青藏高原东缘常见种长毛风毛菊(Saussurea hieracioides)的繁殖分配

对分布在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸常见种长毛风毛菊的6个海拔梯度(3200～3850m)18个居群的繁殖分配进行了研究,结果表明:长毛风毛菊随海拔的升高个体和营养器官减小,繁殖的投入增加;随着海拔的升高,长毛风毛菊的个体管状小花数目和种子数目减少,管状小花重量和百粒重增大;个体管状小花的数目及重量和个体种子的数目及重量间存在权衡关系;长毛风毛菊的个体大小和繁殖分配存在负相关关系。在资源受限的环境下,长毛风毛菊以减少管状小花数目和种子的数目来增加管状小花重量和百粒重,是保证有性繁殖成功的策略之一。     

不同海拔矮嵩草与火绒草种群分布格局及空间关联性

研究植物种群的分布格局及空间关联性是揭示植物种群与环境间关系、自身特性以及种间相互作用的一种重要手段。本研究以甘南高寒草甸为对象,沿海拔梯度(2900、3500、3800 m)设置3个样地,采用Ripley K函数对不同海拔矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)与火绒草(Leontopodium nanum)种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)随着海拔的上升,矮嵩草种群的重要值、盖度、株数等呈递增趋势,火绒草种群的重要值、盖度、株数等则呈递减趋势。(2)矮嵩草种群在不同海拔的研究尺度内均表现为聚集分布,但其聚集的程度有所不同;火绒草种群在海拔2900 m处呈聚集分布状态;海拔3500 m处,火绒草种群在0～2.8 m尺度上呈聚集分布,但其聚集强度随着研究尺度的增加而逐渐减弱,最终转变为随机分布; 3800 m处,火绒草种群在0～2 m尺度内呈聚集分布,在较大尺度(2～5 m)上呈随机分布。(3)海拔2900 m处,矮嵩草与火绒草种群在小尺度(0～1.1 m)内表现为正相关,较大尺度上表现为无相关;海拔3500 m处,在整个研究尺度内表现为负相关;海拔3800 m处,在小尺度范围(0～1.4 m)内表现为无相关,较大尺度上表现为负相关,且随研究尺度的增大,其关联性增强。     

微地形对优势种群点格局和关联性的影响

不同的空间格局类型和关联性可以反映出不同生境下植物种群的资源环境适应策略.老鹳草与米口袋是甘南亚高寒草甸的主要物种,通过野外群落调查和室内试验,运用点格局分析法中的Ripley K函数,对不同坡向的米口袋和老鹳草种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性进行分析.结果表明:从阳坡-西坡-阴坡,土壤含水量和养分含量逐渐增加,土壤温度和光照度逐渐降低.米口袋和老鹳草在3个坡向(阴坡、西坡、阳坡)上的分布呈现出明显差异,随着坡向由阴坡向阳坡的转变,米口袋种群数量呈递增趋势,老鹳草种群数量则表现出递减趋势.在阴坡,米口袋种群在0~1.8 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在1.8~5.0 m尺度上聚集强度减弱并趋向于随机分布,老鹳草种群在0~5.0 m尺度上均以聚集分布为主;在西坡,米口袋种群在0~1.2 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在1.2~5.0 m研究尺度上趋向于随机分布,老鹳草种群在0~2.2 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在2.2~5.0 m研究尺度上趋向于随机分布;在阳坡,米口袋与老鹳草种群在0~5.0 m尺度内均表现出随机分布.阴坡上这两种物种在0~1.0 m尺度上表现为正相关,在1.0~5.0 m尺度不相关;西坡上两物种在0~2.1 m尺度上呈负关联,在2.1~5.0 m尺度上两个物种间关联度均趋向于不相关;阳坡上这两个物种在0~5.0 m尺度上表现出不相关.     

荒漠植物红砂与西北针茅种群的空间格局及其关联性

植物种群的空间分布格局及关联性是研究种群扩散、群落演替及生物与环境因子相互作用的重要手段。该研究以甘肃省皋兰县老虎台干旱荒漠区的主要物种——红砂(Reaumuria songarica)和西北针茅(Stipa sareptana var. krylovii)为对象,采用Ripley K 函数分析了不同坡向红砂和西北针茅种群的点格局特征及其关联性,以揭示干旱荒漠区植物演替过程中优势种群之间的竞争关系和生存繁衍策略。结果表明：(1)红砂和西北针茅在4个坡向上的分布格局具有显著差异性,随着坡向由西北坡向南坡的转变,红砂种群的株数、盖度及重要值先增加后降低,西北针茅种群则不断增加;西北坡向上,红砂种群的空间格局在0~2.1 m尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度的增加聚集强度减弱并趋向于随机分布,而西北针茅种群在整个尺度内均呈聚集分布;西坡坡向上,在整个研究尺度内,红砂种群表现为随机分布,而西北针茅种群表现为聚集分布;西南坡向上,红砂种群在0~3.7 m尺度上表现为聚集分布,3.7~5 m的尺度上表现为随机分布,西北针茅种群在0~1 m及4.2~5 m尺度上表现为随机分布,1~4.2 m尺度上表现为聚集分布;南坡坡向上,在整个研究尺度内,红砂种群表现为聚集分布,西北针茅种群表现为随机分布。(2)在西北坡与西坡坡向上,红砂和西北针茅种群的空间关联性在小尺度上均表现为负相关关系,随着研究尺度的增大,种间关联度均趋向于不相关;在西南坡与南坡坡向上,两物种在整个尺度范围内均表现为无关联性。     

北京东灵山海拔梯度上辽东栎种群结构和空间分布

种群年龄结构和空间分布格局是种群生态学的核心研究内容.为了阐明辽东栎种群海拔梯度分布特点,在北京东灵山地区辽东栎海拔分布范围(1000～1800m)内调查10条样带,研究种群大小级结构和空间分布的变异.种群的平均胸径在海拔梯度上表现出两段式的分布特征,海拔1480m为两段分布的分界点,在每一段内随海拔增加平均胸径也增加, 这反映了海拔梯度上种群的不同发育历史.种群密度、种群的聚集程度、种群的结构在海拔梯度上的分布特征都与平均胸径分布相似,种群密度和聚集程度与平均胸径为负相关系,其分布趋势与平均胸径相反.总体上,东灵山海拔梯度上辽东栎种群还是比较稳定的.辽东栎种群结构和空间分布在海拔梯度上的分布特征是种群发育历史、物种特性、环境、干扰等因素在海拔梯度上综合作用的结果.     

淫羊藿分株种群特征及其与箭叶淫羊藿空间分布的点格局分析

对四川省南充市金城山3个不同海拔梯度(560m、653m、774m)上的淫羊藿分株种群特征以及用聚块性指标(m*/m)、聚集指数、Cassie指标、扩散系数和点格局分析法,分别对淫羊藿基株种群与海拔771m处箭叶淫羊藿基株种群的空间分布格局进行了研究。结果显示:在低海拔梯度560m处淫羊藿分株种群密度达到最大,随着海拔的升高,淫羊藿分株种群密度显著减小。不同海拔高度下,淫羊藿分钻种群根冠比在774m处最高。3种海拔梯度上,淫羊藿基株种群空间分布格局为集群分布;箭叶淫羊藿基株种群在尺度(t)0~0.01之间呈随机分布,在0.01~0.5之间呈集群分布。最后,结合保护淫羊藿和箭叶淫羊藿的药用资源以及点格局分析方法在研究草本植物种群空间分布格局中的优越性展开了讨论。     

甘南亚高寒草甸坡向梯度上矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群点格局及其关联性

种群的空间分布格局及关联性可以反映种群演替方式和环境因子改变的适应策略。矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)与珠芽蓼(Polygonum vivipurum)是甘南亚高寒草甸的主要物种,通过野外群落调查,运用Ripley K函数,分析了不同坡向的矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性。结果表明:矮嵩草和珠芽蓼在3个坡向上的分布具有明显差异,随着坡向由北坡向南坡的转变,矮嵩草种群的株数、盖度及生物量不断增加,而珠芽蓼种群则不断减少;在北坡,矮嵩草种群在0~2.2 m呈现出聚集分布,随着尺度的增加聚集强度减弱并趋向于随机分布,珠芽蓼种群均以聚集分布为主;在西坡,矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群在0~0.8 m范围呈聚集分布,在2.3 m以上范围内趋向于随机分布;在南坡,矮嵩草与珠芽蓼分布格局在研究尺度内均表现出随机分布;在北坡,这两种物种在0~1 m范围内表现为正相关,西坡为种间在0~1.3 m范围内负关联;随着尺度的增加种间关联度在这两个坡向上均趋向于不相关,而这两个物种在南坡也表现出不相关;矮嵩草和珠芽蓼种群空间格局及关联性有助于我们认识亚高寒草甸种群的种内与种间竞争过程、多样的生态策略及群落演替趋势。     

桥山林区麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间格局及关联性

为探究麻栎种群不同发育阶段的空间分布特征及关联性,以黄土高原南部桥山林区麻栎天然次生林为研究对象,用L(r)函数对麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间分布特征及关联性进行分析。结果表明:(1)样地内麻栎种群各发育阶段数量结构均为不规则倒"J"型,种群结构稳定,能实现持续更新。(2)麻栎种群总体的空间分布特征受生境异质性影响较大,纯林样地中,种群在0—10 m尺度上表现为高强度聚集分布,5—35 m尺度表现为低强度聚集;混交林样地中,0—5 m尺度上表现为高强度聚集分布,5—35 m尺度上则表现为低强度聚集分布。(3)随着种群的发育及尺度的增大,麻栎种群空间聚集强度减弱,纯林样地内,麻栎幼苗在0—6 m的小尺度表现为聚集分布,6—12 m尺度上表现为随机分布;幼树在各尺度上均表现为聚集分布;中龄树与成龄树在各尺度上均表现为随机分布。混交林样地中,仅幼苗在0—6 m尺度上表现为聚集分布,其余各阶段在各尺度下均趋于随机分布。(4)种群不同发育阶段不同尺度空间关联性不同,纯林样地中,幼苗与幼树在1—2 m小尺度上呈负相关,幼树与中龄树在8 m尺度呈正相关,其余各生长阶段之间在任意尺度上均无关联性;混交林样地中,幼树与中龄树在2—12 m尺度上表现为正相关,其余各生长阶段之间在各尺度上均无关联。在未来的森林经营中,应对不同发育阶段、不同生境的种群进行不同抚育措施,促进种群良性发育。     

库车种子植物区系垂直分布格局分析

该研究通过野外植被调查及相关文献资料查阅,探讨了库车山区种子植物区系的垂直分布格局特征及其对海拔变化的响应。结果表明:该区种子植物约有78科376属960种。其中,裸子植物3科3属9种,被子植物75科373属951种。植物科、属、种总数随着海拔的升高呈现先增加后降低的单峰分布结构。其中科总数在海拔1 600~1 800 m处为最高峰,属总数在海拔1 800~1 900 m处呈现最高峰;物种总数在海拔1 900~2 000 m处呈现最高峰,有478种(隶属59科,230属)。种子植物区系地理成分分析中,库车山区植物区系垂直海拔梯度上不管是科级水平还是属级水平种类成分都以温带分布型占优势。在垂直分布梯度上,温带分布科最高点出现在海拔1 800~1 900 m(含20科),从海拔2 800~2 900 m开始,随着海拔梯度升高呈现下降趋势,到海拔3 600~3 700 m时为最低点(含6科);温带分布属峰值出现在海拔1 900~2 000 m,随着海拔的升高呈现下降趋势。该研究结果对该区植物种质资源和生态系统多样性,植物资源的引种驯化、栽培和合理利用具有重要意义。     

荒漠草原不同土壤条件下猪毛蒿幼苗种群的点格局分析

采用摄影定位法测定了宁夏荒漠草原3种不同土壤条件下猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）幼苗种群的空间格局,并应用完全空间随机模型、泊松聚块模型和嵌套双聚块模型对其分布格局进行了分析。结果表明：（1）在灰钙土生境下,猪毛蒿幼苗种群在小尺度上（0-2.85m）表现为聚集分布,随着尺度的增大先呈现为随机分布（2.85-3.75 m）,然后又呈现为均匀分布（3.75-5m）;在风沙土生境下,猪毛蒿幼苗种群在0-1.85 m之间表现为聚集分布,在1.85-2.35 m之间表现为随机分布,当尺度大于2.35 m时表现为均匀分布;而基岩风化残积土上的猪毛蒿幼苗种群在整个尺度上均呈现随机分布。（2）猪毛蒿种群幼苗在基岩风化残积土上符合泊松聚块模型,即猪毛蒿种群空间格局的聚块中不存在较高密度的小聚块;而在风沙土和灰钙土上则符合嵌套双聚块模型,即在大聚块中分布较高密度的小聚块。猪毛蒿幼苗种群空间格局的形成与土壤异质性存在着密切的联系,种群在空间中分布格局的形成机制可以通过种群空间格局的分析加以解释。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.