不同亚硒酸钠浓度对党参生长、生理特性和品质的影响

为综合了解党参的施硒效应，该研究基于水培试验探究不同亚硒酸钠浓度处理条件下党参幼苗的硒积累、生长、生理和品质的变化规律。结果表明：(1)适宜硒浓度(0.2 mg·L^-1)可以促进党参的叶片面积、株高、生物量的增长，而高硒浓度(10 mg·L^-1)则抑制党参生长。(2)增加亚硒酸钠浓度和硒暴露时间均可提高党参幼苗在根和叶中的硒含量，不同器官硒积累表现为根>叶>茎。(3)适宜硒浓度(0.2 mg·L^-1)处理可提高光合色素含量和根系活力，并减少丙二醛、脯氨酸和过氧化氢的积累，而高硒浓度(10 mg·L^-1)则与之相反。(4)适宜硒浓度(0.2 mg·L^-1)有利于党参炔苷、多糖、可溶性蛋白的积累，而高硒浓度(10 mg·L^-1)可以对多糖和可溶性蛋白的积累产生不利影响。综上认为，亚硒酸钠对党参具有双重效应，施加适量浓度对党参的生长、生理和品质有益，并以0.2 mg·L^-1硒浓度处理的效果最佳。该研究结果有助于了解亚硒酸钠浓度对...     

外源硒对干旱胁迫下烤烟生长和生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了外源硒(2~12 mg·kg~(-1))对干旱胁迫下烟株生长、叶片光合色素含量、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫抑制烤烟生长,显著影响烤烟的生长和生理生化代谢的相关指标。低浓度的外源硒能不同程度的缓解烤烟所受干旱胁迫的伤害,但高浓度外源硒处理则表现出毒害效应。适宜浓度的外源硒显著促进了干旱胁迫下烤烟植株生长,提高了烟株叶片光合色素含量,提高净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r),降低胞间CO_2浓度(C_i),同时也提高了烤烟叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)的积累。其中4 mg·kg~(-1)外源硒处理缓解效果最好。     

光周期对人参菜开花和品质的调控作用

为筛选促进人参菜品质形成的最佳光周期,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同光周期对人参菜生长和品质的影响,以及人参菜开花过程中生理特性的变化规律。结果表明：(1)延长光周期不仅有利于人参菜的生长还能促进其营养品质的形成。(2)在光周期为14 h/10 h(昼/夜)时,人参菜的株高、茎粗、根长、叶面积以及地上部分干鲜重均优于其他处理,长势最佳,人参菜叶片中纤维素、V_C、齐墩果酸、类黄酮、总酚以及游离氨基酸含量最高,品质最佳。(3)在光周期为14 h/10 h时,人参菜叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白以及Ca含量在花期均呈先上升后下降的趋势。研究认为,光周期为14 h/10 h对人参菜生长及品质的提升效果最好,其开花过程可能与可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白以及Ca的代谢有关。     

秦巴山区富硒蛹虫草有效成分及硒存在形态分析

为探究秦巴山区富硒蛹虫草有效成分及硒存在形态,以秦巴山区蛹虫草CM-1518为研究对象,研究不同质量分数亚硒酸钠(0～500 mg/kg)对蛹虫草生长发育的影响,并对其有效成分及硒存在形态进行分析。试验结果表明当亚硒酸钠质量分数为100 mg/kg时,蛹虫草鲜质量最高,为293.41 g/盒。当亚硒酸钠质量分数为200 mg/kg时,虫草素、虫草酸含量最高,分别为1.06 mg/g和2.10 mg/g,表明硒与虫草素和虫草酸可协同增效,但虫草多糖含量变化规律不明显,亚硒酸钠的添加不利于腺苷的合成积累。经计算,富硒蛹虫草中有机硒所占百分比均高达99.9%,低浓度的亚硒酸钠可促进可溶性蛋白和可溶性多糖中硒的合成,但高浓度的硒却降低其合成,且富硒蛹虫草中可溶性多糖中硒含量高于可溶性蛋白硒含量。试验表明适宜浓度的亚硒酸钠可促进蛹虫草生长发育及有效成分合成积累。     

不同浓度硒酸钠对茶树的生长和生理指标的影响

该文以一年生扦插苗为材料,采用水培试验,研究不同浓度的硒酸钠(0、0.15、0.3、1.5、3、5、8 mg·L^-1)对茶苗的硒积累、植株生长、生理指标和根尖显微结构等参数的影响。结果表明:茶苗的根和新梢中的硒含量与营养液中的硒浓度正相关;随着硒浓度升高,茶苗的鲜重、侧根数量、根系生物量、光合色素含量、根系活力等生长指标,茶多酚、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖等茶叶质量指标均呈现先升后降趋势;而丙二醛、过氧化氢、脯氨酸含量等抗逆生理指标则呈现先降后升趋势。显微结构分析显示在不同硒浓度处理条件下根尖的显微构造存在差异。低硒浓度(0.15、0.3、1.5 mg·L^-1)处理的茶苗根尖的皮层薄壁细胞饱满、完好,表皮细胞较小;高硒浓度(Se≥3 mg·L^-1)处理的茶苗根尖的皮层薄壁细胞变形或受损,表皮细胞增厚,表现出胁迫反应。上述结果说明硒对茶树具有双重效应,合适浓度(0.3 mg·L^-1)硒对茶树生长和茶叶品质有益,表现为光合作用和根系活力增强,过氧化物和脯氨酸含量降低,生物量增加,茶叶茶多酚含量增加;硒浓度过高(≥3 mg·L^-1)对茶苗的生长和茶叶品质有害,表现为茶苗出现胁迫反应,茶多酚降低。该研究结果为进一步研究硒对茶树的双重作用机制和富硒茶的栽培提供参考。     

硒酸钠胁迫对堇叶碎米荠苗期生长及生理指标的影响

以恩施堇叶碎米荠幼苗作为实验材料,采用实验大棚基质栽培,以硒酸钠(Na2SO4)作为硒源,设置7个处理组(CK:0 mg/kg;A1:12.5 mg/kg;A2:25 mg/kg;A3:50 mg/kg;A4:100 mg/kg;A5:200 mg/kg;A6:400 mg/kg),模拟了恩施矿区从低硒到高硒胁迫环境对堇叶碎米荠苗期生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:低硒A2处理条件下植株生长状况较好,而高硒A6处理条件下植株叶片微卷、叶脉突出,生长受到抑制;随着施硒浓度增加,堇叶碎米荠根、茎、叶中硒含量呈现显著的增加趋势,且最高含量分别达到1 517 mg/kg、5 531 mg/kg、4 340 mg/kg;随着施硒浓度增加,与CK组相比,在A6处理条件下叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量增加了134%,谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量降低了128%,而脯氨酸(Pro)含量无显著变化。总体而言,恩施堇叶碎米荠幼苗适宜在硒含量25 mg/kg的基质中生长,基质中的硒含量不宜超过400 mg/kg。研究结果为堇叶碎米荠幼苗培养及种植提供了科学数据基础。     

卫星灵芝液体发酵富集硒锌的研究

研究不同浓度的硒、锌对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长的影响,初步探讨卫星灵芝菌丝体生物富集硒、锌的效应。采用平板培养法及液体发酵法研究锌、硒对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长的影响及富集效应。培养基中不同浓度的亚硒酸钠对菌丝体生长均具有不同程度的抑制作用,但灵芝菌丝体的富硒量随着硒浓度的增加而提高,当亚硒酸钠浓度为40 mg/L时,菌丝体中的生物量、富硒量及富硒转化率最高,分别为1.54%、2 131.55 mg/kg、32.91%;培养基中硫酸锌浓度低于150 mg/L的范围内对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长有明显的促进作用,硫酸锌浓度为60 mg/L时菌丝体中的锌含量和富锌转化率最高,分别为1 142.91 mg/kg、1.76%。培养基中同时添加40 mg/L的亚硒酸钠和60 mg/L硫酸锌,菌丝体生长量1.60%,富硒量301.85 mg/kg,富硒率4.84%;富锌量为540.41 mg/kg,富锌率为5.72%。     

施用硒肥对圆叶决明生长、酶活性及其叶肉细胞超显微结构的影响

通过盆栽试验 ,研究在红壤中施用不同浓度的硒肥对豆科牧草圆叶决明植株生长、叶片硝酸还原酶活性、根瘤固氮酶活性及其叶肉细胞超显微结构的影响。试验结果表明 ,施 0 .5～ 2 mg Se/ kg土不同用量的硒肥处理的圆叶决明植株株高、分枝数和植株干重 ,比不施硒肥的对照处理分别提高 11.71%～ 18.97%、0 .5 5 %～ 2 2 .6 1%和 5 2 .9%～ 14 4 .9% ;植株的硒含量随施硒浓度的提高而明显增加 ,不施硒 (CK)处理的植株含硒量仅为 0 .0 2 5 mg/ kg,当施硒肥量为 2 mg Se/ kg土 (S2 )时 ,植株的硒含量达到0 .2 2 2 mg/ kg,比对照增加了 7.88倍 ;施硒量为 1mg Se/ kg土 (S1)处理圆叶决明的叶片硝酸还原酶活性最大 ,比对照提高2 81.5 % ,比施 2 m g Se/ kg土的增加了 2 0 6 .1% ;根瘤固氮酶活性以施用 2 mg Se/ kg土的处理为最大 ,比对照增加了 4 9.4 1%。植株叶肉细胞超显微结构变化的观察结果表明 :施不同用量硒肥处理均能比对照处理增加植株叶绿体的数量 ,其中以1.5 mg Se/ kg土的施用量处理效果最好 ,而 1.5 m g Se/ kg土和 2 mg Se/ kg土处理对提高叶绿体的基粒数量和片层密度效果较佳 ,但对稳定叶绿体的双层膜结构效果则不明显 ;而施用 1.5 m g Se/ kg土和 1mg Se/ kg土处理则显示了减少线粒体的数量 ,降低线     

金针菇子实体富硒栽培特性及HPLC-ICP-MS法对硒的分布研究

以金针菇子实体为富硒载体,比较研究其富硒及生长特性,同时采用高灵敏度分离和超痕量元素分析技术（HPLC-ICP-MS）分离检测其含硒生物大分子化合物,确定其分子量及硒含量。结果表明：金针菇子实体对硒的富集能力与培养基中硒浓度有关。样品中的硒浓度与培养基中硒浓度呈正相关性,同一培养基子实体中硒的分布为：菌冠＞菌柄＞菌根;培养基中硒浓度小于30mg/kg时对金针菇的生长有促进作用,富硒系数在2.8－9.9之间;培养基中硒浓度在40－200mg/kg范围时,对金针菇的生长产生抑制作用;高于200mg/kg时,不适于富硒金针菇的培养。对富硒金针菇子实体以Tris-HCl浸提,采用体积排阻色谱法（SEC-HPLC）根据蛋白分子量标样检测浸提液中可溶性生物大分子化合物的分子量分布在25kDa以下;同时与电感耦合等离子体质谱联机（SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS）将不同分子量的含硒化合物中的硒进行高温电离检测各形态硒化合物中硒的含量在68.74－2,986.00μg/kg之间,占浸提液中硒含量的71.87%;其中硒蛋白含硒量占4.88%。因此,以金针菇为载体进行硒的生物有机化不仅成本低,含硒量高,而且硒的主要存在形态安全无毒、人体利用率高。     

施硒对三个香蕉品种植株生长、生理及果实品质的影响

该文以‘南天黄'' ‘中蕉9号'' ‘红香蕉''三个香蕉品种为材料,研究土壤淋施硒酸钠溶液对香蕉植株生长、果实产量和品质,以及叶片MDA、脯氨酸、硒含量的影响。结果表明:(1)每株0.25、0.50 g施硒处理能显著促进三个香蕉品种株高的增长,对‘南天黄'' ‘红香蕉''基茎围的增长促进作用显著,对‘中蕉9号''基茎围促进作用不显著。(2)施硒对植株营养生长过程中叶片MDA含量的影响较小,仅在部分时间段MDA含量显著升高或降低; 每株0.25、0.50 g的硒酸钠处理能显著降低三个香蕉品种叶片中脯氨酸含量。施硒对香蕉叶片中硒含量具有显著影响,施硒浓度越高,叶片中硒含量也越高。(3)施硒能显著提高各香蕉品种单株产量,对‘中蕉9号'' ‘红香蕉''单果重促进作用显著,对‘南天黄''单果重促进作用不显著; 每株0.25 g施硒处理,‘中蕉9号''的单株产量为24.38 kg、单果重为165.86 g,分别比对照高出了12.80%、14.69%。(4)土施适宜浓度的硒酸钠能提高香蕉果实中维生素C、钾含量,‘南天黄'' ‘中蕉9号'' ‘红香蕉''三个香蕉品种施硒后维生素C含量最高可达12.7、13.9、10.6 mg·100g^-1,比对照分别提高了12.72%、18.84%、29.39%; 钾含量最高可达349、279、397 mg·100g^-1,比对照分别提高29.62%、33.28%、47.77%。(5)硒处理浓度越高,果实中硒含量也越高; 对照处理的香蕉果实硒含量未达到富硒标准,每株经0.25、0.50 g硒酸钠处理后三个香蕉品种的果实硒含量均达到富硒标准。综上认为,土壤淋施硒酸钠溶液能提高香蕉果实中的硒含量,促进香蕉植株生长、提升果实品质,且对降低叶片中MDA和脯氨酸含量具有一定影响,但对不同香蕉品种的影响效果存在差异,该研究结果为富硒香蕉的生产栽培提供了理论依据。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.