EPO. Destruction of tryptophan residues is the most sensitive marker of oxidative damage to EPO, suggesting the importance of tryptophan in the active EPO structure. Deglycosylation of EPO caused an increase of susceptibility to oxygen radicals compared to intact EPO. The role of oligosaccharides in EPO may be to protect the protein structure from active oxygen radicals.     

Resistance Against Pepper Severe Mosaic Potyvirus in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

The coat protein gene of the pepper severe mosaic poty-virus was introduced into tobacco plants. Several transgenic lines were assayed for virus resistance under greenhouse conditions. Line 232, showing higher levels of resistance than other transgenic plants, was studied in further detail. Upon challenge with PepSMV, R₂ descendants from this line were monitored for virus accumulation for a period of 45 days. Virus titre was lower in plants of the line 232 than in control plants throughout the experiment. At 14 days post-inoculation the transgenic plant line reached the maximum virus accumulation measured by ELISA. Those plants also showed a 1 week delay of virus accumulation by comparison with control plants. After reaching the peak at 14 days post-inoculation the virus titre in line 232 decreased with respect to control plants, until the end of the experiment. These results are compatible with the presence of an RNA-mediated resistance mechanism.