Short-term Responses to Supplementary Nitrogen in Young Apple Trees as Related to Carbohydrate Nutrition

Young MM·104 apple rootstocks were grown in containerswith soil of moderate nitrogen status. Doses of supplementaryammonium nitrate were supplied to the soil, and comparable treatedand watered control plants were harvested shortly (40 h) afterwards.Their parts were analysed for extractable carbohydrates (andnitrogen) to test whether interdependence between carbohydratestatus and nitrogen assimilation could be demonstrated. Results showed that extractable carbohydrate content did notchange significantly in response to treatment, although resultsto be presented in another paper have shown appreciable nitrogenassimilation over the same period. On the basis that carbonskeletons required for amino-nitrogen incorporation are derivedfrom hexose, it has been calculated that the amounts involvedwould be sufficient to allow detection of localized changesin root carbohydrates. The absence of an observed effect onroots is interpreted as being due to rapid responses by otherparts of the tree—probably involving increases in ratesof formation and translocation of resources. This is regardedas part of a mechanism for maintaining a steady compositionin terms of carbohydrates and other metabolites.     

4种幼树对二氧化硫胁迫的抗性生理响应

利用密闭环境控制室熏气处理,研究了不同浓度（自然状态和0.5、1.5、3.0 mg·L^-1）SO₂对盆栽巨桉、天竺桂、西蒙得木和茶树幼树叶片渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化系统保护酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响,并就各树种对SO₂的抗性进行综合评价。结果显示:（1）SO₂对4个树种叶片伤害程度表现为天竺桂<西蒙得木<巨桉<茶树。（2）SO₂胁迫显著增加了巨桉和西蒙得木叶片可溶性蛋白（SP）、可溶性糖（SS）和游离脯氨酸（Pro）3种渗透调节物质含量;SO₂胁迫对天竺桂叶片SP和SS含量无显著影响,且对Pro含量的促进作用也是在处理30 d后才体现出来;SO₂胁迫对茶树叶片SP含量无显著影响,使SS含量显著降低,而使Pro含量显著增加。（3）SO₂胁迫总体使巨桉和天竺桂抗氧化系统保护酶——超氧化物酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,但西蒙得木各指标表现不同,而使茶树抗氧化系统保护酶活性和丙二醛含量则全面下降。（4）巨桉、天竺桂、西蒙得木、茶树的最大净吸收S量依次为1.17、1.32、2.04、0.95 g·kg^-1。（5）通过隶属函数法综合7个生理指标得到的SO₂抗性综合排序为天竺桂>西蒙得木>巨桉>茶树,与叶片伤害程度表现一致。研究表明,植物抗氧化保护酶系统在4个树种抵抗SO₂胁迫调节机制中具有重要作用,其中天竺桂超高的基础POD活性可能是其抵抗SO₂伤害的关键机制之一。     

The Responses of Young Apple Trees to Supplementary Nitrogen and their Relation to Carbohydrate Resources

Supplementary nitrogen was supplied as ammonium nitrate to pottedtrees of MM.106 apple rootstock during the summer period ofextension growth or during autumn after the end of shoot extension.Effects of autumn nitrogen in the current year were small butsummer nitrogen stimulated shoot growth markedly and increasedleaf-area duration. Neither total root growth nor relative carbohydratecontent were reduced by the treatments. Indeed no direct effectof treatment on relative carbohydrate content was observed.Although a smaller fraction of the total photosynthate was utilizedfor root growth when shoot growth was stimulated by extra nitrogen,total dry-matter production on the basis of available lightenergy intercepted was greater or more efficient when growthwas increased. Additional nitrogen, however, did not preventa seasonal decline in the apparent efficiency of utilizationof incident light energy.     

Supraoptimal Temperature Effects upon Agrostis palustris

Agrostis palustris turfs cut weekly at 1.3 cm were subjected to successive four-week periods with day-night temperature regimes of 20–10, 25–15, 30–20, 35–25 and 40–30°C. Plants grown at 40–30°C exhibited a growth character distinctly different from those grown at 20–10°C. They were more upright and bristle-like in growth habit. The percentage dry weight of leaf blade tissue increased 67% and weight per unit area increased 53% between 20–10 and 40–30°C. Reduced leaf blade width was noted first at 30–20°C while leaf blade length reduction first occurred at 35–25°C. Weekly yields were significantly reduced at the supraoptimal temperature regimes of 35–25 and 40–30°C. Chlorophyll content was lowest at 20–10 and 40–30°C, the lowest and highest temperature regimes studied. Shoot density appeared to decrease under the 35–25°C regime, but no dead plants were observed. The apparent decrease in shoot density was attributed to the upright growth habit. Density decreased at 40–30°C upon death of individual plants. A community of grass plants maintained as a turf was found to change in form quite rapidly in response to temperature.     

水稻花药对高温胁迫的生理响应

为了探明水稻花药在高温胁迫下的生理反应及适应机理,以耐热水稻品系996和热敏感水稻品系4628为材料,在人工气候室进行高温（9：00-17：00,37℃;17：00-9：00,30℃）和适温处理（9：00-17：00,30℃;17：00～9：00,25℃）,研究高温胁迫对水稻花药可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、热稳定蛋白、维生素C含量、膜透性及内源激素含量等生理特性的影响。结果表明,高温使水稻花药中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和维生素C含量下降,热稳定蛋白含量上升;热敏感品系4628花药中丙二醛含量和相对电导率在高温胁迫下增幅大于耐热品系996;高温胁迫下,水稻花药中GA3和IAA含量降低,ABA含量上升,耐热品系996花药中GA3、IAA含量降低幅度小于热敏感品系4628,ABA含量增加幅度小于热敏感品系4628。     

Analysis of Distribution of Root Length Density of Apple Trees on Different Dwarfing Rootstocks

This paper considers statistical analyses for comparing thedistribution of root length density (RLD) of apple trees underdifferent rootstocks and tree spacing. The source data includedRLD values (cm cm^-3) measured by soil coring the root systemsof eight trees in each of two seasons. We formulated a regressionmodel which assumed the RLD dropped exponentially with soildepth, and this relationship varied with the radial distancefrom the tree. The model fitted to the log transformed meandata described the RLD distribution well. Young trees (5-year-old)of M.26 (semi-dwarf) and MM.106 (semi-vigourous) had a highermean RLD and showed a more layered vertical distribution, comparedwith trees of the dwarf Mark rootstock. Differences among rootstockswere not evident in older (9-year-old) trees. In general, youngroot systems were more bowl shaped, whereas older trees hada higher RLD further away from the tree trunk. RLD is a positiveand continuous variable except for the possibility of an excessof exact zeros. A generalized linear model with a Poisson-gammatype distribution allows modelling of individual RLD data withzeros contributing to parameter estimation. It does not, however,provide simplicity of biological interpretation. In this paperwe present a model that assumes the realization of RLD datais due to a Bernoulli and an exponential process. The fittingof the Bernoulli-exponential model by maximum likelihood isillustrated, and further generalization suggested.Copyright1999 Annals of Botany Company Malus domestica(Borkh.), Fuji, rootstock, root system, soil core sampling, Bernoulli–exponential model.     

棉花幼苗对不同程度低温逆境的生理响应

以‘新陆早33号'(冷敏感)和‘中棉所50号’(高耐寒)棉花品种为材料,采用人工模拟低温方法,研究不同温度和时间处理下棉花幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的响应特征,探讨不同温度胁迫下棉花的抗逆机制.结果显示:(1)随胁迫温度降低、胁迫时间延长,两参试棉花品种幼苗遭受低温伤害的程度逐渐加剧,尤以5℃和0℃处理表现最为明显.(2)经15℃及10℃处理后,植株叶片REC、POD活性、SP和Pro含量总体上随胁迫时间延长而提高,MDA含量、APX活性和SS含量则先升后降,并均于处理24 h时达峰值;而在5℃及0℃处理下,REC和SOD、POD活性以及MDA、SS、SP含量迅速上升,APX活性、Pro含量则呈先升后降的变化趋势.(3)与‘新陆早33号,相比,‘中棉所50号’在各处理水平下均可保持更大的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量上升幅度.研究表明,在不同程度低温逆境中,棉花幼苗可通过调节抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,启动相应抗逆调节方式来维持代谢平衡,增强抗逆性;高耐寒性品种在低温逆境中具有更灵敏、高效的活性氧清除能力和渗透调节响应机制,从而有效抵御低温逆境伤害.     

茉莉扦插苗对模拟低温的生理响应

以2年生单、双瓣茉莉扦插苗为材料,采用人工模拟低温的方法,初步研究不同温度梯度和低温处理时间对茉莉植株9个生理指标的影响,并利用隶属函数法对两栽培品种的抗寒性进行综合评价.结果显示,随着温度降低和胁迫时间延长,单、双瓣茉莉扦插苗受到低温胁迫伤害的程度逐渐加剧,且各低温胁迫8 d后的各项生理指标的变化较处理2 d和4 d更显著.即随着温度降低和胁迫时间延长,茉莉两个栽培品种的相对电导率逐渐增大,MDA含量增加;可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均呈现缓慢增加的趋势,而脯氨酸含量则呈现双高峰的变化规律;双瓣茉莉SOD活性逐渐增大,而单瓣茉莉SOD活性先升后降,POD活性则在两个栽培品种中均逐渐升高;而根系活力和叶绿素含量则均逐渐下降.研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下,与单瓣茉莉相比,双瓣茉莉能大量积累小分子渗透调节物质,且具有较高的抗氧化酶活性,能更好地减轻自由基造成的伤害,从而表现出较强的抗寒性.     

Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Responses Related to Differential Shoot vs. Root Growth Inhibition at Low Temperature in Spring and Winter Wheat

Several morphological, anatomical and physiological changesand their relationship with differential root vs. shoot growthinhibition at low temperature (5°C) were studied in springand winter wheat cultivars. Root:shoot ratios, expressed eitheras a function of root and shoot fresh weight or as a functionof root and leaf areas, increased at low temperature and thisincrement was more pronounced in spring cultivars than in winterones. Although winter cultivars developed relatively smallerroot systems at 5°C, this characteristic was counterbalancedby a lower stomatal frequency and increased thickness of epidermalcell walls in leaves unfolded at this temperature, relativeto spring cultivars. Likewise, at 5°C a decrease in theosmotic potential of shoots and roots was observed in parallelwith sugar accumulation; this decrease was more marked in wintercultivars. These results indicate a differential morpho-anatomicaland physiological plasticity of winter and spring cultivarsduring development at low temperature. The possible associationbetween these changes and plant water economy at low temperaturesis discussed. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Spring wheat, winter wheat, Triticum aestivum, low temperature, root:shoot ratio, root surface area, stomatal frequency, osmotic potential     

Apple Proliferation Epidemics Detected in Scab-Resistant Apple Trees

In the Friuli-Venezia Giulia, a region of Italy, where serious epidemics of apple proliferation (AP) are known to occur, varieties resistant to scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.) are increasingly being used in new orchards. The most important cvs are Florina. Prima and Priscilla. These varieties were cultivated according to organic farming regimes with no insecticides used. The results obtained in two orchards during a 7-year period of investigation indicated that the three varieties resistant to scab are highly susceptible to AP. Florina was most susceptible (high infection rate) to AP while Priscilla was most sensitive (severely affected). The identification of the disease was based on symptom expression, DAPI (4–6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) fluorescence technique, electron microscopy observations and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Neither complete spontaneous recovery nor death of AP-infected plants was noticed. The pattern of natural diffusion of AP does not seem to be uniform, the affected trees may be in line or grouped in certain spots of the orchards. This may indicate the activity of a not very mobile vector. It can be concluded that planting of Florina, Prima and Priscilla should be discouraged in areas where AP is a problem, particularly when organic farming regimes are being applied.     

Phylogenetic Responses of Forest Trees to Global Change

In a rapidly changing biosphere, approaches to understanding the ecology and evolution of forest species will be critical to predict and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic global change on forest ecosystems. Utilizing 26 forest species in a factorial experiment with two levels each of atmospheric CO₂ and soil nitrogen, we examined the hypothesis that phylogeny would influence plant performance in response to elevated CO₂ and nitrogen fertilization. We found highly idiosyncratic responses at the species level. However, significant, among-genetic lineage responses were present across a molecularly determined phylogeny, indicating that past evolutionary history may have an important role in the response of whole genetic lineages to future global change. These data imply that some genetic lineages will perform well and that others will not, depending upon the environmental context.     

Photosynthetic Responses of Tropical Trees to Short-Term Exposure to Ozone

Saplings of the tropical trees Tibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn., Caesalpinia echinata Lam., and Psidium guajava L. cv. Paluma were exposed in open-top chambers with charcoal filtered air and measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were made before (t₁) and after exposure to non-filtered air plus O₃ (t₂), simulating 6-h peaks of O₃ similar to those observed in São Paulo city (SE Brazil, reaching an AOT40 of 641 nmol mol^–1). After the fumigation, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and F_v/F_m were reduced (p<0.05) for the three species. C. echinata was the most sensitive species and P. guajava cv. Paluma the most resistant.     

三种油茶幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应及其抗寒性综合评价

以普通油茶Camellia oleifera、高州油茶C. drupifera和红花油茶C. semiserrata 1年生幼苗为试材,通过模拟低温胁迫,分别对其进行6 ℃低温处理,持续0、24、48、72 h以及恢复常温25 ℃后处理24 h,测定各处理幼苗的生理指标,并用主成分分析法综合评价3种油茶幼苗的抗寒性。结果表明,3种油茶的叶绿素含量和相对含水量随胁迫时间的延长而下降,而可溶性蛋白含量则随胁迫时间延长显著上升。在低温处理72 h时,高州油茶的叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量与对照相比差异极显著,分别下降了64.67%和上升了705.67%;而普通油茶叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量与对照相比仅下降34.35 %和上升443.10%,表现出较强的抗寒性。3种油茶抗寒性由强到弱的顺序为普通油茶＞红花油茶＞高州油茶。     

多蒴灰藓（苔藓植物门：藓纲）对短期极端温度的生理响应

近年来,藓类植物作为一类模式植物,在分子生物学、抗性生理学研究中受到重视,因此,开展逆境条件下藓类植物渗透调节物质和膜保护系统相关指标变化的研究,将为了解藓类植物对逆境条件适应的生理机制提供基础资料。多蒴灰藓（Hypnum fertile Senden.）分布广泛,生境多样,本文研究了低温(5℃)和高温(40℃和60℃)在不同胁迫时间(0、1、2、4、6、8h)下多蒴灰藓体内可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的变化,以期了解多蒴灰藓对不同温度条件的适应能力和响应的生理机制。结果表明：在5℃低温处理下,随处理时间延长,多蒴灰藓的可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,在高温处理下,呈现先升高后降低的趋势;游离脯氨酸、MDA在低温和高温胁迫下随处理时间延长都逐渐升高。CAT在5℃低温处理下活性逐渐升高,在40℃高温处理下先升高后降低,在60℃高温处理下则迅速降低,6 h后酶完全丧失活性。SOD的活性在5℃低温处理下随处理时间延长逐渐降低,在高温处理下则表现出先升高后降低趋势,40℃高温胁迫下6 h达到最大值,60℃胁迫下0.5 h达到最大值。POD在5℃和40℃处理下活性随处理时间延长逐渐升高,在60℃高温处理下则先升高后降低。这些结果表明,多蒴灰藓适生于20℃左右的温度条件下,60℃高温对多蒴灰藓的伤害明显,与高温相比,多蒴灰藓更适合生长于低温环境;多蒴灰藓通过增加游离脯氨酸以提高对温度逆境的适应;POD和CAT在多蒴灰藓抵御低温胁迫时可能起着主要作用,而SOD则在其抵御高温胁迫时起一定的作用。     

The Pruning Response of One-year Apple Trees

The response to pruning, in the simple woody system exemplifiedby 1-year-old rooted apple shoots, could be summarized by theequation irrespective of the amount of growth or of whether all new shootsor only two were allowed to develop. In a group of smaller plants,the proportion of new stem increased slightly. The responsecould be largely attributed to a close relation between thetotal increment and the thickening of the old stem which wasfound to be Increase in weight of the plants was favoured by treatmentspromoting early bud-break and rapid development of leaf area.It was not simply related to pruning.