浙江扇脉杓兰野生居群的表型性状变异及其与地理-土壤养分因子的相关性

为揭示扇脉杓兰(Cypripedium japonicum Thunb.)表型性状的变异规律,以浙江临安6个野生居群(老殿、宝剑石、红蛇洞、清凉峰、大明山和里横塘)为研究对象,分析了叶片、萼片、子房及唇瓣等18个表型性状的变异幅度,并讨论了表型性状变异与地理-土壤养分因子间的相关性以及居群间和居群内的表型多样性.结果显示:6个居群18个表型性状(地径、下叶长、下叶宽、下叶长/宽比、上叶长、上叶宽、上叶长/宽比、中萼片长、中萼片宽、苞片长、苞片宽、子房长、花梗直径、花梗长、唇瓣长、唇瓣宽、植株展度和株高)测量值的F值为1.240 ～ 18.666,除花梗直径和株高外,其他16个性状均有极显著差异.各性状的变异系数为5.937％ ～ 26.349％,其中,唇瓣长的平均变异系数最小(6.119％)、苞片宽的平均变异系数最大(24.124％);居群间各性状的变异系数为8.139％～ 13.663％,平均变异系数为11.143％,其中,里横塘居群的平均变异系数最大、宝剑石居群的最小.各性状的多样性指数平均为1.977,其中地径的多样性指数最大(2.045)、苞片宽的最小(1.663).通过UPGMA聚类分析,可将6个居群划分为3组:清凉峰、大明山、老殿和宝剑石居群为1组;红蛇洞和里横塘居群分别各自成组,其中清凉峰和大明山居群的遗传距离最近.各表型性状间存在显著或极显著的相关关系;但仅地径与速效钾含量显著正相关(r=0.854),子房长、唇瓣长和宽与土壤全磷含量显著正相关(r值分别为0.916、0.854和0.914),植株展度与土壤pH显著正相关(r=0.810),其余性状与地理因子(包括经度、纬度和海拔)及土壤养分因子均无显著相关性.研究结果表明:扇脉杓兰野生居群表型性状存在丰富的变异和多样性,且与生境土壤中速效钾及全磷含量及土壤pH有关.     

不同居群山桐子果实表型性状变异及与环境因子的关系

以国内14个山桐子居群为研究对象,采用方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析等方法,探究山桐子果实表型性状变异及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：(1)山桐子的9个果实表型性状在居群间和居群内均有广泛变异,居群间各表型性状的变异系数为6.47%—32.51%,居群内各表型性状的变异系数为4.69%—35.21%。单串果穗重和单串果实重的变异系数较大,单果横径、单果纵径及单果重的变异系数均较小。河南农业大学林木种苗繁育工程技术中心居群表型变异最丰富,四川省方山村居群最小。山桐子果穗表型性状与果实产量性状呈显著正相关,通过聚类分析可将山桐子14个居群分为4个类群,类群Ⅳ中山桐子果实表型性状最为优良,果穗大、单果重,表现出突出的育种优势。(2)山桐子14个居群地土壤pH在5.36—8.49范围内,多数居群土壤为酸性,土壤有效氮、有效磷、有效钾含量低。(3)环境因子中全氮对山桐子果实表型性状影响较大,土壤pH、有效磷含量与果实表型性状存在显著相关性。山桐子果实表型性状存在丰富变异,果穗外形对其产量有着显著影响;土壤pH及有效磷含量是影响山桐子果实表型性状的主要土壤养分因子,在生产中或可通过调节...     

披碱草属野生居群表型多样性及其与环境关系研究

以来自8省区38个披碱草属野生居群的22个表型性状为调查对象,利用变异系数及多样性指数法对性状内和性状间及种间的表型变异进行分析,并对表型性状与地理气象因子间的关系进行相关性分析,用平均聚类法对38个居群进行分类,以揭示不同来源披碱草属种质资源表型多样性。结果显示:(1)营养器官性状中旗叶至穗基部长变异系数最高(44.695%),穗部性状中的每穗小穗数变异系数最高(77.005%)。(2)披碱草、麦宾草、圆柱披碱草与老芒麦这4个种间总体平均多样性指数为0.920～1.560,披碱草最高,麦宾草次之,圆柱披碱草最低。(3)表型性状变异受海拔、经度及年均温的影响较大。(4)UPGMA聚类结果将所有材料分成4组,披碱草属植物性状的表型特征没有严格按地理距离而聚类。研究表明,披碱草属植物野生种质材料具有丰富的表型多样性,表型性状与环境之间关系密切,采集过程中应尽量保持居群的完整性,最大程度地保护中国披碱草属牧草的遗传多样性。     

四川西部川赤芍野生居群的表型多样性分析

为揭示四川西部川赤芍〔Paeonia anomala subsp.veitchii(Lynch)D.Y.Hong et K.Y.Pan〕表型性状的变异规律,对川赤芍6个野生居群的株高、茎基粗、叶片和花部性状等15个表型性状进行了比较;并在此基础上,对各表型性状进行了方差分析、变异系数(CV)分析、离散系数(R′)分析、Shannon-Weaver遗传多样性指数(H′)分析、主成分分析和聚类分析.结果表明:川赤芍15个表型性状在居群间均存在极显著差异;除顶小叶长宽比外,其他14个表型性状在居群内均存在极显著或显著差异.15个表型性状在居群内的F值均明显小于居群间.15个表型性状中,每枝着花量的CV平均值最大(33.68%),花瓣数的CV平均值最小(11.26%);6个居群中,阿坝州小金县两河乡(P1)和阿坝州小金县四姑娘山镇(P2)居群的CV平均值较大,阿坝州金川县万林乡(P4)和阿坝州马尔康县卓克基乡(P5)居群的CV平均值居中,阿坝州汶川县卧龙自然保护区(P3)和甘孜州炉霍县充古乡(P6)居群的CV平均值最小.15个表型性状中,株高的R′平均值最大(64.48%),萼片数和苞片数的R′平均值均最小(37.50%);6个居群中,P2居群的R′平均值最大(56.66%),P3居群的R′平均值最小(43.65%).川赤芍6个居群15个表型性状的CV值和R′值的平均值分别为18.70%和49.80%.川赤芍15个表型性状和6个居群的H′平均值均较高,分别为1.6475和1.4510.主成分分析结果显示:叶片形态和花部特征是川赤芍表型变异的主要因子.聚类分析结果显示:在欧氏距离7.12处,川赤芍6个居群被分成2支,其中,P6居群单独聚为一支,其他5个居群聚为另一支,表明生境相似的居群更早地聚在一起.研究结果显示:四川西部川赤芍表型性状在居群间变异丰富,这与其叶片形态、花部特征及生境关系密切.     

贵州省野生皂荚种实表型性状多样性分析

为深入了解贵州省野生皂荚(Gleditsia sinensis)荚果表型性状的遗传多样性及其变异类型,为皂荚的遗传改良、种质鉴定、亲本选择以及品种培育奠定理论基础。该研究以贵州省7个野生皂荚群体70个个体为研究对象,采用方差分析、主成分分析、相关性分析及多性状综合评价等方法对皂荚群体的10个种实表型性状进行系统分析和综合评价。结果显示：(1)所测皂荚的表型性状差异在群体内均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);在群体间,除每荚粒数、种子宽、种子长宽积以及种子长宽比之外,其余表型性状的差异均达极显著水平(P＜0.01)。(2)7个居群野生皂荚各性状平均变异系数为21.16%,其中凯里市(P4)居群的变异系数最高(24.44%);居群间荚果的变异(29.22%)高于种子的变异(11.04%),且变异主要来自于群体内。(3)相关分析显示,皂荚种实各性状之间存在不同程度的关联性;主成分分析显示,前4个主成分(皂荚种子大小、单个荚果出籽数量、种子形态指数因子、与荚果长和种子厚相关的因子)的累积贡献率达69.783%,可基本反映皂荚表型性状的大部分信息;以10个种实性状对皂荚野生群体进行综合评价发现,来自于惠水县(P7)群体的皂荚种实性状综合评价最高。研究表明,贵州省野生皂荚在群体间及群体内具有丰富的表型变异,且群体内的变异大于群体间的变异,变异主要来自于群体内。     

带叶兜兰5个野生居群表型多样性分析

以云南、广西、贵州的5个带叶兜兰主要野生居群分布区为研究对象,采用巢式方差分析、表型分化系数、主成分分析、相关分析、聚类分析等分析方法,对带叶兜兰的18个性状的表型多样性进行分析。结果显示:带叶兜兰表型性状在居群间表现出显著或极显著差异,居群内变异较少。带叶兜兰平均表型分化系数为75.18%,居群间的变异是居群多样性的主要来源;18个表型性状变异系数平均值的变化范围为6.36%～18.51%,离散程度较高。主成分分析表明,造成带叶兜兰表型变异的主要来源是株高、子房长、花茎高、最大叶长、花横径和合萼片长6个性状。Pearson相关分析表明,株高、合萼片宽和中萼片宽等与大部分性状均呈显著或极显著正相关;18个性状中只有合萼片长与地理因子极显著相关。聚类分析结果表明,5个居群大致依据地理距离聚为3个类群。本研究发现,带叶兜兰居群遗传多样性较高,居群间的变异远高于居群内的变异,因此,应尽可能保护更多的野生居群,在原地保护的基础上建立种质资源保存圃、库,进行人工繁殖和育种,以利用促保护。     

内蒙古中部地区小叶锦鸡儿天然居群表型多样性分析

对采自内蒙古中部地区的7个小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)天然居群的207份材料进行了表型多样性分析.结果表明:小叶锦鸡儿种内表型性状存在丰富的变异,无论在居群间还是在居群内均表现出极显著差异(P<0.001);叶片、荚果、种子等11个表型性状居群间分化系数为16.90%,居群内表型性状分化系数为83.10%,是小叶锦鸡儿表型变异的主要来源;主成分分析显示荚果柄长、荚果长、关节长是造成小叶锦鸡儿表型变异的主要影响因子;依据小叶锦鸡儿表型性状,通过聚类分析将7个小叶锦鸡儿居群分为3类,第1类为多伦居群,第2类为西乌旗居群,第3类为四子王旗、察右后旗、化德、镶黄旗和正镶白旗5个居群.     

武陵地区蛇足石杉不同居群形态变异分析

为了从数量上分析蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata)天然居群表型性状在居群间和居群内的变异,对分布在武陵地区的15个蛇足石杉天然居群的9个表型性状进行了测量和比较分析.结果表明:顶叶长、顶叶宽、顶叶长宽比、茎基径、基叶长、基叶长宽比、株高、节间长在居群间表现显著差异;聚类分析和主成分分析显示,15个居群可分为3类,顶叶长、顶叶长宽比、茎基径、株高、节间长这5个性状是反映表型差异的主要因素.     

太白杜鹃天然居群的表型多样性

为揭示太白杜鹃(Rhododendron purdomii)天然居群的表型变异程度、变异规律,以秦岭山区的7个天然居群为研究对象,对其花序和叶片的10个数量性状和8个质量性状进行方差分析、相关分析与聚类分析,探讨居群间与居群内表型多样性的变异特点。结果显示:(1)在太白杜鹃的质量性状中,花色与花瓣内斑在居群间与居群内均存在丰富变异,花朵香味、花序形状、花冠形状、花梗颜色、叶片形状和株型等仅在居群间存在明显变异,在居群内则趋于一致性;其数量性状在居群间与居群内也存在广泛变异,10个数量性状在居群间和居群内平均值差异全部达显著水平;在7个居群内数量性状的变异系数为0～55.3%,其中花梗长、花丝长、花瓣宽与叶柄长变异较大,花朵数变异较小。(2)相关性分析表明,太白杜鹃花瓣长和花瓣宽分别与经度存在极显著与显著负相关关系,叶片长、叶片宽和叶片长宽比与海拔均存在显著负相关关系,而其它性状与地理因子的关系密切。(3)聚类分析显示,太白杜鹃的7个天然居群可以初步分为两大类,但性状的表型特征并没有依地理距离而聚类。研究表明,太白杜鹃天然居群的表型性状在居群内与居群间均存在丰富的变异,而且其与居群特点、分布生境等关系密切。     

北沙柳种质资源居群表型多样性

该研究采用单因素方差分析、巢式方差分析、群落多样性指数分析等方法,以国家北沙柳种质资源库内13个居群的494个无性系为实验材料,通过表型性状(叶面积、叶周长、叶柄长、叶长、叶宽、长宽比、开枝角度、株高和地径)比较分析,探讨居群间和居群内表型分化程度、表型多样性和地理变异,为北沙柳种质资源遗传改良和生产提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)北沙柳表型性状变异丰富,变异系数范围为17.64%~28.79%,平均为22.53%。(2)在13个居群中,居群P2的Simpson、Shannon和Brilliouin平均多样性指数最高,居群P13最低;表型性状中分枝角度多样性指数最大,地径多样性指数最小。(3)表型性状分化系数为0.265 4,即北沙柳种质资源居群间表型变异为26.54%,居群内表型变异为73.46%。(4)主成分分析表明,叶面积、叶周长、叶长、叶柄长和叶宽对分组的贡献率较大;聚类分析将13个北沙柳居群可划分为四组;Mantel检验表明,地理距离与表型距离(欧氏距离)相关性不显著(r=0.192 3,P=0.082)。研究认为,居群内不同无性系的选育是北沙柳定向育种的主要研究方向;边缘居群的表型性状具有形成地理变异的趋势;遗传多样性高是北沙柳适应性强的物质基础。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。