鱼腥藻提取液对水稻生长发育和产量的促进作用

以田间小区试验和大区产量直接对比的方法研究了鱼腥藻提取认对水稻幼苗生长和产量以及产量构成要素的影响,并探讨了方便有效且适宜于大田使用的方法。用藻液处理后水稻幼苗增高,根数、根长增加,分蘖能力增强,秧龄提前,叶面积明显加大。水稻成熟后除株高比对照略有下降外,各项产量构成要素如粒数、粒重、有效分蘖数、植株干重、千粒重、穗长等都优于对照组,但增产幅度随水稻品种和处理方式不同而异。大田使用时以１％鱼腥藻提     

温度对赤眼蜂的发育和羽化的影响

赤眼蜂的生长发育温度大致为10—35℃,可区分为全期正常发育温度(16—33℃);部分虫期发育温度(10—11℃);全期发育阀限温度(12—15°及34—35.5℃)。全期正常发育温度尚可划出发育适温区(20—30℃)及最适温区(24—26℃)。在适温及最适温区,赤眼蜂的发育速率随温度的升高而稳步上升。拟澳洲赤眼蜂温度每增长5℃,发育速率增长21—23%。在最适温区或适温区下繁殖,生长发育最好,羽化率最高。在适温区以外,赤眼蜂的生长发育较大幅度地向不利方向变化,发育时间延长,发育速率减慢。赤眼蜂个体发育所需的时间十分悬殊,影响因素有接蜂时间、寄生量、卵粒大小及质量以及气候环境等。拟澳洲赤眼蜂的发育始点为10.6℃,有效积温为157日度;舟蛾赤眼蜂为9.6℃及176日度。 赤眼蜂群体羽化的时间,在自然环境下以日间为多,并受光线的影响常在晨间形成羽化高蜂。在适温下群体羽化的时间-数量关系呈主蜂前移的波形曲线。群体羽化过程一般常有三个明显的周期,形成三个羽化高峰;同一群体,每一周期的羽化高峰,在时间上常有同步现象。有97%以上的个体在三个羽化周期内完成羽化。第一周期内羽化的个体是群体中生活力最强的个体。     

POLYPHASIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DOLICHOSPERMUM SPP. AND SPHAEROSPERMOPSIS SPP. (NOSTOCALES,CYANOBACTERIA): MORPHOLOGY, 16S rRNA GENE SEQUENCES AND FATTY ACID AND SECONDARY METABOLITE PROFILES1

The genera Dolichospermum (Ralfs ex Bornet et Flahault) Wacklin, L. Hoffm. et Komárek and Sphaerospermopsis Zapomělová, Jezberová, Hrouzek, Hisem, K. ?eháková et Komárk.‐Legn. represent a highly diversified group of planktonic cyanobacteria that have been recently separated from the traditional genus Anabaena Bory ex Bornet et Flahault. In this study, morphological diversity, phylogeny of the 16S rRNA gene, production of fatty acids, and secondary metabolite profiles were evaluated in 33 strains of 14 morphospecies isolated from the Czech Republic. Clustering of the strains based on 16S rRNA gene sequences corresponded to wider groups of species in terms of morphology. The overall secondary metabolite and fatty acid profiles, however, were not correlated to each other and neither were they correlated to the 16S rRNA phylogeny nor the morphology of the strains. Nevertheless, a minor part of the detected secondary metabolites (19% of all compounds) was present only in close relatives and can be thus considered as autapomorphic features.     

志贺菌流行株药物敏感性及质粒图谱分析

目的：分析志贺菌流行株的质粒图谱及其与细菌药物敏感性的相关性。方法：从菌痢患者粪便标本中分离6株 福氏志力和4株宋内志贺菌,分别对其质粒图谱与药物敏感性进行检测和对其相关性进行分析。结果：不同菌株的质粒图谱具有明显的差异,各菌株的质粒图谱与其对头孢三嗪、头孢唑林、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氯霉素的耐药特性无明显相关性。结论：获自患者的福氏志贺菌和宋内志贺菌具有不同的质粒图谱以及抗菌药物敏感性,提示在我市引起菌痢的志贺菌具有不同的来源。     

BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF FRIGATEBIRDS FREGATA SPP. ON ALDABRA ATOLL

Both species nested in mixed colonies in mangrove trees. The tops of trees were usually occupied exclusively by minor and the lower parts by ariel, but most nests of both species were in the intermediate parts of the canopy. The main laying season for both species was July to January. A census showed about 27 000 individuals present at the height of the season (1500 breeding pairs of minor, 5350 of ariel). Seasonal variation in numbers could be accounted for almost entirely by the changes in breeding activity of a resident population. Young of both species were fed at or near the nest-site for at least four months after fledging. A recovery near Bombay of a wing-tagged immature ariel shows that this species, at least, undergoes a post-fledging dispersal; it is suggested that young minor either do not disperse, or do so later than ariel. Food samples collected from chicks showed no overall difference between the species, but a seasonal analysis showed that ariel took more squid than minor in the wet season, and in the dry season the two species took different proportions of the two commonest species of flying-fish. Chicks of ariel received smaller meals than minor chicks in the wet season, but similar-sized meals in the dry season; ariel chicks grew more slowly than minor chicks. It is suggested that the timing of the breeding season is related to the need for adults to build up fat reserves to carry them through the courtship, nest-building and laying periods, when they are tied to the colony and so have little opportunity to feed. The evidence for non-annual breeding in frigatebirds is discussed. It is concluded that while successful breeders must breed at intervals of more than 12 months, they could theoretically nest in two successive seasons and that, since breeding success is low, most individuals probably do so. Existing knowledge of the biology of four of the five recognized species of frigatebirds is summarized, and shows that the family is at least as uniform as the tropicbirds and much more so than other Pelicaniformes.     

REVISION OF THE SPOTTED DOLPHINS, STENELLA SPP.

The taxonomy of the spotted dolphins has been confused. Two apparent species exist, one endemic to the Atlantic and the other pantropical. They have sharply different color patterns and non-overlapping vertebral counts. However, the holotype specimens for most of the names that have been applied to the spotted dolphins (including S. attenuata, S. frontalis, S. plagiodon and others) are skulls only, with no information on coloration or number of vertebrae. The two species overlap in all skull characters; geographical variation in both is pronounced. We used a discriminant analysis based on tooth counts and three skull measurements (standardized to skull width) to identify the type specimens to the two species. We used other criteria for assignment of nominal species for which holotype specimens do not exist. We propose that Stenella frontalis (G. Cuv., 1829) be used for the Atlantic endemic species and Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846) for the pantropical species and here redescribe the species. Proposed common names are Atlantic spotted dolphin and pantropical spotted dolphin. S. frontalis now includes Delphinus froenatus F. Cuv., 1829, D. doris Gray, 1846 and D. plagiodon Cope, 1866. S. attenuata (a nomen conservandum) includes D. velox G. Cuv., 1829, D. pseudodelphis Wiegmann, ≤ 1840, D. brevimanus Wagner, 1846, D. microbrachium Gray, 1850, D. albirostratus Peale, 1848, Steno capensis Gray, 1865, Clymene punctatus Gray, 1866, Steno consimilis Malm, 1871 and Prodelphinus graffmani Lönnberg, 1934. Unidentifiable to either of the two valid species are D. dubius G. Cuv., 1812, D. pernettensis de Blainville, 1817 (suppressed), D. malayanus Lesson, 1826 and D. Rappii Reichenbach, 1845; these must remain incertae sedis.     

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN PHYLOGENY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SNOWELLA SPP. AND WORONICHINIA NAEGELIANA,CYANOBACTERIA COMMONLY OCCURRING IN LAKES1

In this study, the first reported isolates of the genera Snowella and Woronichinia were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and morphological analysis. Phylogenetic studies and sequences for these genera were not available previously. By botanical criteria, the five isolated strains were identified as Snowella litoralis (Häyrén) Komárek et Hindák Snowella rosea (Snow) Elenkin and Woronichinia naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin. This study underlines the identification of freshly isolated cultures, since the Snowella strains lost the colony structure and were not identifiable after extended laboratory cultivation. In the 16S rRNA gene analysis, the Snowella strains formed a monophyletic cluster, which was most closely related to the Woronichinia strain. Thus, our results show that the morphology of the genera Snowella and Woronichinia was in congruence with their phylogeny, and their phylogeny seems to support the traditional botanical classification of these genera. Furthermore, the genera Snowella and Woronichinia occurred commonly and might occasionally be the most abundant cyanobacterial taxa in mainly oligotrophic and mesotrophic Finnish lakes. Woronichinia occurred frequently and also formed blooms in eutrophic Czech reservoirs.     

镰孢属几种植物病原真菌分子核型的研究

利用脉冲电场凝胶电泳（ｐｕｌｓｅｄ－ｆｉｅｌｄｇｅｌｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｅｓｉｓ,ＰＦＧＥ）,研究了４株串珠镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ　ｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ）、１株尖镰孢（F．ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ）、１株茄镰孢（Ｆ．ｓｏｌａｎｉ）和１株Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐ．的分子核型以及不同地域和寄主来源的串珠镰孢种内菌株间的分子核型差异。以凝胶包埋法（不破除分生孢子细胞壁）制备供试菌株电泳样本,采用３组条件组合进行电泳,分离出供试串珠镰孢完整染色体ＤＮＡ１０～１３条,分子量分布范围０．７Ｍｂ～６．９Ｍｂ,基因组大小为４２．２６Ｍｂ～４７．７５Ｍｂ;尖镰孢８条,分子量分布范围１．２Ｍｂ～６．７Ｍｂ,基因组大小为３２．２５Ｍｂ;茄镰孢６条,分子量分布范围２．４Ｍｂ～６．３Ｍｂ,基因组大小为２５．２Ｍｂ;Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐ．９条,分子量分布范围０．８Ｍｂ～６．８Ｍｂ,基因组大小为３６．４５Ｍｂ。结果表明,供试４种镰孢菌染色体数目、ＤＮＡ分子量及基因组大小都有较大不同,分子核型差异较大。不同来源的串珠镰孢种内菌株间分子核型亦有明显差异。     

竹荪的菌丝培养及其抗菌性的初步研究

对长裙竹荪（Ｄｉｃｔｙｏｐｈｏｒａ　ｉｎｄｕｓｉａｔａ）等３种的菌丝培养进行了研究并初步测定菌丝的抗菌谱。培养液的 ｐＨ和液体培养基粘度是竹荪在液体中生长的关键因素,在 ｐＨ４.７和添加 ０.５％ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ的合适培养条件下竹荪菌丝在液体中能够生长,菌丝得率达到１％。还探讨了其他几种竹荪菌丝的培养方法,为竹荪菌丝的大量生产提供了依据。另外,在竹荪抗菌性实验中发现,竹荪对许多易造成食品腐败的细菌和酵母具有抗性,但没有发现其对霉菌有抗性。     

镰孢属几种植物病原真菌分子核型的研究*

利用脉冲电场凝胶电泳（ｐｕｌｓｅｄ－ｆｉｅｌｄｇｅｌｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｅｓｉｓ,ＰＦＧＥ）,研究了４株串珠镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ　ｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ）、１株尖镰孢（F．ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ）、１株茄镰孢（Ｆ．ｓｏｌａｎｉ）和１株Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐ．的分子核型以及不同地域和寄主来源的串珠镰孢种内菌株间的分子核型差异。以凝胶包埋法（不破除分生孢子细胞壁）制备供试菌株电泳样本,采用３组条件组合进行电泳,分离出供试串珠镰孢完整染色体ＤＮＡ１０～１３条,分子量分布范围０．７Ｍｂ～６．９Ｍｂ,基因组大小为４２．２６Ｍｂ～４７．７５Ｍｂ;尖镰孢８条,分子量分布范围１．２Ｍｂ～６．７Ｍｂ,基因组大小为３２．２５Ｍｂ;茄镰孢６条,分子量分布范围２．４Ｍｂ～６．３Ｍｂ,基因组大小为２５．２Ｍｂ;Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐ．９条,分子量分布范围０．８Ｍｂ～６．８Ｍｂ,基因组大小为３６．４５Ｍｂ。结果表明,供试４种镰孢菌染色体数目、ＤＮＡ分子量及基因组大小都有较大不同,分子核型差异较大。不同来源的串珠镰孢种内菌株间分子核型亦有明显差异。     

来自海洋的链霉菌抑菌活性与其培养条件的关系

研究培养条件对来自海洋的12株链霉菌抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,用海水（含3．5％NaCl）制备的高氏1号培养基（pH72）、22℃培养时,能表现抑菌活性的菌株数最多;但减少培养基的营养成分、改变氮源、NaCl浓度、pH和培养温度,部分菌株可表现新的抑菌活性,或使原有的抑菌活性有较大提高;新表现或提高的抑菌活性绝大部分都是针对革兰氏阳性菌和白色假丝酵母。本文结果提示在海洋放线菌抗生素产生菌的筛选中,应注意培养条件的选择。     

2,4-D诱导固氮螺菌和慢生型大豆根瘤菌在小麦上的结瘤作用及其效果

分别在水培和砂培条件下进行了2,4-D诱导固氮螺菌和慢生型大豆根瘤菌在小麦根上的结瘤试验,结果表明2,4-D能诱发它们在小麦根系上形成“类根瘤”,扫描电镜结果证明只有个别细菌进入小麦根瘤细胞内,在细胞间隙有较多的细菌。用乙炔还原法仅检测到接种大豆根瘤菌的小麦根瘤有微量的固氮酶活性,但在盆栽植株的生长方面,看不到2,4-D,2,4-D+固氮螺菌或2,4-D+根瘤菌对小麦生长的促进作用。     

SYMBIODINIUM SPP. ISOLATES FROM STONY CORAL: ISOLATION,GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTS OF UV IRRADIATION

Rengefors, K.¹ & Legrand, C.^{2 1}Limnology, Department of Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden; ²Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar, Barlastgatan 1, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden Freshwater dinoflagellates may form dense blooms during winter in ice-covered lakes. Unlike their marine counterparts freshwater dinoflagellates are rarely considered as potential toxin producers. Here we tested if the winter species Peridinium aciculiferum produces a toxin(s)and investigated the potential adaptive function of that toxin - i.e. predator defense or inhibition of competitors (allelopathy). We found that P. aciculiferum produces a toxin(s). Using traditional toxicity bioassays (Artemia toxicity test and haemolytic activity assay), we detected the production of a toxic substance by P. aciculiferum cells from both the field and from laboratory cultures. Cultures deprived of phosphorus showed most toxicity. Potential predators, such as Daphnia galeata (Cladocera) and Eudiaptomus graciloides (Copepoda), were apparently not harmed by P. aciculiferum toxicity. However, a competitor, the flagellate Rhodomonas lacustris (Cryptophyceae), which co-occurs with P. aciculiferum was killed (allelopathy) by the P. aciculiferum toxin. The toxin(s) caused the cells of R. lacustris to swell and burst. We concluded that allelopathy may be an adaptive strategy of winter dinoflagellates, allowing them to outcompete other phytoplankton species, and thereby dominate the algal biomass.