石磺来源海洋链霉菌Streptomyces ardesiacus SCSIO LO23中germicidin类化合物的分离鉴定及其生物合成分析

海洋共附生放线菌具有生产结构特殊和活性显著化合物的潜力。【目的】以海洋软体动物石磺Onchidium sp.来源共附生海洋链霉菌Streptomyces ardesiacus SCSIO LO23为研究对象,分离并鉴定其次级代谢产物结构,分析化合物的生物合成基因簇及其生物合成途径。【方法】采用多种培养基对该菌株进行发酵优化并放大发酵,利用多种柱色谱方法分离得到germicidin类化合物,并利用波谱学手段和X-Ray单晶衍射技术完成化合物的结构鉴定;利用Illumina HiSeq对目标菌株进行全基因组测序,结合antiSMASH和BLAST在线分析软件实现菌株中germicidin类化合物生物合成基因功能注释和生物合成途径分析,并通过异源表达进一步确定其生物合成基因。【结果】从AM3培养基发酵产物中分离鉴定了6个吡喃酮类化合物germicidinA(1)、germicidinB(2)、germicidin D (3)、germicidin H (4)、isogermicidin A (5)和isogermicidin B (6),其中化合物2和6对斑马鱼神经行为有显著兴奋作用。通过对...     

聚酮类化合物生物合成基因簇与药物筛选

由微生物和植物产生的聚酮类化合物的数量极其庞大,是一大类结构多样化和生物活性多样性的天然产物,已经成为新药的重要来源.介绍了3种类型聚酮类化合物生物合成基因簇的特点,即以模块形式存在的I型聚酮合酶,包含一套可重复使用结构域的Ⅱ型聚酮合酶以及不需要ACP参与,以植物中的查耳酮合酶为代表的Ⅲ型聚酮合酶.同时,还介绍了基于3种类型聚酮类化合物生物合成基因的特点,利用分子生物学方法构建筛选探针,进行当前药物基因筛选的进展.     

珠江口沉积物来源链霉菌SCSIO 40020中bafilomycins的鉴定及其生物合成基因簇的异源表达

【目的】从珠江口沉积物来源的菌株SCSIO40020中分离bafilomycins,并对其生物合成基因簇进行克隆和异源表达研究。【方法】通过分析菌株SCSIO 40020的16S rRNA基因序列并构建系统发育树以鉴定菌种,以柱层析法和制备色谱法对次级代谢产物进行分离纯化,借助波谱学手段完成单体化合物的结构鉴定,采用生物信息学分析定位bafilomycins的生物合成基因簇,通过筛选菌株SCSIO 40020基因组的细菌人工染色体文库和接合转移将bafilomycins生物合成基因簇导入3种链霉菌进行异源表达,利用高效液相色谱检测异源表达菌株的发酵产物。【结果】菌株SCSIO 40020被鉴定为链霉菌属菌株,从其发酵产物中分离鉴定了2个单体化合物bafilomycinsA1和D。克隆了链霉菌SCSIO40020中bafilomycins的生物合成基因簇并推导了其生物合成途径,在3种链霉菌中表达产生了bafilomycins。【结论】从珠江口环境中获得了一株产生bafilomycins的链霉菌SCSIO 40020,成功建立了该菌株次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇的异源表达体系,并首次在链霉菌...     

三烷基取代芳香聚酮gombapyrones生物合成基因簇的确认及其生物合成推导

【目的】本研究旨在确认链霉菌Streptomyces rubellomurinus ATCC 31215来源芳香聚酮化合物(gombapyrones, GOMs)的生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene cluster, BGC),并对其生物合成途径进行推导。【方法】对链霉菌S. rubellomurinus ATCC 31215进行大规模发酵及提取分离,得到GOM-B和GOM-D;以三烷基取代芳香聚酮生物合成途径保守存在的P450单氧化酶的蛋白序列作为探针,在GOMs产生菌S. rubellomurinus基因组中进行BLAST搜索获得潜在的GOMs生物合成基因簇(gom BGC);通过对gom BGC中的聚酮合成酶(polyketide synthase, PKS)结构基因进行同框缺失突变,对突变株发酵产物进行高效液相色谱-质谱(highperformanceliquidchromatography-massspectrometry,HPLC-MS)分析以确认gomBGC与GOMs的产生相关;基于生物信息学分析,推导GOM-B的生物合成途径。【结果】从S. rubell...     

非核糖体多肽Surugamides生物合成基因簇镶嵌式结构的解析

【目的】多肽化合物Surugamides(sgm)生物合成基因簇包含4个非核糖体多肽合酶(NRPS)基因surA–D,负责2个NRPS生物合成途径。已有报道确认surA基因与SurugamideA产物相关,而surB基因与sgm F产物相关,但对surC和surD基因功能的归属尚没有实验证据。本工作拟在之前研究的基础上进一步确认surA和surD负责Surugamide A产物生物合成,为基因工程改造Surugamides生物合成途径以及研究其NRPS蛋白之间的识别机制提供理论依据。【方法】从海绵中分离放线菌并通过16S rRNA基因序列比对分析其分类单元。通过在线数据库antiSMASH分析基因组序列,发现天然产物生物合成基因簇。通过UPLC-Q-TOF-MS和~(13)CNMR鉴定化合物结构。把构建完成的同源重组双交换质粒导入链霉菌宿主后筛选基因缺失或替换突变株。【结果】从胄甲海绵来源链霉菌S.albidoflavus LHW3101基因组中发现了Surugamides生物合成基因簇,确认了该菌株发酵产物中的化合物sgmA和sgm F。构建了surB和surC基因同时缺失的突变株RJ9,发现RJ9不再产sgm F而仍然产Surugamide A。在缺失突变surB和surC基因的同时在surD基因前引入了组成型强启动子ermEp*,结果发现RJ9产SurugamideA水平是野生型菌株的约2倍。【结论】确认了surB和surC基因与sgmA产物无关。在surD基因前引入强启动子后显著提高了SurugamideA的产量,提示surD基因与sgmA产物相关,结合已报到surA基因与Surugamide A产物相关的证据,进一步确认了surA和surD基因负责Surugamide A生物合成的推论。     

潮霉素A的生物合成研究进展

潮霉素A是一种从吸水链霉菌中发现的具有广谱生物学活性的抗生素。它在吸水链霉菌Streptomy-ces hygroscopicus NRRL 2388中的生物合成基因簇已被克隆并测序,其生物合成机制、遗传操作等方面的研究也取得了一定的进展。就潮霉素A的化学结构、生物合成基因簇的组织结构、生物合成和抗性机制等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

除虫链霉菌10个聚酮类抗生素生物合成基因簇的敲除对阿维菌素产量的影响

【目的】考察除虫链霉菌基因组中其它聚酮合成酶类(Polyketide synthase,PKS)抗生素生物合成基因簇的敲除突变对于阿维菌素产量的影响。【方法】构建了11个PKS基因簇的打靶Cosmid和质粒载体,导入除虫链霉菌中筛选突变株。【结果】在工业菌株MMR630中成功敲除了10个PKS基因簇。发酵结果显示7个PKS基因簇敲除突变株中阿维菌素的产量均有不同程度的提高,而2个突变株不能产生阿维菌素。然而,在3个连续敲除2个PKS基因簇的突变株中阿维菌素产量没有能够超过单个PKS敲除突变株的提升幅度。【结论】除虫链霉菌基因组的一些PKS基因簇的敲除可以提高阿维菌素的产量,同时暗示同一类次生代谢产物的代谢流之间存在复杂的相互作用关系。     

Streptomyces bacillaris ATCC15855T中bafilomycin A1合成基因簇的挖掘

Bafilomycin A1是大环内酯类抗生素,具有广泛的抗癌活性。通过HPLC及HPLC-MS分析Streptomyces bacillaris ATCC 15855~T的发酵产物,结果显示S.bacillaris ATCC 15855~T发酵能够产生bafilomycin A1。S.bacillaris ATCC 15855~T分离自中亚土壤。通过全基因组测序,获得了S.bacillaris ATCC 15855~T的完整基因组序列。该基因组由6 957 417 bp的线性染色体组成,GC含量为72.29%。该染色体预测了7 284个开放阅读框架(ORF),18个rRNA操纵子,64个tRNA基因。通过antiSMASH v 4.0.3分析,共预测了39个生物合成基因簇。其中,具有抑制液泡型H(+)ATP酶的bafilomycin A1基因簇与已报道的基因簇相似度为100%。在bafilomycin A1合成基因簇中有19个ORFs。     

吸水链霉菌17997格尔德霉素部分生物合成基因簇的克隆和分析

吸水链霉菌17997(Streptomyceshy groscopicus17997)是我所从中国云南土壤中分离到的格尔德霉素(geldanamycin,GDM)产生菌,GDM具有良好的抗肿瘤和抗病毒活性,但其肝毒性和水溶性差的缺点限制了其在临床上的应用。为了实现对GDM结构的生物学改造,首先要获得GDM的生物合成基因。根据GDM后修饰基因——氨甲酰基转移酶基因(gdmN)的保守序列筛选S.hygroscopicus17997的柯斯质粒基因组文库,共获得6个阳性克隆,选择CT-4阳性柯斯质粒进行亚克隆和测序,又通过PCR延伸的方法获得了与CT4连锁的将近5kb的外源序列,共获得28.356kb的外源DNA序列,其中包含了13个可能阅读框架,通过同源比较证实该序列与S.hygroscopicusNRRL3602中的GDM生物合成基因有很高的同源性。为进一步研究GDM生物合成基因的功能,并通过组合生物学的方法改造GDM的结构奠定了基础。     

天蓝色链霉菌孢子色素whiE在大肠杆菌中的异源生物合成

【目的】在大肠杆菌中完整重构孢子色素whiE的生物合成途径,分离纯化表达体系中合成的新化合物,并解析whiE的生物合成途径。【方法】构建whiE-ORFII、whiE-ORFVII和whiE-ORFI的单基因重组质粒,SDS-PAGE检测蛋白表达情况;借助Xba I与Spe I互为同尾酶的特性,实现多基因组合串联;构建好的重组质粒再导入大肠杆菌菌株BAP1中进行异源表达,并用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测发酵产物;依次使用正相硅胶柱和反向半制备柱分离发酵产物,四级杆飞行时间质谱仪(Q-TOFMS)鉴定发酵产物分子量。【结果】whiE-ORFII、whiE-ORFVII和whiE-ORFI均获得可溶性表达;这3个基因单个串联到菌株BTw95中均未检测到新的产物生成;而whiE-ORFII和whiE-ORFVII、 whiE-ORFI和whiE-ORFVII双基因组合以及三基因组合串联到BTw95中可检测得到两种化合物ZYC-1和ZYC-2。在负离子模式下进行Q-TOFMS检测,ZYC-1的[M-H]-为419.0748,推测分子式为C_(23)H_(16)O_8;ZYC-2的[M-H]-为465.0743,推测分子式为C_(24)H_(18)O_(10)。【结论】本研究推进了孢子色素whiE生物合成途径在大肠杆菌中的异源重构,分离鉴定了2个十二酮II型聚酮化合物,并推测了孢子色素whiE的生物合成途径。     

Molecular cloning and identification of the laspartomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces viridochromogenes

The biosynthetic gene cluster for laspartomycins, a family of 11 amino acid peptide antibiotics, has been cloned and sequenced from Streptomyces viridochromogenes ATCC 29814. Annotation of a segment of 88912bp of S. viridochromogenes genomic sequence revealed the putative lpm cluster and its flanking regions which harbor 43 open reading frames. The lpm cluster, which spans approximately 60 kb, consists of 21 open reading frames. Those include four NRPS genes (lpmA/orf18, lpmB/orf25, lpmC/orf26 and lpmD/orf27), four genes (orfs 21, 22, 24 and 29) involved in the lipid tail biosynthesis and attachment, four regulatory genes (orfs 13, 19, 32 and 33) and three putative exporters or self-resistance genes (orfs 14, 20 and 30). In addition, the gene involved in the biosynthesis of the nonproteinogenic amino acid Pip was also identified in the lpm cluster while the genes necessary for the biosynthesis of the rare residue diaminopropionic acid (Dap) were found to reside elsewhere on the chromosome. Interestingly, the dabA, dabB and dabC genes predicted to code for the biosynthesis of the unusual amino acid diaminobutyric acid (Dab) are organized into the lpm cluster even though the Dab residue was not found in the laspartomycins. Disruption of the NRPS lpmC gene completely abolished laspartomycin production in the corresponding mutant strain. These findings will allow molecular engineering and combinatorial biosynthesis approaches to expand the structural diversity of the amphomycin-group peptide antibiotics including the laspartomycins and friulimicins.     

Identification and characterization of the pyridomycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces pyridomyceticus NRRL B-2517

Pyridomycin is a structurally unique antimycobacterial cyclodepsipeptide containing rare 3-(3-pyridyl)-l-alanine and 2-hydroxy-3-methylpent-2-enoic acid moieties. The biosynthetic gene cluster for pyridomycin has been cloned and identified from Streptomyces pyridomyceticus NRRL B-2517. Sequence analysis of a 42.5-kb DNA region revealed 26 putative open reading frames, including two nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes and a polyketide synthase gene. A special feature is the presence of a polyketide synthase-type ketoreductase domain embedded in an NRPS. Furthermore, we showed that PyrA functioned as an NRPS adenylation domain that activates 3-hydroxypicolinic acid and transfers it to a discrete peptidyl carrier protein, PyrU, which functions as a loading module that initiates pyridomycin biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro. PyrA could also activate other aromatic acids, generating three pyridomycin analogues in vivo.     

Cloning and identification of the Frigocyclinone biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces griseus strain NTK 97

ABSTRACT

Frigocyclinone is a novel antibiotic with antibacterial and anticancer activities. It is produced by both Antarctica-derived Streptomyces griseus NTK 97 and marine sponge-associated Streptomyces sp. M7_15. Here, we first report the biosynthetic gene cluster of frigocyclinone in the S. griseus NTK 97. The frigocyclinone gene cluster spans a DNA region of 33-kb which consists of 30 open reading frames (ORFs), encoding minimal type II polyketide synthase, aromatase and cyclase, redox tailoring enzymes, sugar biosynthesis-related enzymes, C-glycosyltransferase, a resistance protein, and three regulatory proteins. Based on the bioinformatic analysis, a biosynthetic pathway for frigocyclinone was proposed. Second, to verify the cloned gene cluster, CRISPR-Cpf1 mediated gene disruption was conducted. Mutant with the disruption of beta-ketoacyl synthase encoding gene frig20 fully loses the ability of producing frigocyclinone, while inactivating the glycosyltransferase gene frig1 leads to the production of key intermediate of anti-MRSA anthraquinone tetrangomycin.     

Cloning and identification of saprolmycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. TK08046

Saprolmycins A–E are anti-Saprolegnia parasitica antibiotics. To identify the gene cluster for saprolmycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces sp. TK08046, polymerase chain reaction using aromatase and cyclase gene-specific primers was performed; the spr gene cluster, which codes for angucycline biosynthesis, was obtained from the strain. The cluster consists of 36 open reading frames, including minimal polyketide synthase, ketoreductase, aromatase, cyclase, oxygenase, and deoxy sugar biosynthetic genes, as defined by homology to the corresponding genes of the urdamycin, Sch-47554, and grincamycin biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces fradiae, Streptomyces sp. SCC-2136, and Streptomyces lusitanus, respectively. To establish the function of the gene cluster, an expression cosmid vector containing all 36 open reading frames was introduced into Streptomyces lividans TK23. The transformant was confirmed to express the biosynthetic genes and produce saprolmycins by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the extract.     

The lipopeptide antibiotic A54145 biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces fradiae

Ca(2+)-dependent cyclic lipodepsipeptides are an emerging class of antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. These compounds are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) complexes encoded by large gene clusters. The gene cluster encoding biosynthetic pathway enzymes for the Streptomyces fradiae A54145 NRP was cloned from a cosmid library and characterized. Four NRPS-encoding genes, responsible for subunits of the synthetase, as well as genes for accessory functions such as acylation, methylation and hydroxylation, were identified by sequence analysis in a 127 kb region of DNA that appears to be located subterminally in the bacterial chromosome. Deduced epimerase domain-encoding sequences within the NRPS genes indicated a D: -stereochemistry for Glu, Lys and Asn residues, as observed for positionally analogous residues in two related compounds, daptomycin, and the calcium-dependent antibiotic (CDA) produced by Streptomyces roseosporus and Streptomyces coelicolor, respectively. A comparison of the structure and the biosynthetic gene cluster of A54145 with those of the related peptides showed many similarities. This information may contribute to the design of experiments to address both fundamental and applied questions in lipopeptide biosynthesis, engineering and drug development.     

林可链霉菌NRRL 2936中帕马霉素生物合成基因簇的异源 表达及调控基因功能研究

【背景】帕马霉素属于大环内酯类抗生素,具有较好的抗感染活性。该类化合物独特的化学结构和显著的生理活性受到了许多研究者的关注。同时,本实验室在林可链霉菌NRRL2936的全基因组序列中发现了帕马霉素的生物合成基因簇。【目的】尽管其生物合成途径已经得到了解析,但其生物合成基因簇中的2个调控基因功能尚不清楚。本研究从林可链霉菌NRRL2936的基因组文库中克隆了含有帕马霉素生物合成完整基因簇的质粒pJQK450,开展了质粒pJQK450在链霉菌中的异源表达,实现了帕马霉素的异源合成,并初步确定该生物合成基因簇中两个调控基因的功能。【方法】利用聚合酶链式反应递缩基因组文库筛选的方法,从林可链霉菌(Streptomyces lincolnensis)NRRL 2936基因组文库中筛选到了含有帕马霉素生物合成完整基因簇的Fosmid质粒pJQK450。然后,将该质粒转化到E.coli ET12567/pUZ8002中,利用大肠杆菌-链霉菌双亲接合转移的方法将pJQK450转入异源宿主中。对获得的异源表达菌株进行发酵产物的制备,采用耻垢分枝杆菌mc2155作为指示菌株进行帕马霉素生物活性测试,并结合LC-MS的分析确定帕马霉素的产生情况。最后,通过基因失活与回补的方法,考察帕马霉素生物合成基因簇中调控蛋白PamR1和PamR2对帕马霉素生物合成的影响。【结果】帕马霉素生物合成基因簇在天蓝色链霉菌M1154中实现了表达,证明PamR1和PamR2负调控了帕马霉素生物合成的过程。【结论】帕马霉素完整基因簇的成功异源表达,一方面便于其生物合成途径的遗传改造,为帕马霉素的生物合成及优产改造研究奠定了基础;另外,调控基因功能的研究为帕马霉素的产量优化提供了改造的目标。     

Isolation and characterization of the tobramycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces tenebrarius

The biosynthetic gene cluster for tobramycin, a 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotic, was isolated from Streptomyces tenebrarius ATCC 17920. A genomic library of S. tenebrarius was constructed, and a cosmid, pST51, was isolated by the probes based on the core regions of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose (DOI) synthase, and L-glutamine:DOI aminotransferase and L-glutamine:scyllo-inosose aminotransferase. Sequencing of 33.9 kb revealed 24 open reading frames (ORFs) including putative tobramycin biosynthetic genes. We demonstrated that one of these ORFs, tbmA, encodes DOI synthase by in vitro enzyme assay of the purified protein. The catalytic residues of TbmA and dehydroquinate synthase were studied by homology modeling. The gene cluster found is likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of tobramycin.     

A gene cluster for biosynthesis of kanamycin from Streptomyces kanamyceticus: comparison with gentamicin biosynthetic gene cluster

Gene clusters for the biosynthesis of kanamycin (Km) and gentamicin (Gm) were isolated from the genomic libraries of Streptomyces kanamyceticus and Micromonospora echinospora, respectively. The sequencing of the 47 kb-region of S. kanamyceticus genomic DNA revealed 40 putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding Km biosynthetic proteins, regulatory proteins, and resistance and transport proteins. Similarly, the sequencing of 32.6 kb genomic DNA of M. echinospora revealed a Gm biosynthetic gene cluster flanked by resistant genes. Biosynthetic pathways for the formation of Km were proposed by the comparative study of biosynthetic genes. Out of 12 putative Km biosynthetic genes, kanA was expressed in Escherichia coli and determined its function as a 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase. Furthermore, the acetylations of aminoglycoside-aminocyclitols (AmAcs) by Km acetyltransferase (KanM) were also demonstrated. The acetylated derivatives completely lost their antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis. The comparative genetic studies of Gm, Km, tobramycin (Tm), and butirosin (Bn) reveal their similar biosynthetic routes and provide a framework for the further biosynthetic studies.     

Identification of the gene cluster involved in muraymycin biosynthesis from Streptomyces sp. NRRL 30471

Muraymycin, a potent translocase I inhibitor with clinical potential, is produced by Streptomyces sp. NRRL 30471. The structure of muraymycin is highly unusual and contains the hexahydro-2-imino-4-pyrimidylglycyl moiety (epicapreomycidine) and an ureido bond. Here we report the identification of the muraymycin gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. NRRL 30471. Sequencing analysis of a 43.4-kb contiguous region revealed 33 ORFs, 26 of which were proposed to be involved in muraymycin biosynthesis. Independent targeted inactivation of mur16 and mur17 directly abolished muraymycin production, demonstrating the role of the genes essential for muraymycin biosynthesis. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms for muraymycin biosynthesis, and lay a foundation for the generation of muraymycin derivatives with enhanced bioactivity via the strategies of combinatorial biosynthesis.     

Cloning and expression of the tyrosinase gene from Streptomyces antibioticus in Streptomyces lividans

In two separate studies a BclI-generated DNA fragment coding for the enzyme tyrosinase, responsible for melanin synthesis, was cloned from Streptomyces antibioticus DNA into two SLP1.2-based plasmid vectors (pIJ37 and pIJ41) to generate the hybrid plasmids, designated pIJ700 and pIJ701, using S. lividans 66 as the host. The fragment (1.55 kb) was subcloned into the multicopy plasmid pIJ350 (which carries thiostrepton resistance and has two non-essential BclI sites) to generate four new plasmids (pIJ702-pIJ705) with the tyrosinase insert located in either orientation at each site. All six plasmids conferred melanin production (the Mel+ phenotype) on their host. As in the S. antibioticus parent, strains of S. lividans carrying the gene specifying tyrosinase synthesis possessed an enzyme activity which was inducible. Most of the tyrosinase activity was secreted during growth of S. antibioticus; in contrast, the majority remained intracellular in the S. lividans clones. The specific activity of the induced tyrosinase activity (intracellular) was higher (up to 36-fold) when the gene was present on the multicopy vector in comparison with its location on the low copy plasmids, pIJ700 or pIJ701, or in S. antibioticus. Restriction mapping of the tyrosinase fragment in pIJ702 revealed endonuclease cleavage sites for several enzymes, including single sites for BglII, SphI and SstI that are absent from the parent vector (pIJ350). Insertion of DNA fragments at any one of these sites abolished the Mel+ phenotype. The results indicate that pIJ702 is a useful cloning vector with insertional inactivation of the Mel+ character as the basis of clone recognition.