京津冀区域市政污水厂活性污泥种群结构的多样性及差异

【背景】活性污泥中微生物的种群结构影响着污水生物处理的高效性及稳定性,是有效保证污水处理效果的关键。【目的】研究活性污泥中细菌的群落结构组成及多样性,并分析相应菌群的主要功能,旨在更好地发挥细菌的净化作用、保持污水处理过程的稳定及提高污水的处理效率。【方法】以京津冀区域内典型市政污水厂活性污泥为研究对象,通过IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序及实时定量PCR技术,对5个污水厂活性污泥的微生物种群结构特征进行了详细解析,研究不同工艺参数下活性污泥中优势种群及脱氮菌群丰度的差异。【结果】5个污水厂活性污泥种群结构具有一定差异,其中Hengshui (HS)厂污泥的群落结构受温度的影响最大,而Shahe (SH)、Daoxianghu (DXH)、Nangong(NG)厂活性污泥群落结构则受总氮、总磷与氨氮的共同影响,氨氮对SH厂活性污泥种群结构影响最大。DXH、NG和HS厂污泥中优势菌均为Anaerolineaceae,而SH和Hejian (HJ)厂的优势菌则为Saprospiraceae与Lactobacillus。活性污泥中反硝化菌丰度最高的为HJ厂,丰度最低的为HS厂,反硝化功能基因nirS比nirK分布更为广泛。【结论】对于不同污水厂,影响其活性污泥群落结构组成的环境因素也是不同的,并且特殊的进水水质也会对污泥菌群组成和生物多样性产生影响。     

宁夏中部干旱带不同作物根际土壤真菌群落多样性及群落结构

【背景】宁夏中部干旱带常年缺水,植被稀疏,土地沙漠化严重,生态环境十分脆弱。土地沙漠化导致土地生产力下降,制约着该区农业的发展,因此,改善宁夏中部干旱带农田生态环境具有重要意义。【目的】为该区土地资源的合理利用开发及干旱区土壤真菌多样性的深入研究提供基础数据和理论依据。【方法】运用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术对宁夏中部干旱带农田作物土壤真菌种类进行预测,并对其进行真菌多样性和群落结构的分析。【结果】5个处理中真菌种类均较为丰富,丰富度指数无差异;真菌多样性指数分别以‘张杂谷5号’谷子最高,藜麦的多样性最低,且存在极显著差异。不同作物根际土壤中,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为最优势菌门,相对丰度为73.00%-89.14%,且远远大于次优势菌门——担子菌门(Basidiomycota,3.9%-16.5%),表现出非常明显的优势;支顶孢属(Acremonium)和裂壳菌属(Schizothecium)为共有的优势菌属。土壤速效磷和土壤碱解氮会对土壤真菌群落结构和功能多样性产生影响,土壤微生物群落结构、功能多样性的变化是土壤理化性质与微生物相互作用的结果。【结论】休闲和种植作物的农田土壤养分均可不同程度的提高,土壤pH降低,真菌群落结构和多样性发生变化。说明合理的土地利用有利于丰富农田土壤微生物群落结构和多样性,改良土壤特性,进而促进该区域土壤生态系统的稳定,提高农田土地资源的合理利用。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌多样性特征

【背景】外生菌根真菌(ectomycorrhizal fungi,ECMF)侵入林木根系形成外生菌根,是樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica)适应环境变化和环境胁迫的重要途径。【目的】深入理解沙地樟子松人工林外生菌根真菌群落组成和多样性。【方法】以毛乌素沙地3个林龄(27、33和44 a)沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用rDNA ITS区段PCR扩增测序方法鉴定分析沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌群落组成并计算多样性指数。【结果】毛乌素沙地樟子松共获得56个外生菌根真菌OTU,隶属于2门3纲8目15科21属,优势属为棉革菌属(Tomentella)、地孔菌属(Geopora)和阿太菌属(Amphinema)。27 a人工林外生菌根真菌丰富度指数最高,33 a人工林ECMF的α多样性指数最高,但不同林龄之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。不同林龄沙地樟子松ECMF群落组成存在差异,地孔菌属、棉革菌属、Delastria和Mallocybe的动态变化是造成群落组成差异的主要原因。【结论】毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林外生菌根真菌群落组成较为丰富,该研究区的群落组成可能比多样性更能体现外生菌根真菌群落随林龄的动态变化,伴随着林木的生长成熟,部分功能性外生菌根真菌的动态变化可能与沙地樟子松人工林退化存在密切联系,有待进一步研究。     

Illumina高通量测序揭示艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落组成及多样性

【目的】通过研究新疆艾比湖湿地不同盐生植物根际土壤真菌的多样性和群落结构,为艾比湖湿地退化恢复工作和真菌深入研究提供理论支持。【方法】利用高通量测序技术对真菌扩增子ITS1区进行测定,从而分析艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落多样性,并结合相关土壤理化因子分析环境与真菌群落多样性和丰富度的关联。【结果】艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落多样性及丰富度存在差异,碱蓬根际土壤真菌多样性最高,芦苇根际土壤真菌群落丰富度最高。真菌群落组成分析表明,土壤样品中真菌菌落主要隶属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),其中子囊菌门为主要优势菌门;链格孢霉属(Alternaria)是6种植物共有的优势菌属,但是其在不同植物之间的丰度存在差异,在戟叶鹅绒藤中的丰度最高,在准噶尔大戟中的丰度最低。pH与真菌多样性呈显著负相关,全磷(TP)与真菌群落丰富度呈显著正相关,pH、电导率(EC)和有机质(OM)对优势菌属的影响最大。【结论】艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落组成及多样性具有显著差异,碱蓬和芦苇根际土壤真菌的多样性和丰度高于其他植物,子囊菌门和链格孢霉...     

森林母土异地迁播后的土壤真菌和细菌变化

【背景】森林土壤中携带了大量种子和微生物,已经被广泛用于各种退化生态系统的植被恢复。但是,关于土壤迁播到退化生态系统后的真菌和细菌群落变化研究较少。【目的】研究土壤迁播后真菌和细菌的组成和多样性,比对其与森林母土和受体土壤之间的物种组成与群落差异。【方法】通过Illumina HiSeq高通量测序,获取迁播15个月的土壤、森林母土及受体土壤中真菌和细菌特征值,比对其多样性和丰富度。【结果】3类样地真菌优势菌门为担子菌门和子囊菌门,细菌优势菌门为酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门,土壤迁播后显著改变了真菌和细菌优势菌门的相对丰度。主成分分析表明3类样地真菌和细菌群落组成存在显著差异。聚类分析表明迁播土壤与受体土壤聚类距离更近,物种组成更相似,真菌和细菌优势属与受体土壤无显著差异。迁播土壤的真菌和细菌丰富度和多样性与森林母土差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】森林土壤迁播15月后,其细菌和真菌物种组成逐步趋同于受体土壤。该结果为进一步研究石漠化微生物生态系统、改善和提升土壤迁播技术提供支撑。     

云南干巴菌子实体内可培养微生物

【背景】微生物在菌根真菌的孢子萌发、菌丝体生长、菌根形成以及子实体发育等过程中起到一定作用。【目的】对采自云南省昆明市嵩明县和楚雄彝族自治州禄丰县的8个干巴菌子实体内的微生物进行分离培养鉴定,为后期研究微生物与干巴菌之间的相互作用奠定基础。【方法】采用传统平板分离法从干巴菌子实体内分离获得微生物群落,t检验分析不同地区采集的干巴菌子实体内微生物菌落总数的差异,16S r RNA基因和ITS序列进行系统发育树构建和微生物多样性分析。【结果】采自嵩明县和禄丰县的8个干巴菌子实体内共分离获得282株可培养的细菌,两个地区的细菌菌落总数无显著差异(P=0.22)。所有细菌分属2门12属15种。其中80%的细菌属于变形菌门,且以γ-变形菌为优势菌群,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为优势菌属。其余20%的细菌属于拟杆菌门。从干巴菌子实体中分离获得114株真菌,两个地区的真菌菌落总数无显著差异(P=0.65)。所有真菌分属2门10属10种。其中62%的真菌属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota),并以分离自禄丰县干巴菌子实体内的Lophiostoma为优势属。38%的真菌属于担子菌门(Basidiomycota),并以Asterotremella为优势属。【结论】两个不同地区采集的干巴菌子实体内细菌和真菌在菌落总数上无显著差异。所有细菌都以γ-变形菌为优势菌群,假单胞菌属为优势菌属。嵩明干巴菌子实体内真菌以担子菌门为优势菌群,Asterotremella为优势属。而禄丰干巴菌子实体内真菌则以子囊菌门为优势菌群,Lophiostoma为优势属。     

草菇培养料二次发酵过程中真菌的群落结构

【目的】明确草菇培养料二次发酵过程中真菌群落变化情况,确定发酵不同阶段的优势菌群,为能够在分子水平上准确高效监测发酵过程,解析发酵机制奠定基础。【方法】采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)及克隆菌株18S r DNA序列分析技术对草菇培养料二次发酵不同阶段真菌群落结构进行分析。【结果】DGGE图谱显示,不同处理真菌群落多样性存在差异,发酵高温阶段条带多样性较高,而且优势条带及相对含量也在发生动态变化。回收克隆不同发酵阶段的20个优势菌株中,9个菌株为非培养未知真核生物或真菌,其余克隆菌株为非培养散子囊菌目(Eurotiales)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus sp.)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、Melanocarpus albomyces、炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum sp.)、根毛霉菌属(Rhizomucor sp.)、轮枝菌属(Verticillium sp.)、普通青霉(Penicillium commune)、三角孢小囊菌(Microascus trigonosporus)和Trichosporon lactis真菌,其中14株(70%)克隆菌株为耐热真菌。【结论】草菇培养料二次发酵过程中真菌群落结构及优势菌群在发生着动态的变化。     

广东省本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落特征

【背景】近年来,油茶低效林面积较大,根际土壤微生物影响林木抗性和生长,对林业可持续发展具有重要意义。【目的】了解广东省本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落特征。【方法】利用高通量测序分析油茶根际土壤微生物群落组成。【结果】油茶根际土壤细菌有26门77纲201目377科593属676种,真菌有14门50纲121目266科502属631种。油茶根际土壤中的优势细菌为酸杆菌门和变形菌门,优势真菌为子囊菌门和担子菌门。两种油茶根际土壤微生物组成差异显著,本地油茶根际土壤的细菌多样性显著高于引种油茶。在门水平上,脱硫杆菌门细菌和罗兹菌门、被孢霉门真菌的相对丰度在两种油茶间差异显著,Amorphotheca在本地油茶根际土壤中特异性富集。两种油茶根际土壤细菌碳代谢相对丰度差异显著,真菌以腐生营养型为主,其次为病理营养型和共生营养型。本地油茶根际土壤中显著富集土壤腐生菌,而共生营养型真菌(尤其是丛枝菌根真菌)相对丰度(6.43%)显著低于引种油茶中(21.83%)。此外,有机质和养分含量是影响油茶根际土壤微生物群落的关键因子。【结论】本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落组成和结构差异显著,Amorp...     

紫金山铜矿酸性矿山废水微生物群落多样性

【背景】为避免环境污染,酸性矿山废水需经处理后才能排放,处理后的废水理化性质会发生显著变化,将影响整个微生物群落的结构。【目的】分析处理前后的细菌和真菌群落变化及其与理化参数的关系,为矿山废水的处理提供参考指标,并为矿山污染场地的修复提供理论基础。【方法】采集福建紫金山铜矿的酸性矿山废水并测定其理化性质。采用基于原核微生物16S rRNA基因V4区和真菌18S rRNA基因ITS的高通量测序技术分析水样的微生物群落结构。【结果】经中和处理后的回水与矿坑水和生物浸出液相比,pH升高,重金属离子含量显著降低。原核微生物的多样性高于真菌,回水的物种多样性高于矿坑水和浸出液。回水中变形菌门的丰度最高,矿坑水和浸出液中分别以广古菌门和硝化螺菌门的丰度最高。回水中噬氢菌属为优势类群,矿坑水和浸出液中的优势菌是钩端螺旋菌属,铁质菌属等古菌也有一定的比例。pH、Al、Mn、Zn与回水中相对丰度较高的菌属显著相关,而矿坑水和浸出液中的高丰度类群与环境因子没有显著的相关性。【结论】研究表明酸性废水的中和沉淀处理对微生物群落产生了较大的影响,微生物群落变化可以作为矿山酸性废水污染处理效果的一个参考指标。     

工业有机污染对小型水体沉积物真菌群落的影响分析

【背景】有机污染对水体沉积物中的微生物多样性影响极大,而目前有关污染水体沉积物中真菌多样性的研究较少。【目的】研究不同程度有机污染下水体沉积物中真菌种群的多样性特征,探究工业有机污染对真菌群落的影响。【方法】应用化学分析方法和高通量测序技术进行研究,并分析水质、沉积物成分等环境因子与沉积物真菌多样性的相关性。【结果】随着污染程度的降低,水体沉积物中真菌序列数、OTU数和Shannon多样性指数均呈上升趋势。未分类真菌、子囊菌门和担子菌门是沉积物真菌群落中的主要优势种类,主要优势属为Zopfiella、Westerdykella、Clypeosphaeria、Ilyonectria、Paracremonium、Aspergillus。真菌Shannon指数与水体溶解氧(dissolvedoxygen,DO)极显著正相关,与沉积物有机质和总磷含量显著负相关,Simpson指数与水体总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)显著相关。【结论】有机污染导致水体溶解氧下降和沉积物有机质增加,从而导致污染区真菌多样性显著下降。Zopfiella、Penicillium、Emericellopsis、Westerdykella、Jugulospora、Chromelosporium可能参与曝气处理区域沉积物兼氧条件下污染物的去除,Ilyonectria、Mortierella、Epicoccum可能主要参与水生生物残体分解、污染物的吸附沉降等过程。     

Estimating biodiversity of fungi in activated sludge communities using culture-independent methods

Fungal diversity of communities in several activated sludge plants treating different influent wastes was determined by comparative sequence analyses of their 18S rRNA genes. Methods for DNA extraction and choice of primers for PCR amplification were both optimised using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile patterns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the levels of fungal biodiversity in some communities, like those treating paper pulp wastes, were low, and most of the fungi detected in all communities examined were novel uncultured representatives of the major fungal subdivisions, in particular, the newly described clade Cryptomycota. The fungal populations in activated sludge revealed by these culture-independent methods were markedly different to those based on culture-dependent data. Members of the genera Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Mucor, which have been commonly identified in mixed liquor, were not identified in any of these plant communities. Non-fungal eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes were also amplified with the primer sets used. This is the first report where culture-independent methods have been applied to flocculated activated sludge biomass samples to estimate fungal community composition and, as expected, the data obtained gave a markedly different view of their population biodiversity compared to that based on culture-dependent methods.     

Distribution characteristics of fungal communities with depth in paddy fields of three soil types in China

Little is known about the distribution of fungal communities with soil depth on relatively large scales. In this study, typical paddy soils in three regions (Hailun, Changshu, and Yingtan) from north to south China were selected to investigate the vertical distribution (0-100 cm) of the fungal community by Illumina MiSeq sequencing, and to identify the main factors influencing the fungal community distribution. The results indicated that the structure of the soil fungal community changed significantly with region and soil depth. Soil fungal taxa such as Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Saccharomycete, Kazachstania, Mortierella, Massariosphaeria, Hypholoma, and Zopfiella were enriched at depths of 0–20 cm, whereas Dothideomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Tremellomycetes, Sporobolomyces, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Fusarium, and Pyrenochaetopsis had high relative abundances at 80–100 cm. Variance partitioning analysis indicated that the geographic distance contributed more to the fungal community variation than environmental variables on a large scale. In addition, soil total carbon and nitrogen contents were the main environmental factors driving the vertical distribution of the fungal community in paddy soils.     

天山一号冰川前沿生态系统真菌群落结构演替及分布格局

【目的】分析真菌群落结构和多样性随着一号冰川退缩前沿年代序列的变化,揭示真菌群落的演替轨迹及环境因子对群落组成的影响。【方法】采用宏基因组学研究方法,结合生物信息学和统计学分析技术,对取自一号冰川末端表面冰尘,底部和前沿14个样品进行总DNA的提取,ITS基因的扩增并使用Illumina Miseq平台测序,通过相关生物地理化学特性综合分析在不同年代序列下真菌群落结构及其演替规律。【结果】经测序,筛选和质控分析获得185103条rawreads,占78.3%的非单序列在97%的相似度聚类分析共得到300个操作分类单元(OTU),共划分为6个门:子囊菌门(Ascomycota,52.7%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota,16.9%)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota,15.1%)、接合菌门(Zygomycota,2.4%)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota,1.2%)。从演替初期到后期阶段虽然子囊菌的序列数逐渐下降而担子菌出现缓慢上升趋势,但子囊菌随着土壤年代序列的增加始终为优势类群,壶菌在冰川底部和前沿基层普遍存在且丰度仅次于子囊菌和担子菌。我们在缺乏植被的最新退缩基层发现依靠自养型宿主存活的活体营养菌,如Taphrinomycetes、Urediniomycetes和Ustilaginomycetes。从冰川底部和前沿基层检测到丰度较高的酵母菌,而粪生真菌(coprophilous fungi)仅仅出现在冰川前沿基层,共23个操作分类单元。球囊菌仅在前沿部分样品中存在,有着十分狭小的生态位分布。【结论】一号冰川前沿随着年代序列的增加真菌群落存在明显的演替轨迹和多样性的显著变化,不同生态位真菌类群组成的相似性较低且都存在明显的指示性真菌类群。     

东北黑土区不同纬度农田土壤真菌分子生态网络比较

为了解东北黑土南部、中部和北部3个农田土壤真菌网络结构的异同以及物种之间的相互作用关系,本研究采用Illumina MiSeq技术对东北黑土农田3个长期肥料管理定位试验土壤真菌群落进行测序,并基于随机矩阵理论构建真菌分子生态网络.结果表明: 子囊菌、担子菌和接合菌为优势菌门,肉座菌目、腔菌目和粪壳菌目为优势菌目,但不同地区土壤中一些菌门和菌目的相对丰度存在显著差异.3个地区真菌分子生态网络结构显著不同,北部地区真菌网络更加复杂且物种之间存在更多竞争关系,南部地区真菌网络更不稳定,易受外界环境扰动.3个真菌网络仅有7个共有节点,且共有节点在各地区的连通度存在很大差异.通过亚网络的构建发现,从南到北肉座菌目网络趋于复杂,腔菌网络恰好相反.南部、中部和北部地区真菌网络的关键物种分别为毛壳菌、腔菌和青霉菌.土壤pH值和土壤全氮含量是同时影响3个真菌网络的主要土壤理化因子.     

Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial diversity in 14 wastewater treatment systems in china

To determine if there is a core microbial community in the microbial populations of different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and to investigate the effects of wastewater characteristics, operational parameters, and geographic locations on microbial communities, activated sludge samples were collected from 14 wastewater treatment systems located in 4 cities in China. High-throughput pyrosequencing was used to examine the 16S rRNA genes of bacteria in the wastewater treatment systems. Our results showed that there were 60 genera of bacterial populations commonly shared by all 14 samples, including Ferruginibacter, Prosthecobacter, Zoogloea, Subdivision 3 genera incertae sedis, Gp4, Gp6, etc., indicating that there is a core microbial community in the microbial populations of WWTPs at different geographic locations. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results showed that the bacterial community variance correlated most strongly with water temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) content. Variance partitioning analyses suggested that wastewater characteristics had the greatest contribution to the bacterial community variance, explaining 25.7% of the variance of bacterial communities independently, followed by operational parameters (23.9%) and geographic location (14.7%). Results of this study provided insights into the bacterial community structure and diversity in geographically distributed WWTPs and discerned the relationships between bacterial community and environmental variables in WWTPs.     

Temporal dynamics of activated sludge bacterial communities in two diversity variant full-scale sewage treatment plants

Bacterial community in activated sludge (AS) is diverse and highly dynamic. Little is known about the mechanism shaping bacterial community composition and dynamics of AS and no study had quantitatively compared the contribution of abiotic environmental factors and biotic associations to the temporal dynamics of AS microbial communities with significantly different diversity. In this study, two full-scale sewage treatment plants (STPs) with distinct operational parameters and influent composition were sampled biweekly over 1 year to reveal the correlating factors to whole and sub-groups of AS bacterial community diversity and dynamics. The results show that the bacterial communities of the two STPs were entirely different and correlated with the influent composition and operating configurations. Bacterial associations represented by cohesion metrics and the environmental factor temperature were the primary correlated factors to the temporal bacterial community dynamics within each STP. The STP with high diversity and evenness could treat influent with higher suspended solid and a shorter sludge retention time, and was less correlated with environmental factors, implying the importance of diversity for AS system.

     

高通量测序分析云南腾冲热海热泉真菌多样性

【目的】本研究揭示云南腾冲热海热泉真菌多样性及群落分布格局,探讨其理化因子对真菌群落结构的影响。【方法】利用Illumina Hi Seq2500高通量测序平台对腾冲热海热泉沉积物宏基因组ITS基因进行测序,并进行生物信息分析。【结果】从5个热泉样品中共检测到343484条有效序列,包括5个真菌门,20个纲,66个目。右姐妹泉(JMQR)、左姐妹泉(JMQL)、蛤蟆嘴泉(M)、桥泉(QQ)及鼓明泉(GMQP)分别以Agaricales、Eurotiales、Capnodiales和Hypocreales等为优势目。在属水平上,共获得365个属,从JMQR中检测到212个属,以裂褶菌属(Schizophyllum)为最优势;从JMQL中挖掘到197个属,以青霉属(Penicillium)为最优势类群;从M和QQ中分别获得222个和270个属,均以枝孢属(Cladosporium)为最优势;从GMQP中发现179个属,以侧齿霉属(Engyodontium)丰度最高。NH4+含量、温度及pH影响不同优势真菌的分布,其中以pH与优势类群(OTU1%)结构变化显著性最高(P=0.05)。【结论】云南腾冲热海高温热泉蕴藏着极其丰富的真菌物种,其不同样品真菌分布具有差异性,pH可能是影响热泉真菌群落分布的重要因素之一。     

Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Human sewage pollution is a major threat to public health because sewage always comes with pathogens. Human sewage is usually received and treated by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to control pathogenic risks and ameliorate environmental health. However, untreated sewage that flows into water environments may cause serious waterborne diseases, as reported in India and Bangladesh. To examine the fate of the human sewage microbiome in a local municipal WWTP of Hong Kong, we used massively parallel sequencing of 16S rRNA gene to systematically profile microbial communities in samples from three sections (i.e., influent, activated sludge, and effluent) obtained monthly throughout 1 year. The results indicated that: (1) influent sewage bacterial profile reflected the human microbiome; (2) human gut bacterial community was the dominant force shaping influent sewage bacterial profile; (3) most human sewage bacteria could be effectively removed by the WWTP; (4) a total of 75 genera were profiled as potentially pathogenic bacteria, most of which were still present in the effluent although at a very low level; (5) a grouped pattern of bacterial community was observed among the same section samples but a dispersed pattern was found among the different section samples; and (6) activated sludge was less affected by the influent sewage bacteria, but it showed a significant impact on the effluent bacteria. All of these findings provide novel insights toward a mechanistic understanding of the fate of human sewage microbiome in the WWTP.     

Forest Age and Plant Species Composition Determine the Soil Fungal Community Composition in a Chinese Subtropical Forest

Fungal diversity and community composition are mainly related to soil and vegetation factors. However, the relative contribution of the different drivers remains largely unexplored, especially in subtropical forest ecosystems. We studied the fungal diversity and community composition of soils sampled from 12 comparative study plots representing three forest age classes (Young: 10–40 yrs; Medium: 40–80 yrs; Old: ≥80 yrs) in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve in South-eastern China. Soil fungal communities were assessed employing ITS rDNA pyrotag sequencing. Members of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota dominated the fungal community, with 22 putative ectomycorrhizal fungal families, where Russulaceae and Thelephoraceae were the most abundant taxa. Analysis of similarity showed that the fungal community composition significantly differed among the three forest age classes. Forest age class, elevation of the study plots, and soil organic carbon (SOC) were the most important factors shaping the fungal community composition. We found a significant correlation between plant and fungal communities at different taxonomic and functional group levels, including a strong relationship between ectomycorrhizal fungal and non-ectomycorrhizal plant communities. Our results suggest that in subtropical forests, plant species community composition is the main driver of the soil fungal diversity and community composition.     

藏羚羊和藏野驴粪便真菌多样性比较研究

为探究西藏地区反刍动物（藏羚羊）和单胃草食动物（藏野驴）粪便中真菌群落结构,本研究采用ITS1区高通量测序方法分析西藏羌塘国家自然保护区藏羚羊和藏野驴新鲜粪便中真菌的多样性。结果表明:从5头藏羚羊新鲜粪便中共鉴定出5个门、15个纲、32个目、45个科和56个属的真菌;从5头藏野驴新鲜粪便中共鉴定出3个门、10个纲、18个目、18个科和20个属的真菌。子囊菌门Ascomycota为优势门,相对多度占所有真菌门数的82.70%;寡囊盘菌属Thelebolus、Naganishia和亚隔孢壳属Didymella为优势属,3个属的相对多度依次占所有真菌属数的43.91%、7.38%和7.03%。藏羚羊和藏野驴粪便真菌菌群存在明显差异,其中34个属的多度在两种野生动物新鲜粪便中有显著差异,这说明动物的种类会影响其粪便中真菌多样性。